{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T15:09:25Z","timestamp":1792249765799,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]],"date-time":"2020-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596153600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]],"date-time":"2020-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596153600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int Ophthalmol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Visual electrophysiological testing continues to generate interest among glaucoma experts because of its potential help in clarifying disease pathophysiology and promoting early detection of glaucomatous damage. The photopic negative response (PhNR) is a slow negative component of the full-field electroretinogram that has been shown to provide specific information about retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) activity. The purpose of this article is to review the literature to explore the currently available measurement methods and the utility of PhNR in glaucoma diagnostic process.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We gathered publications related to the origins, types of stimuli used, measurements methods and applications of the PhNR of ERG in animal models and humans through a search of the literature cited in PubMed. Search terms were:\n                      <jats:italic>\u201cPhNR\u201d, \u201cphotopic negative response\u201d, \u201cglaucoma\u201d, \u201cglaucomatous optic neuropathy\u201d, \u201cERG\u201d, \u201celectroretinogram\u201d.<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The most reliable PhNR measurements are obtained using a red stimulus on a blue background, without requiring refractive correction, fixation monitoring, or ocular media transparency. Given its direct correlation with RGCs response, the PhNR measured as baseline-to-trough (BT) represents the most reliable parameter of evaluation. Glaucoma patients with evident perimetric defects show pathologic PhNR values. Even though the PhNR is promising in detecting early RGCs impairment, distinguishing between healthy subjects and suspect patients at risk of developing glaucomatous damage still remains challenging.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The PhNR is a useful additional tool to explore disorders that affect the innermost retina, including glaucoma and other forms of optic neuropathy. In particular, comparing reports of the standard examinations (optic disc assessment, OCT RNFL measurement, standard automated perimetry) with the results of electrophysiological tests may be helpful in solving clinical diagnostic and management dilemmas. On the one hand, the PhNR of the ERG can examine the parvocellular pathways; on the other hand, the steady-state pattern ERG optimized for glaucoma screening (PERGLA) can explore the magnocellular pathways. This could give ophthalmologists a useful feedback to identify early RGCs alterations suggestive of glaucoma, stratify the risk and potentially monitor disease progression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-020-01515-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]],"date-time":"2020-07-31T11:04:02Z","timestamp":1596193442000},"page":"3565-3576","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["The photopic negative response (PhNR): measurement approaches and utility in glaucoma"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1872-5328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Prencipe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tommaso","family":"Perossini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giampaolo","family":"Brancoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3722-0499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Perossini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"1515_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1933.sp002964","volume":"77","author":"R Granit","year":"1933","unstructured":"Granit R (1933) The components of the retinal action potential in mammals and their relation to the discharge in the optic nerve. J Physiol 77:207\u2013239","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"1515_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1038\/223201a0","volume":"223","author":"RD Penn","year":"1969","unstructured":"Penn RD, Hagins WA (1969) Signal transmission along retinal rods and the origin of the electroretinographic a-wave. Nature 223:201\u2013204","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1515_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1970.33.3.323","volume":"33","author":"RF Miller","year":"1970","unstructured":"Miller RF, Dowling JE (1970) Intracellular responses of the M\u00fcller (glial) cells of mudpuppy retina: their relation to b-wave of the electroretinogram. J Neurophysiol 33:323\u2013341","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"1515_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523800009408","volume":"12","author":"JG Robson","year":"1995","unstructured":"Robson JG, Frishman LJ (1995) Response linearity and kinetics of the cat retina: the bipolar cell component of the dark-adapted electroretinogram. Vis Neurosci 12:837\u2013850","journal-title":"Vis Neurosci"},{"key":"1515_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1038\/193958a0","volume":"193","author":"KT Brown","year":"1962","unstructured":"Brown KT, Watanabe K (1962) Isolation and identification of a receptor potential from the pure cone fovea of the monkey retina. Nature 193:958","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1515_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(73)90168-5","volume":"13","author":"DN Whitten","year":"1973","unstructured":"Whitten DN, Brown KT (1973) The time courses of late receptor potentials from monkey cones and rods. Vis Res 13:107\u2013135","journal-title":"Vis Res"},{"key":"1515_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(85)90176-2","volume":"25","author":"H Heynen","year":"1985","unstructured":"Heynen H, van Norren D (1985) Origin of the electroretinogram in the intact macaque eye\u2013I. Principal component analysis. Vis Res 25:697\u2013707","journal-title":"Vis Res"},{"key":"1515_CR8","first-page":"635","volume":"35","author":"RA Bush","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bush RA, Sieving PA (1994) A proximal retinal component in the primate photopic ERG a-wave. