{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T08:01:52Z","timestamp":1784707312726,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780617600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Inflammopharmacol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-026-02275-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T00:59:18Z","timestamp":1780621158000},"page":"4879-4894","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Anti-acne cinnamic acid bigel: a hybrid topical system for concurrent modulation of inflammation and microbial load"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1346-9847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jitendra W.","family":"Gajbe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashwini R.","family":"Madgulkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minakshi B.","family":"Shinde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mangesh R.","family":"Bhalekar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sejal A.","family":"Tawari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vidhi A.","family":"Dagade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2275_CR1","unstructured":"Abdullah A, Mohammed A. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM): A Review[Internet]. Available from: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/330169176."},{"issue":"7","key":"2275_CR2","first-page":"2688","volume":"4","author":"V Agarwal","year":"2013","unstructured":"Agarwal V, Siddiqui A, Ali H (2013) Formulation and evaluation of lecithin organogel of diclofenac sodium for topical delivery. Int J Pharm Sci Res 4(7):2688\u20132693","journal-title":"Int J Pharm Sci Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"2275_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.22270\/jddt.v12i5.5579","volume":"12","author":"M Agarwal","year":"2022","unstructured":"Agarwal M, Sachdeva M, Sharma PK (2022) Development and characterization of novel bigel of loxoprofen for topical drug delivery. J Drug Deliv Ther 12(5):46\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22270\/jddt.v12i5.5579","journal-title":"J Drug Deliv Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"2275_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16010128","volume":"16","author":"R Albash","year":"2023","unstructured":"Albash R, Badawi NM, Hamed MIA, Ragaie MH, Mohammed SS, Elbesh RM, Darwish KM, Lashkar MO, Elhady SS, Mosallam S (2023) Exploring the synergistic effect of bergamot essential oil with spironolactone-loaded nano-phytosomes for treatment of <italic>Acne vulgaris<\/italic>: in vitro optimization, in silico studies, and clinical evaluation. Pharmaceuticals Basel 16(1):128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph16010128","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals Basel"},{"issue":"5","key":"2275_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18050633","volume":"18","author":"R Albash","year":"2025","unstructured":"Albash R, Ali SK, Abdelmonem R, Agiba AM, Aldhahri R, Saleh A, Kassem AB, Abdellatif MM (2025) Electrospun nanofiber-scaffold-loaded levocetirizine dihydrochloride cerosomes for combined management of atopic dermatitis and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) skin infection: in vitro and in vivo studies. Pharmaceuticals 18(5):633. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph18050633","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"2275_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Velichka Andonova, Petya Peneva, Apostolova EG, Dimcheva T, Zhivko Peychev, Kassarova M. (2017) Carbopol hydrogel\/sorbitan monostearate-almond oil based organogel biphasic formulations: Preparation and characterization of the bigels. 16(7):1455\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4314\/tjpr.v16i7.1","DOI":"10.4314\/tjpr.v16i7.1"},{"key":"2275_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Basavesh, Manjula D, Premakumari KB, Josephine Leno Jenita J. (2024) Formulation andCharacterization of Gabapentin-Loaded Bigel for Transpinal Delivery to Brain. Int J Drug Delivery Techn. 14(2):785\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25258\/ijddt.14.2.28","DOI":"10.25258\/ijddt.14.2.28"},{"issue":"2","key":"2275_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adv.21488","volume":"34","author":"B Behera","year":"2015","unstructured":"Behera B, Dey S, Sharma V, Pal K (2015) Rheological and viscoelastic properties of novel sunflower oil-span 40-biopolymer-based bigels and their role as a functional material in the delivery of antimicrobial agents. Adv Polym Technol 34(2):21488. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/adv.21488","journal-title":"Adv Polym Technol"},{"key":"2275_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Binder L, Maz\u00e1l J, Petz R, Klang V, Valenta C. (2019) The role of viscosity on skinpenetration from cellulose ether-based hydrogels. Skin research and technology. 25(5):725\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/srt.12709.","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.12709"},{"key":"2275_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Buyana B, Aderibigbe BA, Ndinteh DT, Fonkui YT, Kumar P. (2020) Alginate-pluronic topical gels loaded with thymol, norfloxacin and ZnO nanoparticles as potential wound dressings. J Drug Delivery Sci Technology. 