{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T12:18:45Z","timestamp":1780316325078,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,7]],"date-time":"2020-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588809600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,7]],"date-time":"2020-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int Ophthalmol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-020-01302-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,7]],"date-time":"2020-05-07T16:04:07Z","timestamp":1588867447000},"page":"1367-1376","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Evaluation of the effect of smokeless tobacco (Maras powder) on choroidal and retinal blood flow: an optical coherence tomography angiography study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2628-9426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ay\u015feg\u00fcl","family":"\u00c7\u00f6mez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yal\u00e7\u0131n","family":"Karak\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah","family":"Beyo\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"15","key":"1302_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e3181f432c3","volume":"122","author":"MR Piano","year":"2010","unstructured":"Piano MR, Benowitz NL, Fitzgerald GA et al (2010) American heart association council on cardiovascular nursing. impact of smokeless tobacco products on cardiovascular disease: implications for policy, prevention, and treatment: a policy statement from the american heart association. Circulation 122(15):1520\u20131544","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"7","key":"1302_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1093\/jjco\/hys101","volume":"42","author":"A Matsuda","year":"2012","unstructured":"Matsuda A, Matsuda T (2012) Mortality attributable to tobacco by selected countries in Asia based on the WHO global report. Jpn J Clin Oncol 42(7):659\u2013660","journal-title":"Jpn J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"12","key":"1302_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1590\/S1806-37132008001200013","volume":"34","author":"CA Viegas","year":"2008","unstructured":"Viegas CA (2008) Noncigarette forms of tobacco use. J Bras Pneumol 34(12):1069\u20131073","journal-title":"J Bras Pneumol"},{"key":"1302_CR4","unstructured":"Glover ED, Glover PN (1992) The smokeless tobacco problem: risk groups in North America. Smokeless tobacco or health: an international perspective, 4th edn, NIH Publication No. 92\u20133461, US Department of Health and Human Services (NIH), Bethesda, Md, pp. 3\u201310"},{"issue":"4","key":"1302_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2011.191","volume":"90","author":"NL Benowitz","year":"2011","unstructured":"Benowitz NL (2011) Smokeless tobacco as a nicotine delivery device: harm or harm reduction? Clin Pharmacol Ther 90(4):491\u2013493","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"1302_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85019","DOI":"10.1155\/MI\/2006\/85019","volume":"3","author":"M Aral","year":"2006","unstructured":"Aral M, Ekerbicer HC, Celik M, Ciragil P, Gul M (2006) Comparison of effects of smoking and smokeless tobacco \u201cMaras powder\u201d use on humoral immune system parameters. Mediators Inflamm 3:85019","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"issue":"4","key":"1302_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1177\/1010539509350495","volume":"23","author":"SM Kamal","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kamal SM, Islam MA, Rahman MA (2011) Sociopsychological correlates of smoking among male university students in Bangladesh. Asia Pac J Public Health 23(4):555\u2013567","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Public Health"},{"issue":"19","key":"1302_CR8","first-page":"859","volume":"16","author":"MH Sucakli","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sucakli MH, Ozkan F, Inci MF et al (2013) Effects of smokeless tobacco (Maras powder) use on carotid intima media thickness. Med Sci Monit 16(19):859\u2013864","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"issue":"3","key":"1302_CR9","first-page":"230","volume":"3","author":"A G\u00fcven","year":"2003","unstructured":"G\u00fcven A, K\u00f6ksal N, B\u00fcy\u00fckbe\u015fe MA et al (2003) Effects of using a different kind of smokeless tobacco on cardiac parameters: \u201cMara\u015f Powder\u201d. Anadolu Kardiyol Derg 3(3):230\u2013235","journal-title":"Anadolu Kardiyol Derg"},{"issue":"3","key":"1302_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(00)80751-7","volume":"24","author":"F Saitoh","year":"1985","unstructured":"Saitoh F, Noma M, Kawashima N (1985) The alkaloid contents of sixty Nicotiana species. Phytochemistry 24(3):477\u2013480","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"issue":"4","key":"1302_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1006\/pmed.1997.0175","volume":"26","author":"NL Benowitz","year":"1997","unstructured":"Benowitz NL (1997) The role of nicotine in smoking-related cardiovascular disease. Prev Med 26(4):412\u2013417","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"1302_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9150(99)00391-3","volume":"150","author":"FW Van den Berkmortel","year":"2000","unstructured":"Van den Berkmortel FW, Smilde TJ, Wollersheim H et al (2000) Intima-media thickness of peripheral arteries in asymptomatic cigarette smokers. Atherosclerosis 150(2):397\u2013401","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"10","key":"1302_CR13","first-page":"939","volume":"95","author":"K Hara","year":"1991","unstructured":"Hara K (1991) Effects of cigarette smoking on ocular circulation chronic effect on choroidal circulation. Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi. 95(10):939\u2013943","journal-title":"Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi."},{"issue":"5","key":"1302_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-0756","volume":"46","author":"U Havelius","year":"2005","unstructured":"Havelius U, Hansen F (2005) Ocular vasodynamic changes in light and darkness in smokers. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 46(5):1698\u20131705","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"1302_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.4563","volume":"9","author":"A Guven","year":"2012","unstructured":"Guven A, Tolun F (2012) Effects of smokeless tobacco \u201cMaras powder\u201d use on nitric oxide and cardiovascular risk parameters. Int J Med Sci 9(9):786\u2013792","journal-title":"Int J Med Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"1302_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.1093","volume":"22","author":"M Kilinc","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kilinc M, Okur E, Kurutas EB et al (2004) The effects of Maras powder (smokeless tobacco) on oxidative stress in users. Cell Biochem Funct 22(4):233\u2013236","journal-title":"Cell Biochem Funct"},{"issue":"339","key":"1302_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"b3060","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b3060","volume":"18","author":"P Boffetta","year":"2009","unstructured":"Boffetta P, Straif K (2009) Use of smokeless tobacco and risk of myocardial infarction and stroke: systematic review with meta-analysis. BMJ 18(339):b3060","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"11\u201312","key":"1302_CR18","first-page":"539","volume":"103","author":"N Mushtaq","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mushtaq N, Beebe LA, Thompson DM, Skaggs VJ (2010) Smokeless tobacco and prevalence of cardiovascular disease. J Okla State Med Assoc 103(11\u201312):539\u2013544","journal-title":"J Okla State Med Assoc"},{"issue":"3","key":"1302_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2007.01816.x","volume":"262","author":"MP Hergens","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hergens MP, Alfredsson L, Bolinder G et al (2007) Long-term use of Swedish moist snuff and the risk of myocardial infarction amongst men. J Internal Med 262(3):351\u2013359","journal-title":"J Internal Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1302_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s40942-015-0005-8","volume":"15","author":"TE de Carlo","year":"2015","unstructured":"de Carlo TE, Romano A, Waheed NK, Duker JS (2015) A review of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Int J Retina Vitreous 15(1):5","journal-title":"Int J Retina Vitreous"},{"issue":"8","key":"1302_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.3928\/23258160-20170802-03","volume":"48","author":"Z Ayhan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ayhan Z, Kaya M, Ozturk T et al (2017) Evaluation of macular perfusion in healthy smokers by using optical coherence tomography angiography. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 48(8):617\u2013622","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina"},{"issue":"7","key":"1302_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00919642","volume":"231","author":"P Rojanapongpun","year":"1993","unstructured":"Rojanapongpun P, Drance SM (1993) The effects of nicotine on the blood flow of the ophthalmic artery and the finger circulation. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 231(7):371\u2013374","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1302_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(94)31185-7","volume":"101","author":"PB Morgado","year":"1994","unstructured":"Morgado PB, Chen HC, Patel V et al (1994) The acute effect of smoking on retinal blood flow in subjects with and without diabetes. Ophthalmology 101(7):1220\u20131226","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"6","key":"1302_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1089\/10807680152729211","volume":"17","author":"RD Steigerwalt Jr","year":"2001","unstructured":"Steigerwalt RD Jr, Belcaro GV, Christopoulos V et al (2001) Ocular and orbital blood flow velocity in patients with peripheral vascular disease and diabetes treated with intravenous prostaglandin E1. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 17(6):529\u2013535","journal-title":"J Ocul Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"1302_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(99)90117-3","volume":"106","author":"Y Tamaki","year":"1999","unstructured":"Tamaki Y, Araie M, Nagahara M, Tomita K (1999) Acute effects of cigarette smoking on tissue circulation in human optic nerve head and choroid-retina. Ophthalmology 106(3):564\u2013569","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"12","key":"1302_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e81499","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0081499","volume":"8","author":"W Choi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Choi W, Mohler KJ, Potsaid B et al (2013) Choriocapillaris and choroidal microvasculature imaging with ultrahigh speed OCT angiography. PLoS ONE 8(12):e81499","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"7","key":"1302_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.01.021","volume":"121","author":"Y Jia","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jia Y, Wei E, Wang X et al (2014) Optical coherence tomography angiography of optic disc perfusion in glaucoma. Ophthalmology 121(7):1322\u20131332","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"1","key":"1302_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.90.1.27","volume":"90","author":"W Kiowski","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kiowski W, Linder L, Stoschitzky K, Pfisterer M, Burckhardt D, Burkart F, B\u00fchler FR (1994) Diminished vascular response to inhibition of endothelium-derived nitric oxide and enhanced vasoconstriction to exogenously administered endothelin-1 in clinically healthy smokers. Circulation 90(1):27\u201334","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"6","key":"1302_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800810602","volume":"81","author":"JT Powell","year":"1994","unstructured":"Powell JT, Higman DJ (1994) Smoking, nitric oxide and the endothelium. Br J Surg 81(6):785\u2013787","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"1302_CR30","first-page":"62","volume":"21","author":"PM Vanhoutte","year":"1994","unstructured":"Vanhoutte PM, Scott-Burden T (1994) The endothelium in health and disease. Tex Heart Inst J 21(1):62\u201367","journal-title":"Tex Heart Inst J"},{"issue":"25","key":"1302_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2494","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.97.25.2494","volume":"97","author":"BS Oemar","year":"1998","unstructured":"Oemar BS, Tschudi MR, Godoy N et al (1998) Reduced endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression and production in human atherosclerosis. Circulation 97(25):2494\u20132498","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"1302_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntx230","volume":"21","author":"MV Malovichko","year":"2019","unstructured":"Malovichko MV, Zeller I, Krivokhizhina TV et al (2019) systemic toxicity of smokeless tobacco products in mice. Nicotine Tob Res 21(1):101\u2013110","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"1302_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1080\/15569527.2016.1265548","volume":"36","author":"S Srinivasan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Srinivasan S, Swaminathan G, Kulothungan V et al (2017) The association of smokeless tobacco use and pack-years of smokeless tobacco with age-related macular degeneration in Indian population. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 36(3):253\u2013258","journal-title":"Cutan Ocul Toxicol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1302_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2016.14","volume":"30","author":"R Raman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Raman R, Pal SS, Ganesan S et al (2016) The prevalence and risk factors for age-related macular degeneration in rural-urban India, Sankara Nethralaya rural-urban age-related macular degeneration study, Report no. 1. Eye (Lond) 30(5):688\u2013697","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"issue":"16","key":"1302_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1161\/hc4101.097525","volume":"104","author":"RS Barua","year":"2001","unstructured":"Barua RS, Ambrose JA, Eales-Reynolds LJ et al (2001) Dysfunctional endothelial nitric oxide biosynthesis in healthy smokers with impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilatation. Circulation 104(16):1905\u20131910","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"5","key":"1302_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.92.5.1094","volume":"92","author":"AM Zeiher","year":"1995","unstructured":"Zeiher AM, Sch\u00e4chinger V, Minners J (1995) Long-term cigarette smoking impairs endothelium-dependent coronary arterial vasodilator function. Circulation 92(5):1094\u20131100","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"5","key":"1302_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000815","volume":"36","author":"FA Kantarci","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kantarci FA, Tatar MG, Colak HN et al (2016) A pilot study of choroidal thickness in long-term smoker. Retina 36(5):986\u2013991","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"3","key":"1302_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.3109\/15569527.2014.950380","volume":"34","author":"MS Dervi\u015fo\u011fullar\u0131","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dervi\u015fo\u011fullar\u0131 MS, Totan Y, Tenlik A et al (2015) Effects of cigarette smoking on choroidal and retinal thickness and ocular pulse amplitude. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 34(3):217\u2013221","journal-title":"Cutan Ocul Toxicol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1302_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2012-302393","volume":"97","author":"S Sizmaz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sizmaz S, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckerd\u00f6nmez C, Pinarci EY et al (2013) The effect of smoking on choroidal thickness measured by optical coherence tomography. Br J Ophthalmol 97(5):601\u2013604","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1302_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2013-304044","volume":"98","author":"MO Zengin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zengin MO, Cinar E, Kucukerdonmez C (2014) The effect of nicotine on choroidal thickness. Br J Ophthalmol 98(2):233\u2013237","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"11","key":"1302_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2196","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000635","volume":"35","author":"MC Savastano","year":"2015","unstructured":"Savastano MC, Lumbroso B, Rispoli M (2015) In Vivo characterization of retinal vascularization morphology using optical coherence tomography angiography. Retina 35(11):2196\u20132203","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"9","key":"1302_CR42","first-page":"1069","volume":"232","author":"D Pauleikhoff","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pauleikhoff D, Heimes B, Spital G et al (2015) OCT angiography\u2014is this the future for macular diagnosis? Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 232(9):1069\u20131076","journal-title":"Klin Monbl Augenheilkd"},{"issue":"5","key":"1302_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001632","volume":"38","author":"AAE El-Shazly","year":"2018","unstructured":"El-Shazly AAE, Farweez YAT, Elzankalony YA et al (2018) Effect of smoking on macular function and structure in active smokers versus passive smokers. Retina 38(5):1031\u20131040","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"1","key":"1302_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.4274\/tjo.galenos.2018.80588","volume":"49","author":"K Teberik","year":"2019","unstructured":"Teberik K (2019) The effect of smoking on macular, choroidal, and retina nerve fiber layer thickness. Turk J Ophthalmol 49(1):20\u201324","journal-title":"Turk J Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["International Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10792-020-01302-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10792-020-01302-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10792-020-01302-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T13:19:20Z","timestamp":1722863960000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10792-020-01302-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,7]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["1302"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10792-020-01302-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-5701","1573-2630"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-5701","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2630","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 June 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 February 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 May 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"All the procedures upon human participants within this study are compatible with the ethical standards of the national research committee as well as 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical standards"}},{"value":"Each participant included in the study signed informed consent","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}]}}