{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T14:59:19Z","timestamp":1793026759062,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,24]],"date-time":"2020-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587686400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,24]],"date-time":"2020-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587686400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int Ophthalmol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>To characterize the choriocapillaris (CC) structure in relation to subretinal fluid (SRF) as a possible systematic error source using spectral domain (SD-OCTA) compared to swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This is a prospective case-control study of 23 eyes. Ten patients with acute central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC), three patients with partial macular-off retinal detachment (RD) and ten healthy, age-matched controls were included. Abnormal CC decorrelation signals were quantitatively compared in CSC and controls by means of custom image processing. To investigate the influence of SRF on CC OCTA\u00a0signal, the extent of SRF was quantified with a macular heatmap and compared with the corresponding OCTA signal of the CC.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>SS-OCTA yielded a more homogeneous OCTA signal from the CC than SD-OCTA, offering less signal dispersion and variability in healthy and diseased eyes. Both devices demonstrated CC\u00a0signal voids in CSC and RD, respectively. In CCS, the voids were predominantly located in the area with SRF. Compared to SD-OCTA,\u00a0SS-OCTA delivered a more homogenous OCTA signal and reduced signal voids in the CC underneath SRF in both RD and CSC (CSC,\u00a07.6%\u2009\u00b1\u20096.3%\u00a0vs,\u00a019.7%\u2009\u00b1\u20099.6%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01). Despite this significant attenuation of signal voids, SS-OCTA continued to reveal signal voids below SRF and more pixels with reduced OCTA signals in CSC patients compared to controls (7.6%\u2009\u00b1\u20096.3%, 0.1%\u2009\u00b1\u20090.1%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Understanding OCTA artifacts is critical to ensure accurate clinical evaluations. In this study, we describe the presence of SRF as an important shadow-causing artifact source for CC OCTA analysis which can be mitigated but not completely eliminated by employing SS-OCTA.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-020-01376-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,24]],"date-time":"2020-04-24T12:22:38Z","timestamp":1587730958000},"page":"2007-2016","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography alleviates shadowing artifacts caused by subretinal fluid"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Reich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Boehringer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Rothaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bertan","family":"Cakir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felicitas","family":"Bucher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moritz","family":"Daniel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan J.","family":"Lang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolf A.","family":"Lagr\u00e8ze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hansjuergen","family":"Agostini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clemens","family":"Lange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"1376_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1159\/000485261","volume":"239","author":"JL Lauermann","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lauermann JL, Eter N, Alten F (2018) Optical coherence tomography angiography offers new insights into choriocapillaris perfusion. Ophthalmologica 239(2\u20133):74\u201384","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"issue":"11","key":"1376_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5055","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-1627","volume":"49","author":"J Fingler","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fingler J, Readhead C, Schwartz DM, Fraser SE (2008) Phase-contrast OCT imaging of transverse flows in the mouse retina and choroid. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 49(11):5055\u20135059","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1376_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2016-309389","volume":"101","author":"A Koustenis Jr","year":"2017","unstructured":"Koustenis A Jr, Harris A, Gross J et al (2017) Optical coherence tomography angiography: an overview of the technology and an assessment of applications for clinical research. Br J Ophthalmol 101(1):16\u201320","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"11","key":"1376_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000765","volume":"35","author":"RF Spaide","year":"2015","unstructured":"Spaide RF, Fujimoto JG, Waheed NK (2015) Image artifacts in optical coherence tomography angiography. Retina 35(11):2163\u20132180","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"1","key":"1376_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2014.3616","volume":"133","author":"RF Spaide","year":"2015","unstructured":"Spaide RF, Klancnik JM Jr, Cooney MJ (2015) Retinal vascular layers imaged by fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography angiography. JAMA Ophthalmol 133(1):45\u201350","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1376_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4710","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.20.004710","volume":"20","author":"Y Jia","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jia Y, Tan O, Tokayer J et al (2012) Split-spectrum amplitude-decorrelation angiography with optical coherence tomography. Opt Express 20(4):4710\u20134725","journal-title":"Opt Express"},{"issue":"4","key":"1376_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-019-00218-9","volume":"8","author":"M