{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T08:56:43Z","timestamp":1788857803071,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]],"date-time":"2024-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725926400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]],"date-time":"2024-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Dr. Werner Jackst\u00e4dt Foundation"},{"name":"Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Rostock"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int Ophthalmol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The occurrence of visual hallucinations in visually impaired people without mental impairment is known as Charles Bonnet Syndrome (CBS). To date, the prevalence of CBS has been reported with high variance. The present study aims at evaluating the prevalence of CBS among low-vision patients.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>From March 2018 to February 2022, 194 patients with a visual acuity\u2009\u2265\u20090.5\u00a0logMAR approached the low vision section of the Eye Clinic Sulzbach. Of these, 50 patients were found eligible, agreed to participate in the study and were screened for CBS. The course of the disease, its phenomenology and characteristics, the circumstance of onset, the ability to manipulate and resolve the hallucinations, and the psychosocial aspects of CBS were investigated.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>26% of patients with low vision suffered from CBS. Women did not suffer from CBS significantly more often than men. Often, insight into the unreality of the images is not achieved immediately. Patterns or so-called \u201csimple\u201d hallucinations occurred just as frequently as other types of images such as people, body parts or faces. The most frequent images were animals. Visual hallucinations, lasting only for seconds in most cases, occurred more frequently during the day and in bright surroundings. All patients experienced the hallucinations exclusively with their eyes open. The hallucinations generally did not move with the eyes. Many sufferers did neither communicate about their hallucinations nor consult any physician.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>CBS among low-vision patients is common. Its prevalence constitutes clinical relevance. Future management of CBS may benefit from encouraging patients to share their experiences and consult a physician.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-024-03298-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]],"date-time":"2024-09-10T16:02:16Z","timestamp":1725984136000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Epidemiology and phenomenology of the Charles Bonnet syndrome in low-vision patients"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Sophia E. G.","family":"Christoph","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl T.","family":"Boden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annette","family":"P\u00fctz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Januschowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rudolf","family":"Siegel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Berthold","family":"Seitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Szurman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Schulz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"3298_CR1","unstructured":"Bonnet C (1769) Essai analytique sur les facult\u00e9s de l\u2019ame, 2nd ed. Philibert, Copenhagen and Geneva"},{"key":"3298_CR2","first-page":"678","volume":"2","author":"G de Morsier","year":"1967","unstructured":"de Morsier G (1967) The Charles Bonnet syndrome: visual hallucinations in the aged without mental deficiency. Ann Med Psychol (Paris) 2:678\u2013702","journal-title":"Ann Med Psychol (Paris)"},{"key":"3298_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-440x(89)90122-3","volume":"30","author":"K Gold","year":"1989","unstructured":"Gold K, Rabins PV (1989) Isolated visual hallucinations and the Charles Bonnet syndrome: a review of the literature and presentation of six cases. Compr Psychiatry 30:90\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0010-440x(89)90122-3","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"3298_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291700046584","volume":"12","author":"J Damas-Mora","year":"1982","unstructured":"Damas-Mora J, Skelton-Robinson M, Jenner FA (1982) The Charles Bonnet syndrome in perspective. Psychol Med 12:251\u2013261. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0033291700046584","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"3298_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-013-6857-7","volume":"260","author":"A Lerario","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lerario A, Ciammola A, Poletti B et al (2013) Charles Bonnet syndrome: two case reports and review of the literature. J Neurol 260:1180\u20131186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-013-6857-7","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"3298_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oftal.2012.06.014","volume":"88","author":"E Santos-Bueso","year":"2013","unstructured":"Santos-Bueso E, Serrador-Garc\u00eda M, Garc\u00eda-S\u00e1nchez J (2013) Treatment of Charles Bonnet syndrome. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol 88:244\u2013245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.oftal.2012.06.014","journal-title":"Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol"},{"key":"3298_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.5301\/ejo.5000483","volume":"24","author":"E Santos-Bueso","year":"2014","unstructured":"Santos-Bueso E, S\u00e1enz-Franc\u00e9s F, Serrador-Garc\u00eda M et al (2014) Prevalence and clinical characteristics of Charles Bonnet syndrome in Madrid, Spain. Eur J Ophthalmol 24:960\u2013963. