{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T17:02:10Z","timestamp":1790269330957,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":240,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772409600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research at Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Inflammopharmacol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-025-02101-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T12:33:52Z","timestamp":1772454832000},"page":"2077-2113","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Ulcerative colitis, pathophysiological mechanisms and drug repurposing: a new therapeutic dawn-narrative review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Mostafa M.","family":"Bahaa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud S.","family":"Abdallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esraa M.","family":"Mosalam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed R.","family":"Gardouh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Nazih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eman","family":"Hamza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reham Abdullah","family":"Al-Dhelaan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noha","family":"Kamal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2101_CR1","unstructured":"Abdallah DM, El-Abhar HS (2021) Pentoxifylline treatment alleviates kidney ischemia\/reperfusion injury: novel involvement of galectin-3 and ASK-1\/JNK & ERK1\/2\/NF-kB\/HMGB-1 trajectories"},{"key":"2101_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887233","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.887233","volume":"13","author":"AM Abdelhamid","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abdelhamid AM, Youssef ME, Cavalu S, Mostafa-Hedeab G, Youssef A, Elazab ST et al (2022) Carbocisteine as a modulator of Nrf2\/HO-1 and NF\u03baB interplay in rats: new inspiration for the revival of an old drug for treating ulcerative colitis. Front Pharmacol 13:887233","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"2101_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2015.07.007","volume":"73","author":"MA Ahmed","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ahmed MA, El-Awdan SA (2015) Lipoic acid and pentoxifylline mitigate nandrolone decanoate-induced neurobehavioral perturbations in rats via re-balance of brain neurotransmitters, up-regulation of Nrf2\/HO-1 pathway, and down-regulation of TNFR1 expression. Horm Behav 73:186\u2013199","journal-title":"Horm Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"2101_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.3109\/08923973.2011.559475","volume":"33","author":"E Aktunc","year":"2011","unstructured":"Aktunc E, Kayhan B, Arasli M, Gun BD, Barut F (2011) The effect of atorvastatin and its role on systemic cytokine network in treatment of acute experimental colitis. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 33(4):667\u2013675","journal-title":"Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol"},{"key":"2101_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S490772","author":"SJ Alarfaj","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alarfaj SJ, Bahaa MM, Elmasry TA, Elberri EI, El-Khateeb E, Hamouda AO et al (2024) Fenofibrate as an adjunct therapy for ulcerative colitis: targeting inflammation via SIRT1, NLRP3, and AMPK pathways: a randomized controlled pilot study. Drug des Devel Ther. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/DDDT.S490772","journal-title":"Drug des Devel Ther"},{"key":"2101_CR6","unstructured":"Alarfaj S, Bahaa M, Yassin H, El-Khateeb E, Kotkata F, El-Gammal M et al (2023) A randomized placebo-controlled, double-blind study to investigate the effect of a high oral loading dose of cholecalciferol in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients, new insights on serum STAT-3 and hepassocin. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 27(16)"},{"key":"2101_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2018.05.048","volume":"207","author":"FE Ali","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ali FE, Bakr AG, Abo-Youssef AM, Azouz AA, Hemeida RA (2018) Targeting Keap-1\/Nrf-2 pathway and cytoglobin as a potential protective mechanism of diosmin and pentoxifylline against cholestatic liver cirrhosis. Life Sci 207:50\u201360","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"2101_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.119433","volume":"276","author":"FE Ali","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ali FE, Elfiky MM, Fadda WA, Ali HS, Mahmoud AR, Mohammedsaleh ZM et al (2021) Regulation of IL-6\/STAT-3\/Wnt axis by nifuroxazide dampens colon ulcer in acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis model: novel mechanistic insight. Life Sci 276:119433","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"2101_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5539","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S522755","volume":"19","author":"HA AlRasheed","year":"2025","unstructured":"AlRasheed HA, Abdallah MS, El-Khateeb E, Kamal M, Alrubia S, Alsegiani AS et al (2025) A Randomized controlled pilot study evaluating the safety and efficacy of nifuroxazide in patients with ulcerative colitis. Drug des Dev Therapy 19:5539\u20135552","journal-title":"Drug des Dev Therapy"},{"key":"2101_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.110165","volume":"119","author":"K Amirshahrokhi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Amirshahrokhi K, Imani M (2023) Levetiracetam attenuates experimental ulcerative colitis through promoting Nrf2\/HO-1 antioxidant and inhibiting NF-\u03baB, proinflammatory cytokines and iNOS\/NO pathways. Int Immunopharmacol 119:110165","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"2101_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-024-02007-4","author":"K Amirshahrokhi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Amirshahrokhi K, Imani M (2024) Therapeutic effect of levetiracetam against thioacetamide-induced hepatic encephalopathy through inhibition of oxidative stress and downregulation of NF-\u03baB, NLRP3, iNOS\/NO, pro-inflammatory cytokines and apoptosis. Inflammation. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10753-024-02007-4","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"issue":"4","key":"2101_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1080\/14712598.2020.1732919","volume":"20","author":"M Argollo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Argollo M, Furfaro F, Gilardi D, Roda G, Allocca M, Peyrin-Biroulet L et al (2020) Modulation of sphingosine-1-phosphate in ulcerative colitis. Expert Opin Biol Ther 20(4):413\u2013420","journal-title":"Expert Opin Biol Ther"},{"key":"2101_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.6061\/clinics\/2014(11)10","volume":"69","author":"M Aziret","year":"2014","unstructured":"Aziret M, Irkorucu O, Reyhan E, Erdem H, Das K, Ozkara S et al (2014) The effects of vardenafil and pentoxifylline administration in an animal model of ischemic colitis. Clinics 69:763\u2013769","journal-title":"Clinics"},{"key":"2101_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1434512","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1434512","volume":"15","author":"AM Badawoud","year":"2024","unstructured":"Badawoud AM, Ali LS, Abdallah MS, El Sabaa RM, Bahaa MM, Elmasry TA et al (2024) The relation between Parkinson\u2019s disease and non-steroidal anti-inflammatories; a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Pharmacol 15:1434512","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"2101_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-024-01560-6","author":"MM Bahaa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bahaa MM, Hegazy SK, Maher MM, Bahgat MM, El\u2011Haggar SM (2024) Pentoxifylline in patients with ulcerative colitis treated with mesalamine by modulation of IL-6\/STAT3, ZO-1, and S1P pathways: a randomized controlled double-blinded study. Inflammopharmacology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10787-024-01560-6","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"issue":"9","key":"2101_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2019.06.017","volume":"24","author":"C Bailly","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bailly C (2019) Toward a repositioning of the antibacterial drug nifuroxazide for cancer treatment. Drug Discov Today 24(9):1930\u20131936","journal-title":"Drug Discov Today"},{"issue":"2","key":"2101_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-199040020-00007","volume":"40","author":"JA Balfour","year":"1990","unstructured":"Balfour JA, McTavish D, Heel RC (1990) Fenofibrate: a review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use in dyslipidaemia. Drugs 40(2):260\u2013290","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"2101_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718356","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.718356","volume":"8","author":"G Barbara","year":"2021","unstructured":"Barbara G, Barbaro MR, Fuschi D, Palombo M, Falangone F, Cremon C et al (2021) Inflammatory and microbiota-related regulation of the intestinal epithelial barrier. Front Nutr 8:718356","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"2101_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20050959","volume":"393","author":"S Basuroy","year":"2006","unstructured":"Basuroy S, Seth A, Elias B, Naren AP, Rao R (2006) MAPK interacts with occludin and mediates EGF-induced prevention of tight junction disruption by hydrogen peroxide. Biochem J 393(1):69\u201377","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"issue":"11","key":"2101_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjac074","volume":"16","author":"S Berera","year":"2022","unstructured":"Berera S, Ioannou SC, Morillo D, Mantero AM, Pignac-Kobinger J, Colina N et al (2022) Combining pentoxifylline with vedolizumab for Crohn\u2019s disease: results of a randomised, placebo-controlled pilot study. J Crohns Colitis 16(11):1687\u20131695","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"issue":"1_suppl","key":"2101_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S27","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073800015001S06","volume":"15","author":"BF Bourgeois","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bourgeois BF (2000) Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of topiramate. J Child Neurol 15(1_suppl):S27\u2013S30","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2101_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.16615","volume":"55","author":"J Burisch","year":"2022","unstructured":"Burisch J, Lophaven S, Langholz E, Munkholm P (2022) The clinical course of Crohn\u2019s disease in a Danish population\u2010based inception cohort with more than 50 years of follow\u2010up, 1962\u20102017. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 55(1):73\u201382","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"5","key":"2101_CR23","first-page":"2450","volume":"41","author":"M Cao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cao M, Ji C, Zhou Y, Huang W, Ni W, Tong X et al (2018) Sphingosine kinase inhibitors: a patent review. Int J Mol Med 41(5):2450\u20132460","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2101_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9030800","volume":"9","author":"GP Caviglia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Caviglia GP, Rosso C, Stalla F, Rizzo M, Massano A, Abate ML et al (2020) On-treatment decrease of serum interleukin-6 as a predictor of clinical response to biologic therapy in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. J Clin Med 9(3):800","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2101_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1159\/000341698","volume":"30","author":"A Chalaris","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chalaris A, Schmidt-Arras D, Yamamoto K, Rose-John S (2012) Interleukin-6 trans-signaling and colonic cancer associated with inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis 30(5):492\u2013499","journal-title":"Dig Dis"},{"issue":"3-s","key":"2101_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.22270\/jddt.v9i3-s.2933","volume":"9","author":"S Chandra","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chandra S, Das A, Samanta J, Ray T, Mukherjee L, Mukherjee B (2019) Retropharmacology of gliptins: a focus on inflammatory bowel disease. J Drug Deliv Ther 9(3-s):1013\u20131018","journal-title":"J Drug Deliv Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"2101_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2010.04.117","volume":"396","author":"D Chartoumpekis","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chartoumpekis D, Ziros PG, Psyrogiannis A, Kyriazopoulou V, Papavassiliou AG, Habeos IG (2010) Simvastatin lowers reactive oxygen species level by Nrf2 activation via PI3K\/Akt pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 