Reich","year":"2019","unstructured":"Reich M, Boehringer D, Cakir B, Bucher F, Daniel M, Lang S, Lagr\u00e8ze W, Agostini H, Lange C (2019) Longitudinal analysis of the choriocapillaris using optical coherence tomography angiography reveals subretinal fluid as a substantial confounder in patients with acute central serous chorioretinopathy. Ophthalmol Ther 8(4):599\u2013610","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"1376_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0420.2007.00889.x","volume":"86","author":"M Wang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wang M, Munch IC, Hasler PW, Prunte C, Larsen M (2008) Central serous chorioretinopathy. Acta Ophthalmol 86(2):126\u2013145","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1376_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2014.02.034","volume":"157","author":"M Adhi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Adhi M, Liu JJ, Qavi AH et al (2014) Choroidal analysis in healthy eyes using swept-source optical coherence tomography compared to spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Am J Ophthalmol 157(6):1272\u20131281","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1376_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-019-01182-w","author":"C Yun","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yun C, Nam KT, Park S, Hwang SY, Oh J (2019) Features of the choriocapillaris on four different optical coherence tomography angiography devices. Int Ophthalmol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10792-019-01182-w","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1376_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s40662-018-0113-2","volume":"5","author":"F Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang F, Zhang Q, Deegan AJ, Chang J, Wang RK (2018) Comparing imaging capabilities of spectral domain and swept source optical coherence tomography angiography in healthy subjects and central serous retinopathy. Eye Vis (Lond) 5:19","journal-title":"Eye Vis (Lond)"},{"issue":"1","key":"1376_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-018-0159-1","volume":"8","author":"B Cakir","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cakir B, Reich M, Lang S et al (2019) OCT angiography of the choriocapillaris in central serous chorioretinopathy: a Quantitative subgroup analysis. Ophthalmol Ther 8(1):75\u201386","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Ther"},{"issue":"9","key":"1376_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-102576","volume":"234","author":"B Cakir","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cakir B, Reich M, Lang SJ et al (2017) Possibilities and limitations of OCT-angiography in patients with central serous chorioretinopathy. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 234(9):1161\u20131168","journal-title":"Klin Monbl Augenheilkd"},{"key":"1376_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000318","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjophth-2019-000318","volume":"4","author":"M Reich","year":"2019","unstructured":"Reich M, Glatz A, Cakir B et al (2019) Characterisation of vascular changes in different stages of stargardt disease using double swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography. BMJ Open Ophthalmology 4:e000318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjophth-2019-000318","journal-title":"BMJ Open Ophthalmology"},{"key":"1376_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134783","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/134783","volume":"2015","author":"E Costanzo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Costanzo E, Cohen SY, Miere A et al (2015) Optical coherence tomography angiography in central serous chorioretinopathy. J Ophthalmol 2015:134783","journal-title":"J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"9","key":"1376_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5229","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-17140","volume":"56","author":"MM Teussink","year":"2015","unstructured":"Teussink MM, Breukink MB, van Grinsven MJ et al (2015) OCT angiography compared to fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography in chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 56(9):5229\u20135237","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"1376_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2178","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000002271","volume":"39","author":"A Matet","year":"2019","unstructured":"Matet A, Daruich A, Hardy S, Behar-Cohen F (2019) Patterns of choriocapillaris flow signal voids in central serous chorioretinopathy: an optical coherence tomography angiography study. Retina 39(11):2178\u20132188","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"13","key":"1376_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5870","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-22156","volume":"58","author":"Y Dodo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dodo Y, Murakami T, Suzuma K et al (2017) Diabetic neuroglial changes in the superficial and deep nonperfused areas on optical coherence tomography angiography. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 58(13):5870\u20135879","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"1376_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4792","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-22360","volume":"58","author":"E Borrelli","year":"2017","unstructured":"Borrelli E, Uji A, Sarraf D, Sadda SR (2017) Alterations in the Choriocapillaris in Intermediate age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 58(11):4792\u20134798","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"1376_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2014-305331","volume":"99","author":"CS Tan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tan CS, Ngo WK, Cheong KX (2015) Comparison of choroidal thicknesses using swept source and spectral domain optical coherence tomography in diseased and normal eyes. Br J Ophthalmol 99(3):354\u2013358","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"12","key":"1376_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7630","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-13135","volume":"54","author":"Y Matsuo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Matsuo Y, Sakamoto T, Yamashita T et al (2013) Comparisons of choroidal thickness of normal eyes obtained by two different spectral-domain OCT instruments and one swept-source OCT instrument. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 54(12):7630\u20137636","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"1376_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.2011.00598.x","volume":"94","author":"UA Dinc","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dinc UA, Tatlipinar S, Yenerel M, Gorgun E, Ciftci F (2011) Fundus autofluorescence in acute and chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. Clin Exp Optom 94(5):452\u2013457","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"issue":"1","key":"1376_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6149","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-42623-x","volume":"9","author":"J Hu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hu J, Qu J, Piao Z et al (2019) Optical coherence tomography angiography compared with indocyanine green angiography in central serous chorioretinopathy. Sci Rep 9(1):6149","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"1376_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1159\/000448436","volume":"236","author":"A Shinojima","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shinojima A, Kawamura A, Mori R, Fujita K, Yuzawa M (2016) Findings of optical coherence tomographic angiography at the choriocapillaris level in central serous chorioretinopathy. Ophthalmologica 236(2):108\u2013113","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"issue":"6","key":"1376_CR25","first-page":"745","volume":"91","author":"A Scheider","year":"1994","unstructured":"Scheider A, Hintschich C, Dimitriou S (1994) Central serous chorioretinopathy. studies of the site of the lesion with indocyanine green. Ophthalmologe 91(6):745\u2013751","journal-title":"Ophthalmologe"},{"issue":"6","key":"1376_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.87.6.709","volume":"87","author":"N Kitaya","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kitaya N, Nagaoka T, Hikichi T et al (2003) Features of abnormal choroidal circulation in central serous chorioretinopathy. Br J Ophthalmol 87(6):709\u2013712","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1376_CR27","first-page":"397","volume":"26","author":"H Yoshioka","year":"1982","unstructured":"Yoshioka H, Katsume Y (1982) Experimental central serous chorioretinopathy. III: ultrastructural findings. Jpn J Ophthalmol 26(4):397\u2013409","journal-title":"Jpn J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1376_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1097\/00006982-199414030-00008","volume":"14","author":"FC Piccolino","year":"1994","unstructured":"Piccolino FC, Borgia L (1994) Central serous chorioretinopathy and indocyanine green angiography. Retina 14(3):231\u2013242","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"1","key":"1376_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5565","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-42052-w","volume":"9","author":"J Baek","year":"2019","unstructured":"Baek J, Kook L, Lee WK (2019) Choriocapillaris flow impairments in association with pachyvessel in early stages of pachychoroid. Sci Rep 9(1):5565","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"1376_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000742","volume":"36","author":"KK Dansingani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dansingani KK, Balaratnasingam C, Naysan J, Freund KB (2016) En face imaging of pachychoroid spectrum disorders with swept-source optical coherence tomography. Retina 36(3):499\u2013516","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"4","key":"1376_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2002","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-21417","volume":"58","author":"M Nicolo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nicolo M, Rosa R, Musetti D et al (2017) Choroidal vascular flow area in central serous chorioretinopathy using swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 58(4):2002\u20132010","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"}],"container-title":["International Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10792-020-01376-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10792-020-01376-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10792-020-01376-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,25]],"date-time":"2021-04-25T04:26:44Z","timestamp":1619324804000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10792-020-01376-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,24]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["1376"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10792-020-01376-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-5701","1573-2630"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-5701","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2630","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 January 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 April 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 April 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interest"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee (application no. 561\/16) and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from all patients and controls for the publication of this study and any accompanying images. Furthermore, this study does not contain any personal information that could lead to the identification of the patient.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}]}}