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci 35:635\u2013645","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"1515_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523800002431","volume":"11","author":"PA Sieving","year":"1994","unstructured":"Sieving PA, Murayama K, Naarendorp F (1994) Push\u2013pull model of the primate photopic electroretinogram: a role for hyperpolarizing neurons in shaping the b-wave. Vis Neurosci 11:519\u2013532","journal-title":"Vis Neurosci"},{"key":"1515_CR10","first-page":"21","volume":"8","author":"W Spileers","year":"1993","unstructured":"Spileers W, Falcaoreis F, Smith R, Hogg C, Arden GB (1993) The human erg evoked by a ganzfeld stimulator powered by red and green light-emitting-diodes. Vis Res 8:21\u201339","journal-title":"Vis Res"},{"key":"1515_CR11","first-page":"1124","volume":"40","author":"S Viswanathan","year":"1999","unstructured":"Viswanathan S, Frishman LJ, Robson JG, Harwerth RS, Smith EL (1999) The photopic negative response of the macaque electroretinogram: reduction by experimental glaucoma. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci 40:1124\u20131136","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"1515_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397178","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/397178","volume":"2012","author":"S Machida","year":"2012","unstructured":"Machida S (2012) Clinical applications of the photopic negative response to optic nerve and retinal diseases. J Ophthalmol 2012:397178","journal-title":"J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1515_CR13","first-page":"2797","volume":"41","author":"S Viswanathan","year":"2000","unstructured":"Viswanathan S, Frishman LJ, Robson JG (2000) The uniform field and pattern ERG in macaques with experimental glaucoma: removal of spiking activity. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci 41:2797\u20132810","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"1515_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3827","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-0458","volume":"45","author":"NV Rangaswamy","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rangaswamy NV, Frishman LJ, Dorotheo EU, Schiffman JS, Bahrani HM, Tang RA (2004) Photopic ERGs in patients with optic neuropathies: comparison with primate ERGs after pharmacologic blockade of inner retina. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci 45:3827\u20133837","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"1515_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.3.6.1","volume":"3","author":"J Tang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tang J, Edwards T, Crowston JG, Sarossy M (2014) The test\u2013retest reliability of the photopic negative response (PhNR). Transl Vis Sci Technol 3:1","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"key":"1515_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-011-9258-1","volume":"122","author":"FK Horn","year":"2011","unstructured":"Horn FK, Gottschalk K, Mardin CY, Pangeni G, J\u00fcnemann AG, Kremers J (2011) On and off responses of the photopic fullfield ERG in normal subjects and glaucoma patients. Doc Ophthalmol 122:53\u201362","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1515_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2004.04022.x","volume":"7","author":"SG Rosolen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rosolen SG, Rigaudi\u00e8re F, LeGargasson JF, Chalier C, Rufiange M, Racine J, Joly S, Lachapelle P (2004) Comparing the photopic ERG i-wave in different species. Vet Ophthalmol 7:189\u2013192","journal-title":"Vet Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1515_CR18","first-page":"514","volume":"42","author":"S Viswanathan","year":"2001","unstructured":"Viswanathan S, Frishman LJ, Robson JG, Walters JW (2001) The photopic negative response of the flash electroretinogram in primary open angle glaucoma. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci 42:514\u2013522","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"1515_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-010-9239-9","volume":"121","author":"KE Mortlock","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mortlock KE, Binns AM, Aldebasi YH, North RV (2010) Inter-subject, inter-ocular and inter-session repeatability of the photopic negative response of the electroretinogram recorded using DTL and skin electrodes. Doc Ophthalmol 121:123\u2013134","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1515_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4818","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-0218","volume":"48","author":"NV Rangaswamy","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rangaswamy NV, Shirato S, Kaneko M, Digby BI, Robson JG, Frishman LJ (2007) Effects of spectral characteristics of ganzfeld stimuli on the photopic negative response (PhNR) of the ERG. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci 48:4818\u20134828","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"1515_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-008-9150-9","volume":"118","author":"M Sustar","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sustar M, Cvenkel B, Brecelj J (2009) The effect of broadband and monochromatic stimuli on the photopic negative response of the electroretinogram in normal subjects and in open-angle glaucoma patients. Doc Ophthalmol 118:167\u2013177","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1515_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.2.582","volume":"93","author":"DM Dacey","year":"1996","unstructured":"Dacey DM (1996) Circuitry for color coding in the primate retina. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:582\u2013588","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"1515_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(03)00103-X","volume":"13","author":"DM Dacey","year":"2003","unstructured":"Dacey DM, Packer OS (2003) Colour coding in the primate retina: diverse cell types and cone-specific circuitry. Curr Opin Neurobiol 13:421\u2013427","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"key":"1515_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7268439","volume":"213","author":"FM DeMonasterio","year":"1981","unstructured":"DeMonasterio FM, Schein SJ, McCrane EP (1981) Staining of blue-sensitive cones of the macaque retina by a fluorescent dye. Science 213:1278\u20131281","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1515_CR25","first-page":"1732","volume":"30","author":"VC Greenstein","year":"1989","unstructured":"Greenstein VC, Hood DC, Ritch R, Steinberger D, Carr RE (1989) S (blue) cone pathway vulnerability in retinitis pigmentosa, diabetes and glaucoma. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci 30:1732\u20131737","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"1515_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.80.11.973","volume":"80","author":"S Yamamoto","year":"1996","unstructured":"Yamamoto S, Kamiyama M, Nitta K, Yamada T, Hayasaka S (1996) Selective reduction of the S cone electroretinogram in diabetes. Br J Ophthalmol 80:973\u2013975","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1515_CR27","first-page":"1266","volume":"42","author":"N Drasdo","year":"2001","unstructured":"Drasdo N, Aldebasi YH, Chiti Z, Mortlock KE, Morgan JE, North RV (2001) The s-cone PHNR and pattern ERG in primary open angle glaucoma. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci 42:1266\u20131272","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"1515_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-011-9304-z","volume":"124","author":"J Kremers","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kremers J, Jertila M, Link B, Pangeni G, Horn FK (2012) Spectral characteristics of the PhNR in the full-field flash electroretinogram of normals and glaucoma patients. Doc Ophthalmol 124:79\u201390","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"227\u201336","key":"1515_CR29","first-page":"vi","volume":"16","author":"L Racette","year":"2003","unstructured":"Racette L, Sample PA (2003) Short-wavelength automated perimetry. Ophthalmol Clin N Am 16(227\u201336):vi\u2013vii","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Clin N Am"},{"key":"1515_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-3409","volume":"51","author":"RV North","year":"2010","unstructured":"North RV, Jones AL, Drasdo N, Wild JM, Morgan JE (2010) Electrophysiological evidence of early functional damage in glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci 51:1216\u20131222","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"1515_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/713826267","volume":"6","author":"WS Stiles","year":"1959","unstructured":"Stiles WS, Burch JM (1959) N.P.L. Colour-matching investigation: final report (1958). Opt Acta Int J Opt 6:1\u201326","journal-title":"Opt Acta Int J Opt"},{"key":"1515_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2005.02.010","volume":"45","author":"M Rufiange","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rufiange M, Dumont M, Lachapelle P (2005) Modulation of the human photopic ERG luminance-response function with the use of chromatic stimuli. Vis Res 45:2321\u20132330","journal-title":"Vis Res"},{"key":"1515_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-018-9638-x","volume":"136","author":"L Frishman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Frishman L, Sustar M, Kremers J, McAnany JJ, Sarossy M, Tzekov R, Viswanathan S (2018) ISCEV extended protocol for the photopic negative response (PhNR) of the full-field electroretinogram. Doc Ophthalmol 136:207\u2013211","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1515_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-010-9257-7","volume":"122","author":"AM Binns","year":"2011","unstructured":"Binns AM, Mortlock KE, North RV (2011) The relationship between stimulus intensity and response amplitude for the photopic negative response of the flash electroretinogram. Doc Ophthalmol 122:39\u201352","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1515_CR35","first-page":"2205","volume":"41","author":"A Colotto","year":"2000","unstructured":"Colotto A, Falsini B, Salgarello T, Iarossi G, Galan ME, Scullica L (2000) Photopic negative response of the human ERG: losses associated with glaucomatous damage. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci 41:2205\u20132211","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"1515_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2003.09.013","volume":"78","author":"B Fortune","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fortune B, Bui BV, Cull G, Wang L, Cioffi GA (2004) Inter-ocular and inter-session reliability of the electroretinogram photopic negative response (PhNR) in non-human primates. Exp Eye Res 78:83\u201393","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"1515_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00161226","volume":"80","author":"N Wali","year":"1992","unstructured":"Wali N, Leguire LE (1992) Fundus pigmentation and the dark-adapted electroretinogram. Doc Ophthalmol 80:1\u201311","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1515_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1017535207481","volume":"102","author":"CA Westall","year":"2001","unstructured":"Westall CA, Dhaliwal HS, Panton CM, Sigesmun D, Levin AV, Nischal KK, H\u00e9on E (2001) Values of electroretinogram responses according to axial length. Doc Ophthalmol 102:115\u2013130","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1515_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-016-9558-6","volume":"133","author":"H Kundra","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kundra H, Park JC, McAnany JJ (2016) Comparison of photopic negative response measurements in the time and time\u2013frequency domains. Doc Ophthalmol 133:91\u201398","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1515_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-016-9569-3","volume":"134","author":"AW Van Alstine","year":"2017","unstructured":"Van Alstine AW, Viswanathan S (2017) Test\u2013retest reliability of the multifocal photopic negative response. Doc Ophthalmol 134:25\u201336","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1515_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-017-9591-0","volume":"135","author":"NR Joshi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Joshi NR, Ly E, Viswanathan S (2017) Intensity response function of the photopic negative response (PhNR): effect of age and test\u2013retest reliability. Doc Ophthalmol 135:1\u201316","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1515_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-11201","volume":"54","author":"D Preiser","year":"2013","unstructured":"Preiser D, Lagr\u00e8ze WA, Bach M, Poloschek CM (2013) Photopic negative response versus pattern electroretinogram in early glaucoma. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci 54:1182\u20131191","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"1515_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-016-9528-z","volume":"132","author":"M Kirkiewicz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kirkiewicz M, Lubi\u0144ski W, Penkala K (2016) Photopic negative response of full-field electroretinography in patients with different stages of glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Doc Ophthalmol 132:57\u201365","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1515_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/564131","author":"S Machida","year":"2011","unstructured":"Machida S, Tamada K, Oikawa T, Gotoh Y, Nishimura T, Kaneko M, Kurosaka D (2011) Comparison of photopic negative response of full-field and focal electroretinograms in detecting glaucomatous eyes. J Ophthalmol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2011\/564131","journal-title":"J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1515_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182021","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/182021","volume":"2013","author":"X Shen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shen X, Huang L, Fan N, He J (2013) Relationship among photopic negative response, retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, and visual field between normal and POAG eyes. ISRN Ophthalmol 2013:182021","journal-title":"ISRN Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1515_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-21773","volume":"58","author":"R Karanjia","year":"2017","unstructured":"Karanjia R, Berezovsky A, Sacai PY, Cavascan NN, Liu HY, Nazarali S, Moraes-Filho MN, Anderson K, Tran JS, Watanabe SE, Moraes MN, Sadun F, DeNegri AM, Barboni P, Do Val Ferreira Ramos C, La Morgia C, Carelli V, Belfort R, Coupland SG, Salomao SR, Sadun AA (2017) The photopic negative response: an objective measure of retinal ganglion cell function in patients with Leber\u2019s hereditary optic neuropathy. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci 58:300\u2013306","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"1515_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.122.3.341","volume":"122","author":"Y Gotoh","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gotoh Y, Machida S, Tazawa Y (2004) Selective loss of the photopic negative response in patients with optic nerve atrophy. Arch Ophthalmol 122:341\u2013346","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1515_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3341\/kjo.2010.24.2.89","volume":"24","author":"HD Kim","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kim HD, Park JY, Ohn YH (2010) Clinical applications of photopic negative response (PhNR) for the treatment of glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy. Korean J Ophthalmol 24:89\u201395","journal-title":"Korean J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1515_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2003.10.023","volume":"137","author":"S Machida","year":"2004","unstructured":"Machida S, Gotoh Y, Tanaka M, Tazawa Y (2004) Predominant loss of the photopic negative response in central retinal artery occlusion. Am J Ophthalmol 137:938\u2013940","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1515_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3709","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-16586","volume":"56","author":"HE Moss","year":"2015","unstructured":"Moss HE, Park JC, McAnany JJ (2015) The photopic negative response in idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci 56:3709\u20133714","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"1515_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-017-9620-z","volume":"136","author":"JC Park","year":"2018","unstructured":"Park JC, Moss HE, McAnany JJ (2018) Electroretinography in idiopathic intracranial hypertension: comparison of the pattern