396(2):463\u2013466","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"2101_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1159\/000480321","volume":"43","author":"Q Chen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chen Q, Yang W, Wang X, Li X, Qi S, Zhang Y et al (2017) TGF-\u03b21 induces EMT in bovine mammary epithelial cells through the TGF\u03b21\/Smad signaling pathway. Cell Physiol Biochem 43(1):82\u201393","journal-title":"Cell Physiol Biochem"},{"issue":"5","key":"2101_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13703","DOI":"10.1080\/21655979.2022.2076500","volume":"13","author":"T Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen T, Gu K, Lin R, Liu Y, Shan Y (2022) The function of Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2) in maintaining intestinal barrier and inducing ulcerative colitis. Bioengineered 13(5):13703\u201313717","journal-title":"Bioengineered"},{"issue":"28","key":"2101_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4055","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v26.i28.4055","volume":"26","author":"F Cordes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cordes F, Foell D, Ding JN, Varga G, Bettenworth D (2020) Differential regulation of JAK\/STAT-signaling in patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn\u2019s disease. World J Gastroenterol 26(28):4055","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2101_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.21822","volume":"18","author":"SD Crockett","year":"2012","unstructured":"Crockett SD, Hansen RA, St\u00fcrmer T, Schectman R, Darter J, Sandler RS et al (2012) Statins are associated with reduced use of steroids in inflammatory bowel disease: a retrospective cohort study. Inflamm Bowel Dis 18(6):1048\u20131056","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"issue":"07","key":"2101_CR32","first-page":"1","volume":"94","author":"JK Dam\u00e5s","year":"2005","unstructured":"Dam\u00e5s JK, Puccetti L, Aukrust P (2005) Early anti-thrombotic and anti-inflammatory actions of statins and fibrates\u2013time for adjuvant therapy in acute coronary syndromes? Thromb Haemost 94(07):1\u20133","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"5164","key":"2101_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8197455","volume":"264","author":"JJE Darnell","year":"1994","unstructured":"Darnell JJE, Kerr lM, Stark GR (1994) Jak-STAT pathways and transcriptional activation in response to IFNs and other extracellular signaling proteins. Science 264(5164):1415\u20131421","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"2101_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mca.0000131573.31966.34","volume":"15","author":"J Davignon","year":"2004","unstructured":"Davignon J, Jacob RF, Mason RP (2004) The antioxidant effects of statins. Coron Artery Dis 15(5):251\u2013258","journal-title":"Coron Artery Dis"},{"key":"2101_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.10.066","volume":"109","author":"AG de Souza","year":"2019","unstructured":"de Souza AG, Chaves Filho AJM, Oliveira JVS, de Souza DAA, Lopes IS, de Carvalho MAJ et al (2019) Prevention of pentylenetetrazole-induced kindling and behavioral comorbidities in mice by levetiracetam combined with the GLP-1 agonist liraglutide: Involvement of brain antioxidant and BDNF upregulating properties. Biomed Pharmacother 109:429\u2013439","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"issue":"1-3","key":"2101_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2004.11.059","volume":"508","author":"A Dembi\u0144ski","year":"2005","unstructured":"Dembi\u0144ski A, Warzecha Z, Ceranowicz P, Brzozowski T, Dembi\u0144ski M, Konturek SJ et al (2005) Role of capsaicin-sensitive nerves and histamine H1, H2, and H3 receptors in the gastroprotective effect of histamine against stress ulcers in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 508(1\u20133):211\u2013221","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2101_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.13342","volume":"22","author":"J Deng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Deng J, Zeng L, Lai X, Li J, Liu L, Lin Q et al (2018) Metformin protects against intestinal barrier dysfunction via AMPK\u03b11-dependent inhibition of JNK signalling activation. J Cell Mol Med 22(1):546\u2013557","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2101_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2007.03.083","volume":"143","author":"J Deree","year":"2007","unstructured":"Deree J, Martins J, De Campos T, Putnam JG, Loomis WH, Wolf P et al (2007) Pentoxifylline attenuates lung injury and modulates transcription factor activity in hemorrhagic shock. J Surg Res 143(1):99\u2013108","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2101_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1590\/S1807-59322008000300006","volume":"63","author":"J Deree","year":"2008","unstructured":"Deree J, Martins JO, Melbostad H, Loomis WH, Coimbra R (2008) Insights into the regulation of TNF-\u03b1 production in human mononuclear cells: the effects of non-specific phosphodiesterase inhibition. Clinics 63(3):321\u2013328","journal-title":"Clinics"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"2101_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.22207\/JPAM.14.SPL1.23","volume":"14","author":"H Dhameliya","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dhameliya H, Thakkar V, Trivedi G, Mesara S, Subramanian R (2020) Pentoxifylline: an immunomodulatory drug for the treatment of COVID-19. J Pure Appl Microbiol 14(suppl 1):861\u2013867","journal-title":"J Pure Appl Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2101_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s12664-013-0420-4","volume":"33","author":"P Dhamija","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dhamija P, Hota D, Kochhar R, Sachdev A, Chakrabarti A (2014) Randomized clinical trial: atorvastatin versus placebo in patients with acute exacerbation of mild to moderate ulcerative colitis. Indian J Gastroenterol 33(2):151\u2013156","journal-title":"Indian J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2101_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20180167","volume":"132","author":"D Di Fusco","year":"2018","unstructured":"Di Fusco D, Dinallo V, Monteleone I, Laudisi F, Marafini I, Franz\u00e8 E et al (2018) Metformin inhibits inflammatory signals in the gut by controlling AMPK and p38 MAP kinase activation. Clin Sci 132(11):1155\u20131168","journal-title":"Clin Sci"},{"key":"2101_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113164","volume":"213","author":"T Ding","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ding T, Zhi Y, Xie W, Yao Q, Liu B (2021) Rational design of SphK inhibitors using crystal structures aided by computer. Eur J Med Chem 213:113164","journal-title":"Eur J Med Chem"},{"issue":"3","key":"2101_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.3109\/08923973.2015.1021357","volume":"37","author":"EM El Morsy","year":"2015","unstructured":"El Morsy EM, Kamel R, Ahmed MA (2015) Attenuating effects of coenzyme Q10 and amlodipine in ulcerative colitis model in rats. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 37(3):244\u2013251","journal-title":"Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2101_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpt.13556","volume":"47","author":"SM El\u2011Haggar","year":"2022","unstructured":"El\u2011Haggar SM, Hegazy SK, M. Abd\u2010Elsalam S, Bahaa MM (2022) Open\u2010label pilot study of ethosuximide as adjunctive therapy for relieving abdominal pain related to irritable bowel syndrome. J Clin Pharm Ther 47(3):306\u2013312","journal-title":"J Clin Pharm Ther"},{"key":"2101_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.112541","volume":"138","author":"SM El\u2011Haggar","year":"2024","unstructured":"El\u2011Haggar SM, Hegazy SK, Maher MM, Bahgat MM, Bahaa MM (2024) Repurposing metformin as adjuvant therapy in patients with ulcerative colitis treated with mesalamine: a randomized controlled double-blinded study. Int Immunopharmacol 138:112541","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2101_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1080\/08923973.2021.1878214","volume":"43","author":"NA El-Mahdy","year":"2021","unstructured":"El-Mahdy NA, El-Sayad ME-S, El-Kadem AH, Abu-Risha SE-S (2021) Metformin alleviates inflammation in oxazolone induced ulcerative colitis in rats: plausible role of sphingosine kinase 1\/sphingosine 1 phosphate signaling pathway. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 43(2):192\u2013202","journal-title":"Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2101_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1111\/fcp.12563","volume":"35","author":"NA El\u2010Mahdy","year":"2021","unstructured":"El\u2010Mahdy NA, El\u2010Sayad MES, El\u2010Kadem AH, Abu\u2010Risha SES (2021) Targeting IL\u201010, ZO\u20101 gene expression and IL\u20106\/STAT\u20103 trans\u2010signaling by a combination of atorvastatin and mesalazine to enhance anti\u2010inflammatory effects and attenuates progression of oxazolone\u2010induced colitis. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 35(1):143\u2013155","journal-title":"Fundam Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2101_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-021-00818-7","volume":"29","author":"MA El-Rous","year":"2021","unstructured":"El-Rous MA, Saber S, Raafat EM, Ahmed AA (2021) Dapagliflozin, an SGLT2 inhibitor, ameliorates acetic acid-induced colitis in rats by targeting NF\u03baB\/AMPK\/NLRP3 axis. Inflammopharmacology 29(4):1169\u20131185","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"2101_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2024.127474","volume":"85","author":"EA El-Shoura","year":"2024","unstructured":"El-Shoura EA, Abdelzaher LA, Ahmed AA, Abdel-Wahab BA, Sharkawi SM, Mohamed SA et al (2024) Reno-protective effect of nicorandil and pentoxifylline against potassium dichromate-induced acute renal injury via modulation p38MAPK\/Nrf2\/HO-1 and Notch1\/TLR4\/NF-\u03baB signaling pathways. J Trace Elem Med Biol 85:127474","journal-title":"J Trace Elem Med Biol"},{"key":"2101_CR51","unstructured":"Ernest CMC (1966) Antibacterial nitrofurfurylidene derivatives and methods of using same. Google Patents"},{"key":"2101_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feuerstein JD, Rubin DT, Aberra FN, Yarur A, Malter L (2025) Appropriate use and complications of corticosteroids in inflammatory bowel disease: a comprehensive review. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019"},{"issue":"26","key":"2101_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20202","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.102012","volume":"285","author":"SN Flier","year":"2010","unstructured":"Flier SN, Tanjore H, Kokkotou EG, Sugimoto H, Zeisberg M, Kalluri R (2010) Identification of epithelial to mesenchymal transition as a novel source of fibroblasts in intestinal fibrosis. J Biol Chem 285(26):20202\u201320212","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2101_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107354","volume":"92","author":"MR Fouad","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fouad MR, Salama RM, Zaki HF, El-Sahar AE (2021) Vildagliptin attenuates acetic acid-induced colitis in rats via targeting PI3K\/Akt\/NF\u03baB, Nrf2 and CREB signaling pathways and the expression of lncRNA IFNG-AS1 and miR-146a. Int Immunopharmacol 92:107354","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"2101_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fragoso MA, Patel AK, Nakamura RE, Yi H, Surapaneni K, Hackam AS (2012) The Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin pathway cross-talks with STAT3 signaling to regulate survival of retinal pigment epithelium cells","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0046892"},{"issue":"7","key":"2101_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14071474","volume":"14","author":"LM Fuhr","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fuhr LM, Marok FZ, Mees M, Mahfoud F, Selzer D, Lehr T (2022) A physiologically based pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic model of the CYP3A4 substrate felodipine for drug\u2013drug interaction modeling. Pharmaceutics 14(7):1474","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"issue":"12","key":"2101_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2019.02.004","volume":"65","author":"M Gajendran","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gajendran M, Loganathan P, Jimenez G, Catinella AP, Ng N, Umapathy C et al (2019) A comprehensive review and update on ulcerative colitis. Dis Mon 65(12):100851","journal-title":"Dis Mon"},{"issue":"7203","key":"2101_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07204","volume":"454","author":"SJ Galli","year":"2008","unstructured":"Galli SJ, Tsai M, Piliponsky AM (2008) The development of allergic inflammation. Nature 