60:101960.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jddst.2020.101960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2020.101960"},{"issue":"10","key":"2275_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15102392","volume":"15","author":"MN Calienni","year":"2023","unstructured":"Calienni MN, Mart\u00ednez LM, Izquierdo MC, Alonso SdelV, Montanari J (2023) Rheological and viscoelastic analysis of hybrid formulations for topical application. Pharmaceutics 15(10):2392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics15102392","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"2275_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cal\u00f3 E, Khutoryanskiy V V. (2015) Biomedical applications of hydrogels: A review of Patents and commercial products. Vol. 65, European Polymer Journal. Elsevier Ltd. 65:252\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2014.11.024.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2014.11.024"},{"key":"2275_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen MX, Alexander KS, Baki G. Formulation and Evaluation of Antibacterial Creams and Gels Containing Metal Ions for Topical Application. J Pharm (Cairo). 3; 2016(1\/ 5754349):1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2016\/5754349","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/5754349"},{"key":"2275_CR14","first-page":"36","volume":"1","author":"N Devi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Devi N, Kumar S, Rajan S, Gegoria J, Mahant S, Rao R (2016) Development and validation of UV spectrophotometric method for quantitative estimation of Clobetasol 17-Propionate. Asian J Res Chem Pharmaceut Sci 1:36\u201340","journal-title":"Asian J Res Chem Pharmaceut Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2275_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-020-00531-1","volume":"21","author":"B Dr\u00e9no","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dr\u00e9no B, Dagnelie MA, Khammari A, Corvec S (2020) The skin microbiome: a new actor in inflammatory acne. Am J Clin Dermatol 21(1):18\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40257-020-00531-1. (Adis)","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"2275_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dua K, Malipeddi V.R., Madan J, Gupta G, Chakravarthi S, Awasthi R, Kikuchi I.S, De Jesus Andreoli Pinto T (2016) Norfloxacin and metronidazole topical formulations for effective treatment of bacterial infections and burn wounds. Interventional Medicine and applied science.,2016, 8(2): 68\u201376 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/1646.8.2016.2.4","DOI":"10.1556\/1646.8.2016.2.4"},{"key":"2275_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1560585","volume":"16","author":"MA El Hassab","year":"2025","unstructured":"El Hassab MA, Ibrahim MH, Abdel Mageed SS, Mahmoud AMA, Othman Ahmed ZS, Mosallam S, Abdelbari MA, Khaleel EF, El Hasab MA, Elsayyad A, Allam S, Eltabeeb MA, Negmeldin AT, Eldehna WM, Albash R (2025) Formulation of zein nanoparticles for augmenting the anti-inflammatory activity of dexketoprofen. Front Pharmacol 16:1560585. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2025.1560585","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"2275_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1007\/s003970000139","volume":"4","author":"D Gabriele","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gabriele D, de Cindio B, D\u2019Antona P (2001) A weak gel model for foods. Rheol Acta 4:120\u2013127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s003970000139","journal-title":"Rheol Acta"},{"issue":"1","key":"2275_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.7324\/JAPS.2019.90108","volume":"9","author":"MM Ghareeb","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ghareeb MM (2019) Design and in vitro characterization of a topical nanoemulsion enrichedhydrogel of econazole nitrate. J Appl Pharm Sci 9(1):51\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7324\/JAPS.2019.90108","journal-title":"J Appl Pharm Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"2275_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14112324","volume":"14","author":"O Gonz\u00e1lez-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Gonz\u00e1lez O, Ramirez IO, Ramirez BI, O\u2019Connell P, Ballesteros MP, Torrado JJ et al (2022) Drug stability: ICH versus accelerated predictive stability studies. Pharmaceutics 14(11):2324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics14112324","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"issue":"12","key":"2275_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19292","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules191219292","volume":"19","author":"JD Guzman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Guzman JD (2014) Natural cinnamic acids, synthetic derivatives and hybrids with antimicrobial activity. Molecules 19(12):19292\u201319349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules191219292","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"2","key":"2275_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13020282","volume":"13","author":"G