ERG and the photopic negative response. Doc Ophthalmol 136:45\u201355","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1515_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-018-09668-1","volume":"138","author":"A Banerjee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Banerjee A, Khurana M, Sachidanandam R, Sen P (2019) Comparison between broadband and monochromatic photopic negative response in full-field electroretinogram in controls and subjects with primary open-angle glaucoma. Doc Ophthalmol 138:21\u201333","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1515_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-017-9595-9","volume":"135","author":"B Cvenkel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cvenkel B, Sustar M, Perov\u0161ek D (2017) Ganglion cell loss in early glaucoma, as assessed by photopic negative response, pattern electroretinogram, and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Doc Ophthalmol 135:17\u201328","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1515_CR54","first-page":"335","volume":"7","author":"M Bach","year":"1992","unstructured":"Bach M, Pfeiffer N, Birkner-Binder D (1992) Pattern-electroretinogram reflects diffuse retinal damage in early glaucoma. Clin Vis Sci 7:335\u2013340","journal-title":"Clin Vis Sci"},{"key":"1515_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02582983","volume":"94","author":"M Bach","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bach M, Sulimma F, Gerling J (1997) Little correlation of the pattern electroretinogram (PERG) and visual field measures in early glaucoma. Doc Ophthalmol 94:253\u2013263","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1515_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1002772520539","volume":"100","author":"AI Klistorner","year":"2000","unstructured":"Klistorner AI, Graham SL, Martins A (2000) Multifocal pattern electroretinogram does not demonstrate localised field defects in glaucoma. Doc Ophthalmol 100:155\u2013165","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1515_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1097\/01.opx.0000218319.61580.a5","volume":"83","author":"WW Harrison","year":"2006","unstructured":"Harrison WW, Viswanathan S, Malinovsky VE (2006) Multifocal pattern electroretinogram: cellular origins and clinical implications. Optom Vis Sci 83:473\u2013485","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"1515_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10869","volume":"54","author":"N Niyadurupola","year":"2013","unstructured":"Niyadurupola N, Luu CD, Nguyen DQ, Geddes K, Tan GX, Wong CC, Tran T, Coote MA, Crowston JG (2013) Intraocular pressure lowering is associated with an increase in the photopic negative response (PhNR) amplitude in glaucoma and ocular hypertensive eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 54:1913\u20131919","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"1515_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-0887","volume":"49","author":"S Machida","year":"2008","unstructured":"Machida S, Gotoh Y, Toba Y, Ohtaki A, Kaneko M, Kurosaka D (2008) Correlation between photopic negative response and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and optic disc topography in glaucomatous eyes. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci 49:2201\u20132207","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"1515_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5636","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-1946","volume":"49","author":"S Machida","year":"2008","unstructured":"Machida S, Toba Y, Ohtaki A, Gotoh Y, Kaneko M, Kurosaka D (2008) Photopic negative response of focal electoretinograms in glaucomatous eyes. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci 49:5636\u20135644","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"1515_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2009.161166","volume":"94","author":"S Machida","year":"2010","unstructured":"Machida S, Tamada K, Oikawa T, Yokoyama D, Kaneko M, Kurosaka D (2010) Sensitivity and specificity of photopic negative response of focal electoretinogram to detect glaucomatous eyes. Br J Ophthalmol 94:202\u2013208","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1515_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.3109\/02713683.2014.922196","volume":"40","author":"S Machida","year":"2015","unstructured":"Machida S, Kaneko M, Kurosaka D (2015) Regional variations in correlation between photopic negative response of focal electoretinograms and ganglion cell complex in glaucoma. Curr Eye Res 40:439\u2013449","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"1515_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3109\/02713683.2014.915575","volume":"40","author":"M Kaneko","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kaneko M, Machida S, Hoshi Y, Kurosaka D (2015) Alterations of photopic negative response of multifocal electroretinogram in patients with glaucoma. Curr Eye Res 40:77\u201386","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"1515_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-017-9578-x","volume":"134","author":"L Wilsey","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wilsey L, Gowrisankaran S, Cull G, Hardin C, Burgoyne CF, Fortune B (2017) Comparing three different modes of electroretinography in experimental glaucoma: diagnostic performance and correlation to structure. Doc Ophthalmol 134:111\u2013128","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1515_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8571","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8376","volume":"52","author":"X Luo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Luo X, Frishman LJ (2011) Retinal pathway origins of the pattern electroretinogram (PERG). Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci 52:8571\u20138584","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"1515_CR66","first-page":"1570","volume":"41","author":"DC Hood","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hood DC, Greenstein VC, Holopigian K, Bauer R, Firoz B, Liebmann JM, Odel JG, Ritch R (2000) An attempt to detect glaucomatous damage to the inner retina with the multifocal ERG. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci 41:1570\u20131579","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"1515_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200104000-00009","volume":"78","author":"B Fortune","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fortune B, Johnson CA, Cioffi GA (2001) The topographic relationship between multifocal electroretinographic and behavioral perimetric measures of function in glaucoma. Optom Vis Sci 78:206\u2013214","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"1515_CR68","first-page":"2638","volume":"43","author":"B Fortune","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fortune B, Bearse MA, Cioffi GA, Johnson CA (2002) Selective loss of an oscillatory component from temporal retinal multifocal ERG responses in glaucoma. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci 43:2638\u20132647","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"1515_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2003.08.012","volume":"44","author":"S Stiefelmeyer","year":"2004","unstructured":"Stiefelmeyer S, Neubauer AS, Berninger T, Arden GB, Rudolph G (2004) The multifocal pattern electroretinogram in glaucoma. Vis Res 44:103\u2013112","journal-title":"Vis Res"},{"key":"1515_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-015-9482-1","volume":"130","author":"AA Ledolter","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ledolter AA, Monhart M, Schoetzau A, Todorova MG, Palmowski-Wolfe AM (2015) Structural and functional changes in glaucoma: comparing the two-flash multifocal electroretinogram to optical coherence tomography and visual fields. Doc Ophthalmol 130:197\u2013209","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1515_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-013-1598-6","volume":"353","author":"M Bach","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bach M, Poloschek CM (2013) Electrophysiology and glaucoma: current status and future challenges. Cell Tissue Res 353:287\u2013296","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"key":"1515_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e318177ebf3","volume":"85","author":"M Bach","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bach M, Hoffmann MB (2008) Update on the pattern electroretinogram in glaucoma. Optom Vis Sci 85:386\u2013395","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"1515_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-4835(03)00195-7","volume":"77","author":"BV Bui","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bui BV, Fortune B, Cull G, Wang L, Cioffi GA (2003) Baseline characteristics of the transient pattern electroretinogram in non-human primates: inter-ocular and inter-session variability. Exp Eye Res 77:555\u2013566","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"1515_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1097\/01.icu.0000193082.44938.3c","volume":"17","author":"LM Ventura","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ventura LM, Porciatti V (2006) Pattern electroretinogram in glaucoma. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 17:196\u2013202","journal-title":"Curr Opin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1515_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2015.05.008","volume":"141","author":"V Porciatti","year":"2015","unstructured":"Porciatti V (2015) Electrophysiological assessment of retinal ganglion cell function. Exp Eye Res 141:164\u2013170","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"1515_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2346","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-11026","volume":"54","author":"MR Banitt","year":"2013","unstructured":"Banitt MR, Ventura LM, Feuer WJ, Savatovsky E, Luna G, Shif O, Bosse B, Porciatti V (2013) Progressive loss of retinal ganglion cell function precedes structural loss by several years in glaucoma suspects. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci 54:2346\u20132352","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"1515_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4300","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6381","volume":"52","author":"SF Bode","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bode SF, Jehle T, Bach M (2011) Pattern electroretinogram in glaucoma suspects: new findings from a longitudinal study. Investog Ophthalmol Vis Sci 52:4300\u20134306","journal-title":"Investog Ophthalmol Vis Sci"}],"container-title":["International Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10792-020-01515-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10792-020-01515-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10792-020-01515-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]],"date-time":"2021-07-30T19:41:09Z","timestamp":1627674069000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10792-020-01515-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1515"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10792-020-01515-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-5701","1573-2630"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-5701","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2630","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 March 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 July 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 July 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}]}}