454(7203):445\u2013454","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"14","key":"2101_CR59","first-page":"7612","volume":"24","author":"H Gonz\u00e1lez-Pacheco","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Pacheco H, Amezcua-Guerra L, Sandoval J, Arias-Mendoza A (2020) Potential usefulness of pentoxifylline, a non-specific phosphodiesterase inhibitor with anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic, antioxidant, and anti-fibrogenic properties, in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 24(14):7612\u20137614","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"2101_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1038\/bjp.2008.369","volume":"155","author":"O Grip","year":"2008","unstructured":"Grip O, Janciauskiene S, Bredberg A (2008) Use of atorvastatin as an anti\u2010inflammatory treatment in Crohn\u2019s disease. Br J Pharmacol 155(7):1085\u20131092","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2101_CR61","first-page":"7247238","volume":"2019","author":"Q Guan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Guan Q (2019) A comprehensive review and update on the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. J Immunol Res 2019(1):7247238","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"2101_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327119892042","volume":"39","author":"G Guo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guo G, Shi F, Zhu J, Shao Y, Gong W, Zhou G et al (2020) Piperine, a functional food alkaloid, exhibits inhibitory potential against TNBS-induced colitis via the inhibition of I\u03baB-\u03b1\/NF-\u03baB and induces tight junction protein (claudin-1, occludin, and ZO-1) signaling pathway in experimental mice. Hum Exp Toxicol 39(4):477\u2013491","journal-title":"Hum Exp Toxicol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2101_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1898","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13081898","volume":"13","author":"P Gupta","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gupta P, Taiyab A, Hussain A, Alajmi MF, Islam A, Hassan MI (2021) Targeting the sphingosine kinase\/sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling axis in drug discovery for cancer therapy. Cancers 13(8):1898","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"issue":"8","key":"2101_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1994","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2002.05842.x","volume":"97","author":"E Guthrie","year":"2002","unstructured":"Guthrie E, Jackson J, Shaffer J, Thompson D, Tomenson B, Creed F (2002) Psychological disorder and severity of inflammatory bowel disease predict health-related quality of life in ulcerative colitis and Crohn\u2019s disease. Am J Gastroenterol 97(8):1994\u20131999","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2101_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-008-0393-4","volume":"86","author":"IG Habeos","year":"2008","unstructured":"Habeos IG, Ziros PG, Chartoumpekis D, Psyrogiannis A, Kyriazopoulou V, Papavassiliou AG (2008) Simvastatin activates Keap1\/Nrf2 signaling in rat liver. J Mol Med 86:1279\u20131285","journal-title":"J Mol Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2101_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2012.08.023","volume":"105","author":"S Hamama","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hamama S, Gilbert-Sirieix M, Vozenin M-C, Delanian S (2012) Radiation-induced enteropathy: molecular basis of pentoxifylline\u2013vitamin E anti-fibrotic effect involved TGF-\u03b21 cascade inhibition. Radiother Oncol 105(3):305\u2013312","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2101_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.05.018","volume":"129","author":"X Han","year":"2005","unstructured":"Han X, Sosnowska D, Bonkowski EL, Denson LA (2005) Growth hormone inhibits signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 activation and reduces disease activity in murine colitis. Gastroenterology 129(1):185\u2013203","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2101_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.26320","volume":"119","author":"F Han","year":"2018","unstructured":"Han F, Xiao QQ, Peng S, Che XY, Jiang LS, Shao Q et al (2018) Atorvastatin ameliorates LPS-induced inflammatory response by autophagy via AKT\/mTOR signaling pathway. J Cell Biochem 119(2):1604\u20131615","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"issue":"3","key":"2101_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.2165\/11598080-000000000-00000","volume":"51","author":"Y-L He","year":"2012","unstructured":"He Y-L (2012) Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of vildagliptin. Clin Pharmacokinet 51(3):147\u2013162","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"issue":"10","key":"2101_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1430","volume":"36","author":"XC He","year":"2004","unstructured":"He XC, Zhang J, Tong W-G, Tawfik O, Ross J, Scoville DH et al (2004) BMP signaling inhibits intestinal stem cell self-renewal through suppression of Wnt\u2013\u03b2-catenin signaling. Nat Genet 36(10):1117\u20131121","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2101_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang Z, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Wang Q, Men Z, Chu F, et al (2024) Nitazoxanide ameliorates OVA-induced airway inflammation in asthmatic mice via p38-MAPK\/NFkB and AMPK\/STAT3 pathways. bioRxiv, 2024.06. 11.597851","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.06.11.597851"},{"issue":"4","key":"2101_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfg141","volume":"18","author":"KY Hung","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hung KY, Huang JW, Chen CT, Lee PH, Tsai TJ (2003) Pentoxifylline modulates intracellular signalling of TGF\u2010\u03b2 in cultured human peritoneal mesothelial cells: implications for prevention of encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 18(4):670\u2013676","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"issue":"4\u20136","key":"2101_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2011.10.006","volume":"32","author":"BM Hybertson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hybertson BM, Gao B, Bose SK, McCord JM (2011) Oxidative stress in health and disease: the therapeutic potential of Nrf2 activation. Mol Aspects Med 32(4\u20136):234\u2013246","journal-title":"Mol Aspects Med"},{"issue":"30","key":"2101_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27540","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M301763200","volume":"278","author":"K Itagaki","year":"2003","unstructured":"Itagaki K, Hauser CJ (2003) Sphingosine 1-phosphate, a diffusible calcium influx factor mediating store-operated calcium entry. J Biol Chem 278(30):27540\u201327547","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"6","key":"2101_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0128709","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0128709","volume":"10","author":"S Jarazo Dietrich","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jarazo Dietrich S, Fass MI, Jacobo PV, Sobarzo CMA CMA, Lustig L, Theas MS (2015) Inhibition of NOS-NO system prevents autoimmune orchitis development in rats: relevance of NO released by testicular macrophages in germ cell apoptosis and testosterone secretion. PLoS ONE 10(6):e0128709","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"2101_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1360\/N052016-00360","volume":"47","author":"H Jiang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jiang H, YiQing Y, Jiang W, RongBin Z (2017) NLRP3 inflammasome: activation, regulation, and role in diseases. Sci Sin Vitae 47(1):125\u2013131","journal-title":"Sci Sin Vitae"},{"issue":"3","key":"2101_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.17305\/bb.2022.8534","volume":"23","author":"L Jin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jin L, Hua H, Ji Y, Jia Z, Peng M, Huang S (2023) Anti-inflammatory role of fenofibrate in treating diseases. Biomol Biomed 23(3):376","journal-title":"Biomol Biomed"},{"issue":"30","key":"2101_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22089","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M700998200","volume":"282","author":"A Kaimori","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kaimori A, Potter J, Kaimori J-y, Wang C, Mezey E, Koteish A (2007) Transforming growth factor-\u03b21 induces an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition state in mouse hepatocytes in vitro. J Biol Chem 282(30):22089\u201322101","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"5","key":"2101_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2013.03.020","volume":"67","author":"MZ Kamran","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kamran MZ, Gude RP (2013) Pentoxifylline inhibits melanoma tumor growth and angiogenesis by targeting STAT3 signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 67(5):399\u2013405","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"issue":"2","key":"2101_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-020-00978-9","volume":"60","author":"R Kanukula","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kanukula R, Salam A, Rodgers A, Kamel B (2021) Pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials in healthy adults. Clin Pharmacokinet 60(2):165\u2013175","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"issue":"1","key":"2101_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-1508-98","volume":"47","author":"E Karatay","year":"2017","unstructured":"Karatay E, Utku \u00d6G, Erdal H, Arhan M, \u00d6nal \u0130K, Ibi\u015f M et al (2017) Pentoxifylline attenuates mucosal damage in an experimental model of rat colitis by modulating tissue biomarkers of inflammation, oxidative stress, and fibrosis. Turk J Med Sci 47(1):348\u2013356","journal-title":"Turk J Med Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"2101_CR82","first-page":"745","volume":"76","author":"K Karlowicz-Bodalska","year":"2019","unstructured":"Karlowicz-Bodalska K, G\u0142owacka K, Boszkiewicz K, Han S, Wiela-Hoje\u0144ska A (2019) Safety of oral nifuroxazide\u2013analysis of data from a spontaneous reporting system. Acta Pol Pharm 76(4):745\u2013751","journal-title":"Acta Pol Pharm"},{"issue":"1","key":"2101_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-013-0104-3","volume":"53","author":"S Kasichayanula","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kasichayanula S, Liu X, LaCreta F, Griffen SC, Boulton DW (2014) Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of dapagliflozin, a selective inhibitor of sodium-glucose co-transporter type 2. Clin Pharmacokinet 53(1):17\u201327","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"2101_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726707","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.726707","volume":"12","author":"H Ke","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ke H, Li F, Deng W, Li Z, Wang S, Lv P et al (2021) Metformin exerts anti-inflammatory and mucus barrier protective effects by enriching Akkermansia muciniphila in mice with ulcerative colitis. Front Pharmacol 12:726707","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"2101_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117610","volume":"252","author":"AE Khodir","year":"2020","unstructured":"Khodir AE, Said E (2020) Nifuroxazide attenuates experimentally-induced hepatic encephalopathy and the associated hyperammonemia and cJNK\/caspase-8\/TRAIL activation in rats. Life Sci 252:117610","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"2101_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-016-0305-0","volume":"25","author":"AE Khodir","year":"2017","unstructured":"Khodir AE, Atef H, Said E, ElKashef HA, Salem HA (2017) Implication of Nrf2\/HO-1 pathway in the coloprotective effect of coenzyme Q10 against experimentally induced ulcerative colitis. Inflammopharmacology 25:119\u2013135","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"2101_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.11.133","volume":"110","author":"AE Khodir","year":"2019","unstructured":"Khodir AE, Said E, Atif H, ElKashef HA, Salem HA (2019) Targeting Nrf2\/HO-1 signaling by crocin: role in attenuation of AA-induced ulcerative colitis in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 110:389\u2013399","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"issue":"24","key":"2101_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11580","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-06-3562","volume":"66","author":"TO Khor","year":"2006","unstructured":"Khor TO, Huang M-T, Kwon KH, Chan JY, Reddy BS, Kong A-N (2006) Nrf2-deficient mice have an increased susceptibility to dextran sulfate sodium\u2013induced colitis. Cancer Res 66(24):11580\u201311584","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"2101_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-3623(01)00108-2","volume":"35","author":"N-Y Kim","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kim N-Y, Pae H-O, Kim Y-C, Choi C-K, Rim J-S, Lee H-S et al (2000) Pentoxifylline potentiates nitric oxide production in interleukin-1\u03b2-stimulated vascular smooth muscle cells through cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase A pathway. Gen Pharmacol Vasc Syst 35(4):205\u2013211","journal-title":"Gen Pharmacol Vasc Syst"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"2101_CR90","first-page":"12","volume":"690","author":"J Kim","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kim J, Cha Y-N, Surh Y-J (2010) A protective role of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) in inflammatory disorders. Mutat Res Fundam Mol Mech Mutagen 690(1\u20132):12\u201323","journal-title":"Mutat Res Fundam Mol Mech Mutagen"},{"issue":"33","key":"2101_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23246","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.577908","volume":"289","author":"J Kim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kim J, Kwak HJ, Cha J-Y, Jeong Y-S, Rhee SD, Kim KR et al (2014a) Metformin suppresses lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response in murine macrophages via activating transcription factor-3 (ATF-3) induction. J Biol Chem 289(33):23246\u201323255","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2101_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/728709","author":"J-H Kim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kim J-H, Park G-Y, Bang SY, Park SY, Bae S-K, Kim Y (2014b) Crocin suppresses LPS-stimulated expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase by upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 via calcium\/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase 4. Mediat Inflamm. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/728709","journal-title":"Mediat Inflamm"},{"issue":"9","key":"2101_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0184709","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0184709","volume":"12","author":"Y Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim Y, Wu AG, Jaja-Chimedza A, Graf BL, Waterman C, Verzi MP et al (2017) Isothiocyanate-enriched moringa seed extract alleviates ulcerative colitis symptoms in mice. PLoS ONE 12(9):e0184709","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2101_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u0131ng\u0131r ZB, Kumral ZN\u00d6, \u00c7am ME, \u00c7ilingir \u00d6T, \u015eekerler T, Ercan F et al (2019) Effects of dapagliflozin in experimental sepsis model in rats. Turk J Trauma Emergency Surgery\/Ulusal Travma Acil Cerrahi Dergisi 25(3)","DOI":"10.5505\/tjtes.2018.82826"},{"issue":"6","key":"2101_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clpt.2006.09.008","volume":"80","author":"J Kirchheiner","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kirchheiner J, Thomas S, Bauer S, Tomalik-Scharte D, Hering U, Doroshyenko O et al (2006) Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rosiglitazone in relation to CYP2C8 genotype. Clin Pharmacol Ther 80(6):657\u2013667","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"2101_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19061643","volume":"19","author":"K Konarska","year":"2018","unstructured":"Konarska K, Cieszkowski J, Warzecha Z, Ceranowicz P, Chmura A, Ku\u015bnierz-Cabala B et al (2018) Treatment with obestatin\u2014a ghrelin gene-encoded peptide\u2014reduces the severity of experimental colitis evoked by trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid. Int J Mol Sci 19(6):1643","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2101_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2016.04.043","volume":"82","author":"F Kong","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kong F, Ye B, Lin L, Cai X, Huang W, Huang Z (2016) Atorvastatin suppresses NLRP3 inflammasome activation via TLR4\/MyD88\/NF-\u03baB signaling in PMA-stimulated THP-1 monocytes. Biomed Pharmacother 82:167\u2013172","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"issue":"23","key":"2101_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10415","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.49603","volume":"10","author":"Y Kong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kong Y, Feng W, Zhao X, Zhang P, Li S, Li Z et al (2020) Statins ameliorate cholesterol-induced inflammation and improve AQP2 expression by inhibiting NLRP3 activation in the kidney. Theranostics 10(23):10415","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2101_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R11","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-21-0194","volume":"251","author":"R Krist\u00f3fi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Krist\u00f3fi R, Eriksson JW (2021) Metformin as an anti-inflammatory agent: a short review. J Endocrinol 251(2):R11\u2013R22","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2101_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.08.047","volume":"161","author":"W-T Kuo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kuo W-T, Zuo L, Odenwald MA, Madha S, Singh G, Gurniak CB et al (2021) The tight junction protein ZO-1 is dispensable for barrier function but critical for effective mucosal repair. Gastroenterology 161(6):1924\u20131939","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"16","key":"2101_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4713","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11164713","volume":"11","author":"HJ Lee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lee HJ (2022) Therapeutic potential of the combination of pentoxifylline and vitamin-E in inflammatory bowel disease: inhibition of intestinal fibrosis. J Clin Med 11(16):4713","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2101_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.03.113","volume":"133","author":"JW Lee","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lee JW, Bajwa PJ, Carson MJ, Jeske DR, Cong Y, Elson CO et al (2007) Fenofibrate represses interleukin-17 and interferon-\u03b3 expression and improves colitis in interleukin-10\u2013deficient mice. Gastroenterology 133(1):108\u2013123","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2101_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2009.02.015","volume":"15","author":"H Lee","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lee H, Herrmann A, Deng J-H, Kujawski M, Niu G, Li Z et al (2009) Persistently activated Stat3 maintains constitutive NF-\u03baB activity in tumors. Cancer Cell 15(4):283\u2013293","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"issue":"9","key":"2101_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0135858","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0135858","volume":"10","author":"S-Y Lee","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lee S-Y, Lee SH, Yang E-J, Kim E-K, Kim J-K, Shin D-Y et al (2015) Metformin ameliorates inflammatory bowel disease by suppression of the STAT3 signaling pathway and regulation of the between Th17\/Treg balance. PLoS ONE 10(9):e0135858","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"2101_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3390\/proteomes6020017","volume":"6","author":"JY Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee JY, Wasinger VC, Yau YY, Chuang E, Yajnik V, Leong RW (2018a) Molecular pathophysiology of epithelial barrier dysfunction in inflammatory bowel diseases. Proteomes 6(2):17","journal-title":"Proteomes"},{"issue":"34","key":"2101_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13125","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA118.002196","volume":"293","author":"J-M Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee J-M, Han H-S, Jung YS, Harris RA, Koo S-H, Choi H-S (2018b) The SMILE transcriptional corepressor inhibits cAMP response element\u2013binding protein (CREB)\u2013mediated transactivation of gluconeogenic genes. J Biol Chem 293(34):13125\u201313133","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"4","key":"2101_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12662","volume":"149","author":"A Lei","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lei A, Yang Q, Li X, Chen H, Shi M, Xiao Q et al (2016) Atorvastatin promotes the expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and attenuates murine colitis. Immunology 149(4):432\u2013446","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2101_CR108","first-page":"6305735","volume":"2016","author":"W Leng","year":"2016","unstructured":"Leng W, Ouyang X, Lei X, Wu M, Chen L, Wu Q et al (2016) The SGLT-2 inhibitor dapagliflozin has a therapeutic effect on atherosclerosis in diabetic ApoE\u2212\/\u2212 mice. Mediat Inflamm 2016(1):6305735","journal-title":"Mediat Inflamm"},{"issue":"13","key":"2101_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200342130-00005","volume":"42","author":"H Lennern\u00e4s","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lennern\u00e4s H (2003) Clinical pharmacokinetics of atorvastatin. Clin Pharmacokinet 42(13):1141\u20131160","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"issue":"8","key":"2101_CR110","first-page":"1219","volume":"89","author":"S Levenstein","year":"1994","unstructured":"Levenstein S, Prantera C, Varvo V, Scribano ML, Berto E, Andreoli A et al (1994) Psychological stress and disease activity in ulcerative colitis: a multidimensional cross-sectional study. Am J Gastroenterol 89(8):1219\u20131225","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2101_CR111","first-page":"3323","volume":"96","author":"JD Lewis","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lewis JD, Lichtenstein GR, Stein RB, Deren JJ, Judge TA, Fogt F et al (2001) An open-label trial of the PPAR\u03b3 ligand rosiglitazone for active ulcerative colitis. Off J Am Coll Gastroenterol|ACG 96(12):3323\u20133328","journal-title":"Off J Am Coll Gastroenterol|ACG"},{"issue":"3","key":"2101_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.12.012","volume":"134","author":"JD Lewis","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lewis JD, Lichtenstein GR, Deren JJ, Sands BE, Hanauer SB, Katz JA et al (2008) Rosiglitazone for active ulcerative colitis: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Gastroenterology 134(3):688\u2013695","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2101_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-2980.12852","volume":"21","author":"C Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li C, Kuemmerle JF (2020) The fate of myofibroblasts during the development of fibrosis in Crohn\u2019s disease. J Dig Dis 21(6):326\u2013331","journal-title":"J Dig Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"2101_CR114","first-page":"4160","volume":"8","author":"Q Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li Q, Dong Q-T, Yang Y-J, Tian X-Q, Jin C, Huang P-S et al (2016) AMPK-mediated cardioprotection of atorvastatin relates to the reduction of apoptosis and activation of autophagy in infarcted rat hearts. Am J Transl Res 8(10):4160","journal-title":"Am J Transl Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"2101_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1093\/abbs\/gmy088","volume":"50","author":"X Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li X, Zhang X, Pan Y, Shi G, Ren J, Fan H et al (2018) mTOR regulates NLRP3 inflammasome activation via reactive oxygen species in murine lupus. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin 50(9):888\u2013896","journal-title":"Acta Biochim Biophys Sin"},{"issue":"12","key":"2101_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12120775","volume":"12","author":"D Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li D, Chung G, Kim SK (2020a) The involvement of central noradrenergic pathway in the analgesic effect of bee venom acupuncture on vincristine-induced peripheral neuropathy in rats. Toxins (Basel) 12(12):775","journal-title":"Toxins (Basel)"},{"issue":"10","key":"2101_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-020-03114-4","volume":"11","author":"Q Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li Q, Liu Y, Wang X, He F, Tang L (2020b) Activation of mTORC1 by LSECtin in macrophages directs intestinal repair in inflammatory bowel disease. Cell Death Dis 11(10):1\u201314","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"2101_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176402","volume":"967","author":"P Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li P, Chen J-M, Ge S-H, Sun M-L, Lu J-D, Liu F et al (2024) Pentoxifylline protects against cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion injury through ferroptosis regulation via the Nrf2\/SLC7A11\/GPX4 signalling pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 967:176402","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2101_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2012.11.013","volume":"23","author":"J Liang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Liang J, Nagahashi M, Kim EY, Harikumar KB, Yamada A, Huang W-C et al (2013) Sphingosine-1-phosphate links persistent STAT3 activation, chronic intestinal inflammation, and development of colitis-associated cancer. Cancer Cell 23(1):107\u2013120","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"issue":"6","key":"2101_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-018-0018-3","volume":"11","author":"X Lin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lin X, Sun Q, Zhou L, He M, Dong X, Lai M et al (2018) Colonic epithelial mTORC1 promotes ulcerative colitis through COX-2-mediated Th17 responses. Mucosal Immunol 11(6):1663\u20131673","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"2101_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lipson KE, Wong C, Teng Y, Spong S (ed) (2012) CTGF is a central mediator of tissue remodeling and fibrosis and its inhibition can reverse the process of fibrosis. Fibrogenesis and tissue repair: Springer","DOI":"10.1186\/1755-1536-5-S1-S24"},{"issue":"2","key":"2101_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2017.4576","volume":"14","author":"MW Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu MW, Liu R, Wu HY, Chen M, Dong MN, Huang YQ et al (2017) Atorvastatin has a protective effect in a mouse model of bronchial asthma through regulating tissue transglutaminase and triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells\u20111 expression. Exp Ther Med 14(2):917\u2013930","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2101_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1080\/10520295.2020.1776896","volume":"96","author":"X Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu X, Sun Z, Wang H (2021a) Metformin alleviates experimental colitis in mice by up-regulating TGF-\u03b2 signaling. Biotech Histochem 96(2):146\u2013152","journal-title":"Biotech Histochem"},{"key":"2101_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640347","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.640347","volume":"12","author":"Z Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu Z, Liao W, Zhang Z, Sun R, Luo Y, Chen Q et al (2021b) Metformin affects gut microbiota composition and diversity associated with amelioration of dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice. Front Pharmacol 12:640347","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"2101_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2024.111013","volume":"395","author":"J Luo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Luo J, Peng Y, Cheng X-F, Wu S-Z, Zhao Y-D, Chang L et al (2024) Nitazoxanide protects against experimental ulcerative colitis through improving intestinal barrier and inhibiting inflammation. Chem Biol Interact 395:111013","journal-title":"Chem Biol Interact"},{"issue":"3","key":"2101_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G367","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00173.2003","volume":"286","author":"TY Ma","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ma TY, Iwamoto GK, Hoa NT, Akotia V, Pedram A, Boivin MA et al (2004) TNF-\u03b1-induced increase in intestinal epithelial tight junction permeability requires NF-\u03baB activation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 286(3):G367\u2013G376","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2101_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2015.06.003","volume":"37","author":"S Macha","year":"2015","unstructured":"Macha S, Brand T, Meinicke T, Link J, Broedl UC (2015) Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of twice daily and once daily regimens of empagliflozin in healthy subjects. Clin Ther 37(8):1789\u20131796","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"2101_CR128","first-page":"875","volume":"66","author":"D Maduzia","year":"2015","unstructured":"Maduzia D, Matuszyk A, Ceranowicz D, Warzecha Z, Ceranowicz P, Fyderek K et al (2015) The influence of pretreatment with ghrelin on the development of acetic-acid-induced colitis in rats. J Physiol Pharmacol 66:875\u2013885","journal-title":"J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2101_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-007-0133-6","volume":"53","author":"LW Maines","year":"2008","unstructured":"Maines LW, Fitzpatrick LR, French KJ, Zhuang Y, Xia Z, Keller SN et al (2008) Suppression of ulcerative colitis in mice by orally available inhibitors of sphingosine kinase. Dig Dis Sci 53(4):997\u20131012","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"2101_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2012.2672","volume":"16","author":"H Malekinejad","year":"2013","unstructured":"Malekinejad H, Shafie-Irannejad V, Hobbenaghi R, Tabatabaie SH, Moshtaghion S-M (2013) Comparative protective effect of hawthorn berry hydroalcoholic extract, atorvastatin, and mesalamine on experimentally induced colitis in rats. J Med Food 16(7):593\u2013601","journal-title":"J Med Food"},{"issue":"6","key":"2101_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G1065","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00176.2010","volume":"300","author":"F Maloum","year":"2011","unstructured":"Maloum F, Allaire JM, Gagn\u00e9-Sansfa\u00e7on J, Roy E, Belleville K, Sarret P et al (2011) Epithelial BMP signaling is required for proper specification of epithelial cell lineages and gastric endocrine cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 300(6):G1065\u2013G1079","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"2101_CR132","unstructured":"Manna MJ, Abu-raghif A, Muhsin HY (2019) The effect of Niclosamide in acetic acid induce colitis: an experimental study. Prensa m\u00e9d argent, 309\u201316"},{"issue":"6","key":"2101_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izad125","volume":"30","author":"I Marafini","year":"2024","unstructured":"Marafini I, De Cristofaro E, Salvatori S, Calabrese E, Lolli E, Monteleone I et al (2024) Niclosamide enema for active distal ulcerative colitis: a phase 1, open-label study. Inflamm Bowel Dis 30(6):894\u2013899","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"2101_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.159.2.9804085","volume":"159","author":"LJ Marques","year":"1999","unstructured":"Marques LJ, Zheng L, Poulakis N, Guzman J, Costabel U (1999) Pentoxifylline inhibits TNF-\u03b1 production from human alveolar macrophages. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 159(2):508\u2013511","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2101_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897936","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.897936","volume":"9","author":"J Marsal","year":"2022","unstructured":"Marsal J, de Barreiro- Acosta M, Blumenstein I, Cappello M, Bazin T, Sebastian S (2022) Management of non-response and loss of response to anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy in inflammatory bowel disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 9:897936","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"6","key":"2101_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2016.48","volume":"12","author":"X-m Meng","year":"2016","unstructured":"Meng X-m, Nikolic-Paterson DJ, Lan HY (2016) TGF-\u03b2: the master regulator of fibrosis. Nat Rev Nephrol 12(6):325\u2013338","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"2101_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mer\u0107ep M (2025) Anti-inflammatory drugs and the gastrointestinal tract. Drug interactions in gastroenterology: a clinical guide: Springer, pp 135\u201362","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-69800-2_9"},{"issue":"9","key":"2101_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb2329","volume":"13","author":"MM Mihaylova","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mihaylova MM, Shaw RJ (2011) The AMPK signalling pathway coordinates cell growth, autophagy and metabolism. Nat Cell Biol 13(9):1016\u20131023","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2101_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200425524","volume":"35","author":"S Minguet","year":"2005","unstructured":"Minguet S, Huber M, Rosenkranz L, Schamel WW, Reth M, Brummer T (2005) Adenosine and cAMP are potent inhibitors of the NF\u2010\u03baB pathway downstream of immunoreceptors. Eur J Immunol 35(1):31\u201341","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"issue":"23","key":"2101_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4030","DOI":"10.3889\/oamjms.2019.697","volume":"7","author":"J Minov","year":"2019","unstructured":"Minov J, Stoleski S, Petrova T, Vasilevska K, Mijakoski D, Karadzinska-Bislimovska J (2019) Effects of a long-term use of carbocysteine on frequency and duration of exacerbations in patients with bronchiectasis. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 7(23):4030","journal-title":"Open Access Maced J Med Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"2101_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2006.09.003","volume":"17","author":"K Mitsuyama","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mitsuyama K, Sata M, Rose-John S (2006) Interleukin-6 trans-signaling in inflammatory bowel disease. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 17(6):451\u2013461","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"2101_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18020288","volume":"18","author":"A Monophosphate","year":"2017","unstructured":"Monophosphate A (2017) Activated protein kinase: a new target for nutraceutical compounds\/F. Mar\u00edn-Aguilar et al. Inter J Mol Sci 18(2):288","journal-title":"Inter J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2101_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2015.05.046","volume":"12","author":"J-S Moon","year":"2015","unstructured":"Moon J-S, Hisata S, Park M-A, DeNicola GM, Ryter SW, Nakahira K et al (2015) mTORC1-induced HK1-dependent glycolysis regulates NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Cell Rep 12(1):102\u2013115","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"2101_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-199141030-00009","volume":"41","author":"D Murdoch","year":"1991","unstructured":"Murdoch D, Heel RC (1991) Amlodipine: a review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic use in cardiovascular disease. Drugs 41(3):478\u2013505","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"issue":"4","key":"2101_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1086\/506351","volume":"43","author":"DM Musher","year":"2006","unstructured":"Musher DM, Logan N, Hamill RJ, DuPont HL, Lentnek A, Gupta A et al (2006) Nitazoxanide for the treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis. Clin Infect Dis 43(4):421\u2013427","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"2101_CR146","first-page":"997","volume":"17","author":"Y Naito","year":"2006","unstructured":"Naito Y, Katada K, Takagi T, Tsuboi H, Isozaki Y, Handa O et al (2006) Rosuvastatin, a new HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, reduces the colonic inflammatory response in dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice. Int J Mol Med 17(6):997\u20131004","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"key":"2101_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neurath MF (2024) Strategies for targeting cytokines in inflammatory bowel disease. Nat Rev Immunol, 1\u201318","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-024-01008-6"},{"issue":"7","key":"2101_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200847070-00003","volume":"47","author":"PJ Neuvonen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Neuvonen PJ, Backman JT, Niemi M (2008) Pharmacokinetic comparison of the potential over-the-counter statins simvastatin, lovastatin, fluvastatin and pravastatin. Clin Pharmacokinet 47(7):463\u2013474","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"issue":"2","key":"2101_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.23144","volume":"91","author":"E Norsted Gregory","year":"2013","unstructured":"Norsted Gregory E, Delaney A, AbdelMoaty S, Bas DB, Codeluppi S, Wigerblad G et al (2013) Pentoxifylline and propentofylline prevent proliferation and activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin and mitogen activated protein kinase in cultured spinal astrocytes. J Neurosci Res 91(2):300\u2013312","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"2101_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.05.016","volume":"169","author":"R Nusse","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nusse R, Clevers H (2017) Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling, disease, and emerging therapeutic modalities. Cell 169(6):985\u2013999","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"2","key":"2101_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2009.331","volume":"130","author":"N Oliver","year":"2010","unstructured":"Oliver N, Sternlicht M, Gerritsen K, Goldschmeding R (2010) Could aging human skin use a connective tissue