Kaur","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kaur G, Narang RK, Kaur R (2021) Development, characterization and evaluation of Amphotericin B bigel for topical treatment of fungal infections. Pharmaceutics 13(2):282","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"issue":"10","key":"2275_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25105302","volume":"25","author":"HJ Kim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kim HJ, Kim YH (2024) Exploring acne treatments: from pathophysiological mechanisms to emerging therapies. Int J Mol Sci 25(10):5302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25105302. (Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI))","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2275_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kumbhar PS, Chopade S, Manjappa AS, Patil OB, et al. (2022) Topical emulgel: BasicConsiderations in development and advanced research. Indian J PharmaceuticalSci. 84(1):1\u20139.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36468\/pharmaceutical-sciences.1005.","DOI":"10.36468\/pharmaceutical-sciences.1005"},{"issue":"7","key":"2275_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28073024","volume":"28","author":"MG Leichtweis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Leichtweis MG, Molina AK, Petropoulos SA, Carocho M, Pires TCSP, Dias MI, Calhelha R, Oliveira MBPP, Pereira C, Barros L (2023) Valorization of pumpkin peel as a source of bioactive compounds: Optimization of heat- and ultrasound-assisted extraction. Molecules 28(7):2\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules28073024","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"2275_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2023.07.004","volume":"190","author":"N Loza-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Loza-Rodr\u00edguez N, Mill\u00e1n-S\u00e1nchez A, L\u00f3pez O (2023) A biocompatible lipid-based bigel for topical applications. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 190:24\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejpb.2023.07.004","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm Biopharm"},{"key":"2275_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2011.07.013","volume":"107","author":"FR Lupi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lupi FR, Gabriele D, de Cindio B, Sanchez MC, Gallegos C (2011) A rheological analysis of structured water-in-olive oil emulsions. J Food Eng 107:296\u2013303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2011.07.013","journal-title":"J Food Eng"},{"issue":"4","key":"2275_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15041271","volume":"15","author":"BS Mahmoud","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mahmoud BS, McConville C (2023) Box\u2013Behnken design of experiments of polycaprolactone nanoparticles loaded with irinotecan hydrochloride. Pharmaceuticals Basel 15(4):1271. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics15041271","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals Basel"},{"key":"2275_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2021.120990","volume":"607","author":"R Maji","year":"2021","unstructured":"Maji R, Omolo CA, Jaglal Y, Singh S, Devnarain N, Mocktar C et al (2021) A transferosome-loaded bigel for enhanced transdermal delivery and antibacterial activity of vancomycin hydrochloride. Int J Pharm 607:120990. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2021.120990","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"issue":"2","key":"2275_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.2478\/acph-2018-0014","volume":"68","author":"A Mazurkeviciute","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mazurkeviciute A, Ramanauskiene K, Ivaskiene M, Grigonis A, Briedis V (2018) Topicalantifungal bigels: formulation, characterization and evaluation. Acta Pharm 68(2):223\u2013233. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/acph-2018-0014","journal-title":"Acta Pharm"},{"key":"2275_CR31","first-page":"501","volume":"3","author":"G Misal","year":"2012","unstructured":"Misal G, Dixit G, Gilkari V (2012) Formulation and evaluation of herbal gel. Indian J Nat Prod Res 3:501\u2013505","journal-title":"Indian J Nat Prod Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2275_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1080\/10496475.2013.764955","volume":"3","author":"BH More","year":"2013","unstructured":"More BH, Sakharwade SN, Tembhurne SV, Sakarkar DM (2013) Evaluation for skin irritancy testing of developed formulations containing extract of Butea monosperma for its topical application. Int J Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 3(1):10\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10496475.2013.764955","journal-title":"Int J Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"2275_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Muhammed MT, Aki-Yalcin E. (2022) Molecular Docking: Principles, Advances, and Its Applications in Drug Discovery. Letters in drug design discovery today. 