growth factor boost to increase collagen content? J Invest Dermatol 130(2):338\u2013341","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2101_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11040590","volume":"11","author":"S Olivier","year":"2022","unstructured":"Olivier S, Diounou H, Pochard C, Frechin L, Durieu E, Foretz M et al (2022) Intestinal epithelial AMPK deficiency causes delayed colonic epithelial repair in DSS-induced colitis. Cells 11(4):590","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"4","key":"2101_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2011.328","volume":"91","author":"I Ord\u00e1s","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ord\u00e1s I, Mould DR, Feagan BG, Sandborn WJ (2012) Anti-TNF monoclonal antibodies in inflammatory bowel disease: pharmacokinetics-based dosing paradigms. Clin Pharmacol Ther 91(4):635\u2013646","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2101_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-016-0281-4","volume":"24","author":"R Pal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pal R, Chaudhary MJ, Tiwari PC, Nath R, Babu S, Pant KK (2016) Pharmacological studies on the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory role of pentoxifylline and its interaction with nitric oxide (NO) in experimental arthritis in rats. Inflammopharmacology 24:221\u2013231","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"2101_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715611","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.715611","volume":"12","author":"S Panwar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Panwar S, Sharma S, Tripathi P (2021) Role of barrier integrity and dysfunctions in maintaining the healthy gut and their health outcomes. Front Physiol 12:715611","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2101_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i1.64","volume":"20","author":"J Pedersen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pedersen J, Coskun M, Soendergaard C, Salem M, Nielsen OH (2014) Inflammatory pathways of importance for management of inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol WJG 20(1):64","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol WJG"},{"issue":"3","key":"2101_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.1997.00188.x","volume":"11","author":"T Peterson","year":"1997","unstructured":"Peterson T, Davey K (1997) Effect of acute pentoxifylline treatment in an experimental model of colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 11(3):575\u2013580","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"1-3","key":"2101_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2011.04.030","volume":"662","author":"TC Peterson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Peterson TC, Peterson MR, Raoul JM (2011) The effect of pentoxifylline and its metabolite-1 on inflammation and fibrosis in the TNBS model of colitis. Eur J Pharmacol 662(1\u20133):47\u201354","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"20","key":"2101_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5100","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15205100","volume":"15","author":"N Pieku\u015b-S\u0142omka","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pieku\u015b-S\u0142omka N, Mocan LP, Shkreli R, Grap\u0103 C, Denkiewicz K, Wesolowska O et al (2023) Don\u2019t judge a book by its cover: the role of statins in liver cancer. Cancers 15(20):5100","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"issue":"1","key":"2101_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18721","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-97441-x","volume":"11","author":"TS Postler","year":"2021","unstructured":"Postler TS, Peng V, Bhatt DM, Ghosh S (2021) Metformin selectively dampens the acute inflammatory response through an AMPK-dependent mechanism. Sci Rep 11(1):18721","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2101_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-007-9074-2","volume":"27","author":"JD Ramakers","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ramakers JD, Verstege MI, Thuijls G, Te Velde AA, Mensink RP, Plat J (2007) The PPAR\u03b3 agonist rosiglitazone impairs colonic inflammation in mice with experimental colitis. J Clin Immunol 27:275\u2013283","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2101_CR162","first-page":"568","volume":"139","author":"S Rana","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rana S, Sharma S, Prasad K, Sinha S, Singh K (2014) Role of oxidative stress & antioxidant defence in ulcerative colitis patients from north India. Indian J Med Res 139(4):568\u2013571","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"2101_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-016-0263-6","volume":"24","author":"A Rashidian","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rashidian A, Muhammadnejad A, Dehpour A-R, Mehr SE, Akhavan MM, Shirkoohi R et al (2016) Atorvastatin attenuates TNBS-induced rat colitis: the involvement of the TLR4\/NF-kB signaling pathway. Inflammopharmacology 24:109\u2013118","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"issue":"7","key":"2101_CR164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2764","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI67227","volume":"123","author":"NB Ruderman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ruderman NB, Carling D, Prentki M, Cacicedo JM (2013) AMPK, insulin resistance, and the metabolic syndrome. J Clin Invest 123(7):2764\u20132772","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"1","key":"2101_CR165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-020-00730-6","volume":"29","author":"S Saber","year":"2021","unstructured":"Saber S, El-Kader EMA (2021) Novel complementary coloprotective effects of metformin and MCC950 by modulating HSP90\/NLRP3 interaction and inducing autophagy in rats. Inflammopharmacology 29(1):237\u2013251","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"2101_CR166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.119123","volume":"270","author":"S Saber","year":"2021","unstructured":"Saber S, Youssef ME, Sharaf H, Amin NA, El-Shedody R, Aboutouk FH et al (2021) BBG enhances OLT1177-induced NLRP3 inflammasome inactivation by targeting P2X7R\/NLRP3 and MyD88\/NF-\u03baB signaling in DSS-induced colitis in rats. Life Sci 270:119123","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"2101_CR167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2017.12.030","volume":"281","author":"E Said","year":"2018","unstructured":"Said E, Zaitone SA, Eldosoky M, Elsherbiny NM (2018) Nifuroxazide, a STAT3 inhibitor, mitigates inflammatory burden and protects against diabetes-induced nephropathy in rats. Chem Biol Interact 281:111\u2013120","journal-title":"Chem Biol Interact"},{"issue":"6","key":"2101_CR168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-0273-0","volume":"17","author":"A Salas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Salas A, Hernandez-Rocha C, Duijvestein M, Faubion W, McGovern D, Vermeire S et al (2020) JAK\u2013STAT pathway targeting for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 17(6):323\u2013337","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2101_CR169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2007.01.047","volume":"562","author":"M S\u00e1nchez-Hidalgo","year":"2007","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Hidalgo M, Mart\u00edn AR, Villegas I, de la Lastra CA (2007) Rosiglitazone, a PPAR\u03b3 ligand, modulates signal transduction pathways during the development of acute TNBS-induced colitis in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 562(3):247\u2013258","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2101_CR170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.102.044099","volume":"305","author":"M Sasaki","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sasaki M, Bharwani S, Jordan P, Joh T, Manas K, Warren A et al (2003a) The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor pravastatin reduces disease activity and inflammation in dextran-sulfate induced colitis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 305(1):78\u201385","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"issue":"12","key":"2101_CR171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2003.09.016","volume":"35","author":"M Sasaki","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sasaki M, Bharwani S, Jordan P, Elrod J, Grisham M, Jackson T et al (2003b) Increased disease activity in eNOS-deficient mice in experimental colitis. Free Radical Biol Med 35(12):1679\u20131687","journal-title":"Free Radical Biol Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2101_CR172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s00795-003-0219-y","volume":"36","author":"N Sawada","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sawada N, Murata M, Kikuchi K, Osanai M, Tobioka H, Kojima T et al (2003) Tight junctions and human diseases. Med Electron Microsc 36(3):147\u2013156","journal-title":"Med Electron Microsc"},{"issue":"6","key":"2101_CR173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.02.004","volume":"168","author":"RA Saxton","year":"2017","unstructured":"Saxton RA, Sabatini DM (2017) mTOR signaling in growth, metabolism, and disease. Cell 168(6):960\u2013976","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"5","key":"2101_CR174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-199630050-00003","volume":"30","author":"AJ Scheen","year":"1996","unstructured":"Scheen AJ (1996) Clinical pharmacokinetics of metformin. Clin Pharmacokinet 30(5):359\u2013371","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"issue":"7","key":"2101_CR175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2354","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.02.062","volume":"160","author":"S Schreiber","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schreiber S, Aden K, Bernardes JP, Conrad C, Tran F, H\u00f6per H et al (2021) Therapeutic interleukin-6 trans-signaling inhibition by olamkicept (sgp130Fc) in patients with active inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 160(7):2354\u20132366","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"1-3","key":"2101_CR176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0171-2985(97)80025-3","volume":"198","author":"K Schulze-Osthoff","year":"1997","unstructured":"Schulze-Osthoff K, Ferrari D, Riehemann K, Wesselborg S (1997) Regulation of NF-\u03baB activation by MAP kinase cascades. Immunobiology 198(1\u20133):35\u201349","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2101_CR177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3024","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25053024","volume":"25","author":"A Seal","year":"2024","unstructured":"Seal A, Hughes M, Wei F, Pugazhendhi AS, Ngo C, Ruiz J et al (2024) Sphingolipid-induced bone regulation and its emerging role in dysfunction due to disease and infection. Int J Mol Sci 25(5):3024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"2101_CR178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2921","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000542","volume":"21","author":"S Sedda","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sedda S, Marafini I, Dinallo V, Di Fusco D, Monteleone G (2015) The TGF-\u03b2\/Smad system in IBD pathogenesis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 21(12):2921\u20132925","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"2101_CR179","first-page":"520","volume":"78","author":"J Semmler","year":"1993","unstructured":"Semmler J, Gebert U, Eisenhut T, Moeller J, Sch\u00f6nharting M, Allera A et al (1993) Xanthine derivatives: comparison between suppression of tumour necrosis factor-alpha production and inhibition of cAMP phosphodiesterase activity. Immunology 78(4):520","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"issue":"17","key":"2101_CR180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8273","DOI":"10.3390\/app11178273","volume":"11","author":"MH Seo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Seo MH, Eo MY, Nguyen TTH, Yang HJ, Kim SM (2021) Immunomodulatory effects of pentoxifylline: profiling data based on RAW 264.7 cellular signaling. Appl Sci 11(17):8273","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2101_CR181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2024.07.033","volume":"23","author":"M Shehab","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shehab M, Alrashed F, Alsayegh A, Aldallal U, Ma C, Narula N et al (2025) Comparative efficacy of biologics and small molecule in ulcerative colitis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 23(2):250\u2013262","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2101_CR182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F671","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00042.2016","volume":"311","author":"K Shen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shen K, Johnson