21(3):480\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1570180819666220922103109.","DOI":"10.2174\/1570180819666220922103109"},{"issue":"2","key":"2275_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.5530\/ijpi.2021.2.41","volume":"11","author":"SS Mulleria","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mulleria SS, Marina K, Ghetia SM (2021b) Formulation, optimization and in vitro evaluation of Apremilast nanoemulgel for topical delivery. Int J Pharm Investig 11(2):230\u2013237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5530\/ijpi.2021.2.41","journal-title":"Int J Pharm Investig"},{"key":"2275_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mulleria SS, Marina K, Ghetia SM. (2021) Formulation, Optimization and in vitro Evaluation of Apremilast Nanoemulgel for Topical Delivery. International J Pharmaceut Invest. 11(2):230\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dth.13370.","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.13370"},{"issue":"1","key":"2275_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/jjnpp.97669","volume":"16","author":"M Naghavi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Naghavi M, Tamri P, Soleimani Asl S (2021) Investigation of healing effects of cinnamic acid in a full thickness wound model in rabbit. Jundishapur J Natural Pharmaceut Product 16(1):e97669. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5812\/jjnpp.97669. ([In Press])","journal-title":"Jundishapur J Natural Pharmaceut Product"},{"key":"2275_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2357","DOI":"10.13040\/IJPSR.0975-8232.16(8).2357-67","volume":"10","author":"SS Nair","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nair SS, Krishnan C (2023) Design and evaluation of proniosomal gel of econazole nitrate for enhanced topical delivery. European J Pharmaceut Med Res 10:2357\u20132367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13040\/IJPSR.0975-8232.16(8).2357-67","journal-title":"European J Pharmaceut Med Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2275_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2012.11.019","volume":"166","author":"AB Nair","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nair AB, Kumria R, Harsha S, Attimarad M, Al-Dhubiab BE, Alhaider IA (2013) In vitro techniques to evaluate buccal films. J Control Release 166(1):10\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jconrel.2012.11.019","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"issue":"1","key":"2275_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.22159\/ijap.2023v15i1.46413","volume":"15","author":"S Naveentaj","year":"2023","unstructured":"Naveentaj S, Muzib YI, Radha R (2023) Design and optimization of fluconazole-loaded pharmacosome gel for enhancing transdermal permeation and treating fungal infections through Box-Behnken design. Int J Appl Pharm 15(1):131\u2013140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22159\/ijap.2023v15i1.46413","journal-title":"Int J Appl Pharm"},{"issue":"3","key":"2275_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-016-0574-3","volume":"18","author":"AP Pandit","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pandit AP, Patel SA, Bhanushali VP, Kulkarni VS, Kakad VD (2017) Nebivolol-loaded microsponge gel for healing of diabetic wound. AAPS PharmSciTech 18(3):846\u2013854. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1208\/s12249-016-0574-3. (605)","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"issue":"10","key":"2275_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.5650\/jos.ess14101","volume":"63","author":"K Rehman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rehman K, Amin MCIM, Zulfakar MH (2014) Development and physical characterization of polymer-fish oil bigel (hydrogel\/oleogel) system as a transdermal drug delivery vehicle. J Oleo Sci 63(10):961\u2013970","journal-title":"J Oleo Sci"},{"issue":"16","key":"2275_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21165712","volume":"21","author":"N Ruwizhi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ruwizhi N, Aderibigbe BA (2020) Cinnamic acid derivatives and their biological efficacy. Int J Mol Sci 21(16):5712. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms21165712. (MDPI AG)","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"2275_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.5650\/jos.59.667","volume":"59","author":"MHF Sakeena","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sakeena MHF, Yam MF, Elrashid SM, Munavvar AS, Azmin MN (2010) Anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of ketoprofen in palm oil esters nanoemulsion. J Oleo Sci 59(12):667\u2013671","journal-title":"J Oleo Sci"},{"key":"2275_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2017.12.023","volume":"114","author":"S Salah","year":"2018","unstructured":"Salah S, Awad GE, Makhlouf AI (2018) Improved vaginal retention and enhanced antifungal activity of miconazole microsponges gel: formulation development and in vivo therapeutic efficacy in rats. Eur J Pharm Sci 114:255\u2013266. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejps.2017.12.023","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"2275_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shukla R, Rohit P, Jain H, Sahu A, Meshram DB. Formulation and Evaluation of Topical Bigel Containing Mometasone Furoate. Int J Pharmaceut Res Appl Internet]. 7:1086. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.35629\/7781-070110861091","DOI":"10.35629\/7781-070110861091"},{"key":"2275_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2014.08.026","volume":"44","author":"VK Singh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Singh VK, Anis A, Banerjee I, Pramanik K, Bhattacharya MK, Pal K (2014) Preparation and characterization of novel carbopol based bigels for topical delivery of metronidazole for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 44:151\u2013158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msec.2014.08.026","journal-title":"Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl"},{"key":"2275_CR47","unstructured":"Sreekumar M, Mathew SS, Dharan SS. (2020) Development and Evaluation of Innovative Two-Phase Systems (Bigels) Containing Propionic Acid Derivatives for Topical Drug Delivery 12(12):1532\u20131543."},{"key":"2275_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stefano P, Caselli G, Pellegrini LA, Pallottini V, M. del Rosario, Coppola A, et al. (1998) Efficacy of a new topical gel-spray formulation of ketoprofen lysine salt in the rat: percutaneous permeation in vitro and in vivo and pharmacological activity. Pharmacolog Res. 37(1):41\u20137.","DOI":"10.1006\/phrs.1997.0260"},{"issue":"8","key":"2275_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph1811081141","volume":"18","author":"Y Tian","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tian Y, Jiang X, Guo J, Lu H, Xie J, Zhang F, Yao C, Hao E (2025) Pharmacological potential of cinnamic acid and derivatives: a comprehensive review. Pharmaceuticals Basel 18(8):1141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph1811081141","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals Basel"},{"key":"2275_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2023.101578","volume":"36","author":"M Vasam","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vasam M, Korutla S, Bohara RA (2023) Acne vulgaris: a review of the pathophysiology, treatment, and recent nanotechnology-based advances. Biochem Biophys Rep 36:1\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbrep.2023.101578. (Elsevier B.V.)","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Rep"},{"key":"2275_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vawhal PK, B Jadhav S. Synthesis (2021) Characterization and Biological Evaluation of some Novel Substituted Indole-Coumarin Derivatives as Potential Antibacterial and Antifungal Agents. J Pharmaceut Res Int. 33(50A):40\u20136.","DOI":"10.9734\/jpri\/2021\/v33i50A33380"},{"key":"2275_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/697434","author":"L Wangding","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wangding L, Huafei L, Zhuangzhi Z, Yubo W (2014) Preparation and the biopharmaceutical evaluation for the metered dose transdermal spray of Dexketoprofen. J Drug Deliv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/697434","journal-title":"J Drug Deliv"},{"key":"2275_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lu Wangding, Luo Huafei, Zhu Zhuangzhi, Wu Yubo, \u201cPreparation and the biopharmaceutical evaluation for the metered dose Transdermal Spray of Dexketoprofen.\u201d J Drug Delivery.2014, 697434:1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/697434","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/697434"},{"key":"2275_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Widera G, Johnson j, Kim L, Libiran, Nyam K, Daddona P, et al. Effect of delivery parameters on immunization to ovalbumen following intracutaneous administration bya coated microneedle array patch system. Vaccine. 2006 Mar 6;24(10):1653\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2005.09.049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2005.09.049"},{"key":"2275_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xiang X, Xia Q, Zhang X, Shi Y, Yu Y, Wang P, Ma F, Shen M, Zhang L, Chen C, XingM, Cui Q, Ma Y, Zheng T, Yang X. Non-solvent cinnamic acid-based gel patch for transdermal delivery. J Adv Res 2025;1232(25)00597\u20131. [Epub ahead of print]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jare.2025.08.008.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2025.08.008"}],"container-title":["Inflammopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10787-026-02275-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10787-026-02275-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10787-026-02275-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T07:16:50Z","timestamp":1784704610000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10787-026-02275-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["2275"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10787-026-02275-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0925-4692","1568-5608"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0925-4692","type":"print"},{"value":"1568-5608","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of Interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}