DW, Gobe GC (2016) The role of cGMP and its signaling pathways in kidney disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 311(4):F671\u2013F681","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2101_CR183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.suc.2024.10.007","volume":"105","author":"MT Siddiqui","year":"2025","unstructured":"Siddiqui MT, Kasiraj R, Naseer M (2025) Medical management of ulcerative colitis and Crohn\u2019s disease\u2014strategies for inducing and maintaining remission. Surg Clin North Am 105(2):435\u2013454","journal-title":"Surg Clin North Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"2101_CR184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.22543\/7674.91.P5677","volume":"9","author":"A Silaghi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Silaghi A, Constantin VD, Socea B, Banu P, Sandu V, Andronache LF et al (2022) Inflammatory bowel disease: pathogenesis, diagnosis and current therapeutic approach. J Mind Med Sci 9(1):56\u201377","journal-title":"J Mind Med Sci"},{"issue":"16","key":"2101_CR185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9127","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23169127","volume":"23","author":"I Silva","year":"2022","unstructured":"Silva I, Mendes P, Guerra S, Pinto R, Mateus V (2022) Anti-inflammatory effect of topiramate in a chronic model of TNBS-induced colitis. Int J Mol Sci 23(16):9127","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2101_CR186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2008.03.057","volume":"102","author":"U Singh","year":"2008","unstructured":"Singh U, Devaraj S, Jialal I, Siegel D (2008) Comparison effect of atorvastatin (10 versus 80 mg) on biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in subjects with metabolic syndrome. Am J Cardiol 102(3):321\u2013325","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2101_CR187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600750111","volume":"75","author":"RV Smith","year":"1986","unstructured":"Smith RV, Waller ES, Doluisio JT, Bauza MT, Puri SK, Ho I et al (1986) Pharmacokinetics of orally administered pentoxifylline in humans. J Pharm Sci 75(1):47\u201352","journal-title":"J Pharm Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"2101_CR188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1159\/000171465","volume":"12","author":"H S\u00f8rbye","year":"1994","unstructured":"S\u00f8rbye H, Svanes K (1994) The role of blood flow in gastric mucosal defence, damage and healing. Dig Dis 12(5):305\u2013317","journal-title":"Dig Dis"},{"issue":"28","key":"2101_CR189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3635","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v18.i28.3635","volume":"18","author":"S Speca","year":"2012","unstructured":"Speca S, Giusti I, Rieder F, Latella G (2012) Cellular and molecular mechanisms of intestinal fibrosis. World J Gastroenterol: WJG 18(28):3635","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol: WJG"},{"issue":"5","key":"2101_CR190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.5414\/CPP40213","volume":"40","author":"A Stockis","year":"2002","unstructured":"Stockis A, Allemon A, De Bruyn S, Gengler C (2002) Nitazoxanide pharmacokinetics and tolerability in man using single ascending oral doses. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 40(5):213\u2013220","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"2101_CR191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10020289","volume":"10","author":"C Stolfi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Stolfi C, Maresca C, Monteleone G, Laudisi F (2022) Implication of intestinal barrier dysfunction in gut dysbiosis and diseases. Biomedicines 10(2):289","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"issue":"1","key":"2101_CR192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1006\/jaut.2000.0456","volume":"16","author":"S Sto\u0161i\u0107-Gruji\u010di\u0107","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sto\u0161i\u0107-Gruji\u010di\u0107 S, Maksimovi\u0107 D, Badovinac V, Samard\u017ei\u0107 T, Trajkovi\u0107 V, Luki\u0107 M et al (2001) Antidiabetogenic effect of pentoxifylline is associated with systemic and target tissue modulation of cytokines and nitric oxide production. J Autoimmun 16(1):47\u201358","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"issue":"4","key":"2101_CR193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(01)70084-4","volume":"121","author":"CG Su","year":"2001","unstructured":"Su CG, Lewis JD (2001) Antineoplastic and anti\u2013inflammatory effects of PPAR ligands in colitis. Gastroenterology 121(4):1019\u20131021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"25","key":"2101_CR194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.08.1627","volume":"62","author":"S Subramanian","year":"2013","unstructured":"Subramanian S, Emami H, Vucic E, Singh P, Vijayakumar J, Fifer KM et al (2013) High-dose atorvastatin reduces periodontal inflammation: a novel pleiotropic effect of statins. J Am Coll Cardiol 62(25):2382\u20132391","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2101_CR195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2019.107464","volume":"207","author":"OA Sukocheva","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sukocheva OA, Furuya H, Ng ML, Friedemann M, Menschikowski M, Tarasov VV et al (2020) Sphingosine kinase and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor signaling pathway in inflammatory gastrointestinal disease and cancers: a novel therapeutic target. Pharmacol Ther 207:107464","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"2101_CR196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e22139","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202100831RR","volume":"36","author":"M Takahara","year":"2022","unstructured":"Takahara M, Takaki A, Hiraoka S, Takei K, Yasutomi E, Igawa S et al (2022) Metformin ameliorates chronic colitis in a mouse model by regulating interferon-\u03b3-producing lamina propria CD4+ T cells through AMPK activation. FASEB J 36(2):e22139","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"issue":"9","key":"2101_CR197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4652","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.161.9.4652","volume":"161","author":"K Takeda","year":"1998","unstructured":"Takeda K, Kaisho T, Yoshida N, Takeda J, Kishimoto T, Akira S (1998) Stat3 activation is responsible for IL-6-dependent T cell proliferation through preventing apoptosis: generation and characterization of T cell-specific Stat3-deficient mice. J Immunol 161(9):4652\u20134660","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2101_CR198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2019.01.018","volume":"146","author":"E Taniguti","year":"2019","unstructured":"Taniguti E, Ferreira Y, Stupp I, Fraga-Junior E, Doneda D, Lopes L et al (2019) Atorvastatin prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced depressive-like behaviour in mice. Brain Res Bull 146:279\u2013286","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"2101_CR199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.2478\/s11756-020-00524-9","volume":"75","author":"N Tatiya-aphiradee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tatiya-aphiradee N, Chatuphonprasert W, Jarukamjorn K (2020) Oxidative stress exacerbates dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis in ICR mice. Biologia 75:2063\u20132071","journal-title":"Biologia"},{"issue":"7","key":"2101_CR200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.2174\/138161208783877956","volume":"14","author":"A Thiry","year":"2008","unstructured":"Thiry A, Dogne J-M, Supuran CT, Masereel B (2008) Anticonvulsant sulfonamides\/sulfamates\/sulfamides with carbonic anhydrase inhibitory activity: drug design and mechanism of action. Curr Pharm des 14(7):661\u2013671","journal-title":"Curr Pharm des"},{"issue":"3","key":"2101_CR201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2567.1997.00354.x","volume":"92","author":"V Trajkovi\u0107","year":"1997","unstructured":"Trajkovi\u0107 V, Badovinac V, Popadi\u0107 D, Had\u017ei\u0107 O, Stojkovi\u0107 MM (1997) Cell\u2010specific effects of pentoxifylline on nitric oxide production and inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA expression. Immunology 92(3):402\u2013406","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2101_CR202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjaa136","volume":"15","author":"C-H Tseng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tseng C-H (2021) Metformin use is associated with a lower risk of inflammatory bowel disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Crohns Colitis 15(1):64\u201373","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"issue":"7","key":"2101_CR203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9120(02)00361-2","volume":"35","author":"A T\u00fcz\u00fcn","year":"2002","unstructured":"T\u00fcz\u00fcn A, Erdil A, \u0130nal V, Ayd\u0131n A, Ba\u011fc\u0131 S, Ye\u015filova Z et al (2002) Oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Biochem 35(7):569\u2013572","journal-title":"Clin Biochem"},{"issue":"4","key":"2101_CR204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(93)90168-V","volume":"45","author":"D Ukena","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ukena D, Schudt C, Sybrecht GW (1993) Adenosine receptor-blocking xanthines as inhibitors of phosphodiesterase isozymes. Biochem Pharmacol 45(4):847\u2013851","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2101_CR205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.33594\/000000178","volume":"53","author":"L Uthman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Uthman L, Homayr A, Juni RP, Spin EL, Kerindongo R, Boomsma M et al (2019) Empagliflozin and dapagliflozin reduce ROS generation and restore NO bioavailability in tumor necrosis factor \u03b1-stimulated human coronary arterial endothelial cells. Cell Physiol Biochem 53(5):865\u2013886","journal-title":"Cell Physiol Biochem"},{"issue":"1","key":"2101_CR206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G116","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00051.2005","volume":"289","author":"BA Vallance","year":"2005","unstructured":"Vallance BA, Gunawan MI, Hewlett B, Bercik P, Van Kampen C, Galeazzi F et al (2005) TGF-\u03b21 gene transfer to the mouse colon leads to intestinal fibrosis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 289(1):G116\u2013G128","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2101_CR207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-023-02677-1","volume":"397","author":"R Varzandeh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Varzandeh R, Khezri MR, Esmaeilzadeh Z, Jafari A, Ghasemnejad-Berenji M (2024) Protective effects of topiramate on acetic acid-induced colitis in rats through the inhibition of oxidative stress. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 397(2):1141\u20131149","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2101_CR208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5342","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.10.5342","volume":"168","author":"GH Waetzig","year":"2002","unstructured":"Waetzig GH, Seegert D, Rosenstiel P, Nikolaus S, Schreiber S (2002) P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase is activated and linked to TNF-\u03b1 signaling in inflammatory bowel disease. J Immunol 168(10):5342\u20135351","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2101_CR209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0303924","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0303924","volume":"20","author":"N Walther","year":"2025","unstructured":"Walther N, Schultz-Heienbrok R, Sta\u00df H, Corman VM, Gassen NC, M\u00fcller MA et al (2025) Clinical safety and pharmacokinetics of a novel oral niclosamide formulation compared with marketed niclosamide chewing tablets in healthy volunteers: a three-part randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. PLoS ONE 20(2):e0303924","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"12","key":"2101_CR210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1038\/hr.2015.85","volume":"38","author":"W Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang W, Wang H, Geng Q-X, Wang H-T, Miao W, Cheng B et al (2015) Augmentation of autophagy by atorvastatin via Akt\/mTOR pathway in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertens Res 38(12):813\u2013820","journal-title":"Hypertens Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2101_CR211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.116.108100","volume":"92","author":"S Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang S, Xie X, Lei T, Zhang K, Lai B, Zhang Z et al (2017) Statins attenuate activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by oxidized LDL or TNF\u03b1 in vascular endothelial cells through a PXR-dependent mechanism. Mol Pharmacol 92(3):256\u2013264","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"2101_CR212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2018.11.003","volume":"65","author":"C Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang C, Choi YH, Xian Z, Zheng M, Piao H, Yan G (2018) Aloperine suppresses allergic airway inflammation through NF-\u03baB, MAPK, and Nrf2\/HO-1 signaling pathways in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 65:571\u2013579","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2101_CR213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1080\/15384047.2018.1529108","volume":"20","author":"S-Q Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang S-Q, Cui S-X, Qu X-J (2019a) Metformin inhibited colitis and colitis-associated cancer (CAC) through protecting mitochondrial structures of colorectal epithelial cells in mice. Cancer Biol Ther 20(3):338\u2013348","journal-title":"Cancer Biol Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"2101_CR214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e89","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-1609","volume":"42","author":"T Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang T, Lu W, Li D, Tang H, Yang JY, Buse JB et al (2019b) Assessing the association between dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor use and inflammatory bowel disease through drug adverse event reporting. Diabetes Care 42(6):e89","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"2101_CR215","first-page":"207","volume":"62","author":"Z Warzecha","year":"2011","unstructured":"Warzecha Z, Dembinski A, Ceranowicz P, Dembinski M, Cieszkowski J, Kownacki P et al (2011) Role of sensory nerves in gastroprotective effect of anandamide in rats. J Physiol Pharmacol 62(2):207","journal-title":"J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"2101_CR216","unstructured":"Warzecha Z, Dembinski A, Brzozowski T, Ceranowicz P, Dembinski M, Stachura J et al (2001) Histamine in stress ulcer prophylaxis in rats. J Physiol Pharmacol 52(3)"},{"issue":"16","key":"2101_CR217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5317","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27165317","volume":"27","author":"JK Waters","year":"2022","unstructured":"Waters JK, Mossine VV, Kelley SP, Mawhinney TP (2022) Structural and functional studies of S-(2-Carboxyethyl)-L-Cysteine and S-(2-Carboxyethyl)-l-Cysteine sulfoxide. Molecules 27(16):5317","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"2101_CR218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Welling PA (ed) (2013) Regulation of renal potassium secretion: molecular mechanisms. Seminars in nephrology: Elsevier","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2013.04.002"},{"issue":"2","key":"2101_CR219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-3623(96)00314-X","volume":"29","author":"C Windmeier","year":"1997","unstructured":"Windmeier C, Gressner A (1997) Pharmacological aspects of pentoxifylline with emphasis on its inhibitory actions on hepatic fibrogenesis. General Pharmacol Vasc Syst 29(2):181\u2013196","journal-title":"General Pharmacol Vasc Syst"},{"issue":"4","key":"2101_CR220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18040741","volume":"18","author":"T Wollny","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wollny T, W\u0105tek M, Durna\u015b B, Niemirowicz K, Piktel E, \u017bendzian-Piotrowska M et al (2017) Sphingosine-1-phosphate metabolism and its role in the development of inflammatory bowel disease. Int J Mol Sci 18(4):741","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2101_CR221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2013.00192","volume":"4","author":"C Wright","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wright C, Downing J, Mungall D, Khan O, Williams A, Fonkem E et al (2013) Clinical pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of levetiracetam. Front Neurol 4:192","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2101_CR222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3272","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00332","volume":"15","author":"W Wu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wu W, Wang S, Liu Q, Shan T, Wang Y (2018) Metformin protects against LPS-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction by activating AMPK pathway. Mol Pharm 15(8):3272\u20133284","journal-title":"Mol Pharm"},{"issue":"12","key":"2101_CR223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0168670","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0168670","volume":"11","author":"Y Xue","year":"2016","unstructured":"Xue Y, Zhang H, Sun X, Zhu M-J (2016) Metformin improves ileal epithelial barrier function in interleukin-10 deficient mice. PLoS ONE 11(12):e0168670","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"2101_CR224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06566.x","volume":"905","author":"S Yamamura","year":"2000","unstructured":"Yamamura S, Hakomori S, Wada A, Igarashi Y (2000) Sphingosine\u20101\u2010phosphate inhibits haptotactic motility by overproduction of focal adhesion sites in B16 melanoma cells through EDG\u2010induced activation of Rho. Ann N Y Acad Sci 905(1):301\u2013307","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"19","key":"2101_CR225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7699","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-10-1626","volume":"70","author":"P-M Yang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yang P-M, Liu Y-L, Lin Y-C, Shun C-T, Wu M-S, Chen C-C (2010) Inhibition of autophagy enhances anticancer effects of atorvastatin in digestive malignancies. Cancer Res 70(19):7699\u20137709","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"2101_CR226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.29680","volume":"15","author":"F Yang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang F, Qin Y, Wang Y, Meng S, Xian H, Che H et al (2019) Metformin inhibits the NLRP3 inflammasome via AMPK\/mTOR-dependent effects in diabetic cardiomyopathy. Int J Biol Sci 15(5):1010","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"2101_CR227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-2980.12879","volume":"21","author":"B Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang B, Zhang G, Elias M, Zhu Y, Wang J (2020) The role of cytokine and immune responses in intestinal fibrosis. J Dig Dis 21(6):308\u2013314","journal-title":"J Dig Dis"},{"key":"2101_CR228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652709","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.652709","volume":"12","author":"S Yang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang S, Park J-S, Hwang S-H, Cho K-H, Na HS, Choi J et al (2021) Metformin-inducible small heterodimer partner interacting leucine zipper protein ameliorates intestinal inflammation. Front Immunol 12:652709","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2101_CR229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izz149","volume":"25","author":"D Yao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yao D, Dong M, Dai C, Wu S (2019) Inflammation and inflammatory cytokine contribute to the initiation and development of ulcerative colitis and its associated cancer. Inflamm Bowel Dis 25(10):1595\u20131602","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"2101_CR230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2019.109526","volume":"120","author":"H Yaribeygi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yaribeygi H, Simental-Mend\u00eda LE, Banach M, Bo S, Sahebkar A (2019) The major molecular mechanisms mediating the renoprotective effects of SGLT2 inhibitors: an update. Biomed Pharmacother 120:109526","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"2101_CR231","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s10557-017-6725-2","volume":"31","author":"Y Ye","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ye Y, Bajaj M, Yang H-C, Perez-Polo JR, Birnbaum Y (2017) SGLT-2 inhibition with dapagliflozin reduces the activation of the Nlrp3\/ASC inflammasome and attenuates the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy in mice with type 2 diabetes. Further augmentation of the effects with saxagliptin, a DPP4 inhibitor. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 31:119\u2013132","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Drugs Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"2101_CR232","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.196.167","volume":"196","author":"M Yoshikawa","year":"2002","unstructured":"Yoshikawa M, Suzumura A, Ito A, Tamaru T, Takayanagi T (2002) Effect of phosphodiesterase inhibitors on nitric oxide production by glial cells. Tohoku J Exp Med 196(3):167\u2013177","journal-title":"Tohoku J Exp Med"},{"key":"2101_CR233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yougbare I (2021) Alterations of cAMP\/cGMP signaling pathways in lupus nephritis. J Nephrol Dial Med 3(2)","DOI":"10.29245\/2767-5149\/2021\/2.1112"},{"key":"2101_CR234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2020.103433","volume":"79","author":"M Yousra","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yousra M, Elsherbiny NM, El-Shafey M, Said E (2020) The interplay of the inhibitory effect of nifuroxazide on NF-\u03baB\/STAT3 signaling attenuates acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis in rats. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 79:103433","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"2101_CR235","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719984","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.719984","volume":"12","author":"ME Youssef","year":"2021","unstructured":"Youssef ME, Abd El-Fattah EE, Abdelhamid AM, Eissa H, El-Ahwany E, Amin NA et al (2021) Interference with the AMPK\u03b1\/mTOR\/NLRP3 signaling and the IL-23\/IL-17 axis effectively protects against the dextran sulfate sodium intoxication in rats: a new paradigm in empagliflozin and metformin reprofiling for the management of ulcerative colitis. Front Pharmacol 12:719984","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"19","key":"2101_CR236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23193","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.203611","volume":"13","author":"W Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang W, Wang W, Shen C, Wang X, Pu Z, Yin Q (2021) Network pharmacology for systematic understanding of Schisandrin B reduces the epithelial cells injury of colitis through regulating pyroptosis by AMPK\/Nrf2\/NLRP3 inflammasome. Aging (Albany NY) 13(19):23193","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"issue":"1","key":"2101_CR237","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.4062\/biomolther.2018.104","volume":"27","author":"D Zhao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhao D, Gu M-Y, Xu JL, Zhang LJ, Ryu SY, Yang HO (2019) Anti-neuroinflammatory effects of 12-dehydrogingerdione in LPS-activated microglia through inhibiting Akt\/IKK\/NF-\u03baB pathway and activating Nrf-2\/HO-1 pathway. Biomol Ther 27(1):92","journal-title":"Biomol Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"2101_CR238","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-020-0167-x","volume":"6","author":"D Zheng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zheng D, Liwinski T, Elinav E (2020) Inflammasome activation and regulation: toward a better understanding of complex mechanisms. Cell Discov 6(1):1\u201322","journal-title":"Cell Discov"},{"issue":"1","key":"2101_CR239","first-page":"260429","volume":"2014","author":"S Zhou","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhou S, Sun W, Zhang Z, Zheng Y (2014) The role of Nrf2\u2010mediated pathway in cardiac remodeling and heart failure. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2014(1):260429","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"2101_CR240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235656","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1235656","volume":"14","author":"F Zou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zou F, Wang S, Xu M, Wu Z, Deng F (2023) The role of sphingosine-1-phosphate in the gut mucosal microenvironment and inflammatory bowel diseases. Front Physiol 14:1235656","journal-title":"Front Physiol"}],"container-title":["Inflammopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10787-025-02101-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10787-025-02101-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10787-025-02101-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T05:08:06Z","timestamp":1776316086000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10787-025-02101-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]]},"references-count":240,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["2101"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10787-025-02101-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0925-4692","1568-5608"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0925-4692","type":"print"},{"value":"1568-5608","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}