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5301\/ejo.5000483","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3298_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-0942","volume":"48","author":"EJ Abbott","year":"2007","unstructured":"Abbott EJ, Connor GB, Artes PH, Abadi RV (2007) Visual loss and visual hallucinations in patients with age-related macular degeneration (Charles Bonnet Syndrome). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 48:1416\u20131423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.06-0942","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"3298_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.166.2.254","volume":"166","author":"RJ Teunisse","year":"1995","unstructured":"Teunisse RJ, Cruysberg JR, Verbeek A, Zitman FG (1995) The Charles Bonnet syndrome: a large prospective study in The Netherlands. A study of the prevalence of the Charles Bonnet syndrome and associated factors in 500 patients attending the University Department of Ophthalmology at Nijmegen. Br J Psychiatry 166:254\u2013257. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.166.2.254","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"3298_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-8301.2002.tb00027.x","volume":"2","author":"T Terao","year":"2002","unstructured":"Terao T (2002) The present state of Charles Bonnet Syndrome. Psychogeriatrics 2:6\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1479-8301.2002.tb00027.x","journal-title":"Psychogeriatrics"},{"key":"3298_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3129\/i08-169","volume":"44","author":"G Gilmour","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gilmour G, Schreiber C, Ewing C (2009) An examination of the relationship between low vision and Charles Bonnet syndrome. Can J Opthalmol-J Can Opthalmol 44:49\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3129\/i08-169","journal-title":"Can J Opthalmol-J Can Opthalmol"},{"key":"3298_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.01.007","volume":"118","author":"ML Jackson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jackson ML, Drohan B, Agrawal K, Rhee DJ (2011) Charles Bonnet syndrome and glaucoma. Ophthalmology 118:1005-U258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.01.007","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"3298_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4138","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-21270","volume":"58","author":"JE Leandro","year":"2017","unstructured":"Leandro JE, Beato J, Pedrosa AC et al (2017) The Charles Bonnet syndrome in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration: association with proton pump inhibitors. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 58:4138\u20134142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.16-21270","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"3298_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2021-319525","volume":"107","author":"PPA Dhooge","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dhooge PPA, Teunisse RJ, Liefers B et al (2023) Charles Bonnet syndrome in patients with Stargardt disease: prevalence and risk factors. Br J Ophthalmol 107:248\u2013253. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2021-319525","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3298_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2015.10.006","volume":"51","author":"KD Gordon","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gordon KD (2016) Prevalence of visual hallucinations in a national low vision client population. Can J Opthalmol-J Can Opthalmol 51:3\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcjo.2015.10.006","journal-title":"Can J Opthalmol-J Can Opthalmol"},{"key":"3298_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/s0010-440x(99)90133-5","volume":"40","author":"RJ Teunisse","year":"1999","unstructured":"Teunisse RJ, Cruysberg JR, Hoefnagels WH et al (1999) Social and psychological characteristics of elderly visually handicapped patients with the Charles Bonnet syndrome. Compr Psychiatry 40:315\u2013319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0010-440x(99)90133-5","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"3298_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-016-3387-x","volume":"254","author":"HM Elflein","year":"2016","unstructured":"Elflein HM, Rudy M, Lorenz K et al (2016) Charles Bonnet\u2019s syndrome: not only a condition of the elderly. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 254:1637\u20131642. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00417-016-3387-x","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3298_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1533_18","volume":"67","author":"P Satgunam","year":"2019","unstructured":"Satgunam P, Sumalini R, Chittapu G, Pamarthi G (2019) Screening for Charles Bonnet syndrome: Should the definition be reconsidered? Indian J Ophthalmol 67:1127\u20131132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1533_18","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3298_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjophth-2020-000463","volume":"6","author":"B Doeller","year":"2021","unstructured":"Doeller B, Kratochwil M, Sifari L et al (2021) Benefit of psychiatric evaluation on anxiety in patients with Charles Bonnet syndrome. BMJ Open Ophthalmol 6:e000463. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjophth-2020-000463","journal-title":"BMJ Open Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3298_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(96)90869-7","volume":"347","author":"RJ Teunisse","year":"1996","unstructured":"Teunisse RJ, Cruysberg JR, Hoefnagels WH et al (1996) Visual hallucinations in psychologically normal people: Charles Bonnet\u2019s syndrome. Lancet 347:794\u2013797. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(96)90869-7","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"3298_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-008-0417-y","volume":"44","author":"Y Kinoshita","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kinoshita Y, Tsuchiya M, Kawakami N et al (2009) Hallucinations in visually impaired individuals an analysis of the national comorbidity survey replication. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 44:104\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00127-008-0417-y","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"3298_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-199803000-00009","volume":"186","author":"RJ Teunisse","year":"1998","unstructured":"Teunisse RJ, Cruysberg JR, Hoefnagels WH et al (1998) Risk indicators for the Charles Bonnet syndrome. J Nerv Ment Dis 186:190\u2013192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005053-199803000-00009","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"3298_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2008.01814.x","volume":"36","author":"M Vukicevic","year":"2008","unstructured":"Vukicevic M, Fitzmaurice K (2008) Butterflies and black lacy patterns: the prevalence and characteristics of Charles Bonnet hallucinations in an Australian population. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 36:659\u2013665. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2008.01814.x","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3298_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02175452","volume":"225","author":"HM Olbrich","year":"1987","unstructured":"Olbrich HM, Engelmeier MP, Pauleikhoff D, Waubke T (1987) Visual hallucinations in ophthalmology. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 225:217\u2013220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02175452","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3298_CR25","unstructured":"9D90 Vision impairment including blindness. In: ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics. https:\/\/icd.who.int\/browse11\/l-m\/en#\/http%3a%2f%2fid.who.int%2ficd%2fentity%2f1103667651. Accessed 25 Jun 2023"},{"key":"3298_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.21037\/aes-21-37","volume":"7","author":"Y Subhi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Subhi Y, Nielsen MA, Scott DAR et al (2022) Prevalence of Charles Bonnet syndrome in low vision: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Eye Sci 7:12\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21037\/aes-21-37","journal-title":"Ann Eye Sci"},{"key":"3298_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.03.006","volume":"122","author":"F O\u2019Hare","year":"2015","unstructured":"O\u2019Hare F, Bentley SA, Wu Z et al (2015) Charles Bonnet syndrome in advanced retinitis pigmentosa. Ophthalmology 122:1951\u20131953. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.03.006","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"3298_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2014-304920","volume":"98","author":"TM Cox","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cox TM, Ffytche DH (2014) Negative outcome Charles Bonnet syndrome. Br J Ophthalmol 98:1236\u20131239. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2014-304920","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3298_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2010.12","volume":"24","author":"ML Jackson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jackson ML, Bassett KL (2010) The natural history of the Charles Bonnet syndrome. Do the hallucinations go away? Eye (Lond) 24:1303\u20131304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/eye.2010.12","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"3298_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1080\/08820530801888170","volume":"23","author":"KE Crumbliss","year":"2008","unstructured":"Crumbliss KE, Taussig MJ, Jay WM (2008) Vision rehabilitation and Charles Bonnet Syndrome. Semin Ophthalmol 23:121\u2013126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08820530801888170","journal-title":"Semin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3298_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2007.03.005","volume":"45","author":"DA Poggel","year":"2007","unstructured":"Poggel DA, Mueller-Oehring EM, Gothe J et al (2007) Visual hallucinations during spontaneous and training-induced visual field recovery. Neuropsychologia 45:2598\u20132607. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2007.03.005","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"3298_CR32","first-page":"45","volume":"34","author":"B Vojnikovic","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vojnikovic B, Radeljak S, Dessardo S et al (2010) What associates charles bonnet syndrome with age-related macular degeneration? Coll Anthropol 34:45\u201348","journal-title":"Coll Anthropol"},{"key":"3298_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1000744","volume":"57","author":"K Podoll","year":"1989","unstructured":"Podoll K, Osterheider M, Noth J (1989) The Charles Bonnet syndrome. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 57:43\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-2007-1000744","journal-title":"Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr"},{"key":"3298_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2006.08.006","volume":"14","author":"C Plummer","year":"2007","unstructured":"Plummer C, Kleinitz A, Vroomen P, Watts R (2007) Of Roman chariots and goats in overcoats: the syndrome of Charles Bonnet. J Clin Neurosci 14:709\u2013714. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocn.2006.08.006","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"3298_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1068\/p200809","volume":"20","author":"G Schultz","year":"1991","unstructured":"Schultz G, Melzack R (1991) The Charles-Bonnet Syndrome - phantom visual images. Perception 20:809\u2013825. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1068\/p200809","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"3298_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/4.1.27","volume":"4","author":"L Norton-Willson","year":"1987","unstructured":"Norton-Willson L, Munir M (1987) Visual perceptual disorders resembling the Charles Bonnet syndrome. A study of 434 consecutive patients referred to a psychogeriatric unit. Fam Pract 4:27\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/fampra\/4.1.27","journal-title":"Fam Pract"},{"key":"3298_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.149.12.1701","volume":"149","author":"S Holroyd","year":"1992","unstructured":"Holroyd S, Rabins P, Finkelstein D et al (1992) Visual hallucinations in patients with macular degeneration. Am J Psychiat 149:1701\u20131706","journal-title":"Am J Psychiat"},{"key":"3298_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1159\/000446295","volume":"236","author":"S Nalcaci","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nalcaci S, Lim O, Oztas Z et al (2016) The prevalence and characteristics of Charles Bonnet Syndrome in Turkish patients with retinal disease. Ophthalmologica 236:48\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000446295","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"3298_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.123.3.349","volume":"123","author":"GJ Menon","year":"2005","unstructured":"Menon GJ (2005) Complex visual hallucinations in the visually impaired - A structured history-taking approach. Arch Ophthalmol 123:349\u2013355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archopht.123.3.349","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3298_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1159\/000506137","volume":"63","author":"J Esteves Leandro","year":"2020","unstructured":"Esteves Leandro J, Beato J, Pedrosa AC et al (2020) Clinical characteristics of the Charles Bonnet Syndrome in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration: the importance of early detection. Ophthalmic Res 63:466\u2013473. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000506137","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res"},{"key":"3298_CR41","first-page":"A4770","volume":"61","author":"A Singh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Singh A, Subhi Y, Sorensen TL (2014) Low awareness of the Charles Bonnet syndrome in patients attending a retinal clinic. Dan Med J 61:A4770","journal-title":"Dan Med J"},{"key":"3298_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1992.01080210069027","volume":"110","author":"GC Brown","year":"1992","unstructured":"Brown GC, Murphy RP (1992) Visual symptoms associated with choroidal neovascularization. Photopsias and the Charles Bonnet syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol 110:1251\u20131256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archopht.1992.01080210069027","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3298_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-440X(94)90172-4","volume":"35","author":"RJ Teunisse","year":"1994","unstructured":"Teunisse RJ, Zitman FG, Raes DCM (1994) Clinical evaluation of 14 patients with the Charles Bonnet syndrome (isolated visual hallucinations). Compr Psychiatry 35:70\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0010-440X(94)90172-4","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"3298_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2010.02051.x","volume":"90","author":"A Singh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Singh A, Sorensen TL (2012) The prevalence and clinical characteristics of Charles Bonnet Syndrome in Danish patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Acta Ophthalmol 90:476\u2013480. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2010.02051.x","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3298_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(99)00424-9","volume":"129","author":"LHS Fernandes","year":"2000","unstructured":"Fernandes LHS, Scassellati-Sforzolini B, Spaide RF (2000) Estrogen and visual hallucinations in a patient with Charles Bonnet syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 129:407\u2013407. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0002-9394(99)00424-9","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3298_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1819.2000.00652.x","volume":"54","author":"N Adachi","year":"2000","unstructured":"Adachi N, Watanabe T, Matsuda H, Onuma T (2000) Hyperperfusion in the lateral temporal cortex, the striatum and the thalamus during complex visual hallucinations: single photon emission computed tomography findings in patients with Charles Bonnet Syndrome. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 54:157\u2013162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1440-1819.2000.00652.x","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"3298_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2010.tb03843.x","volume":"193","author":"M Vukicevic","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vukicevic M (2010) Frightening visual hallucinations: atypical presentation of Charles Bonnet syndrome triggered by the Black Saturday bushfires. Med J Aust 193:181\u2013182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2010.tb03843.x","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"3298_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1080\/09286580801939320","volume":"15","author":"JC Khan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Khan JC, Shahid H, Thurlby DA et al (2008) Charles Bonnet syndrome in age-related macular degeneration: the nature and frequency of images in subjects with end-stage disease. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 15:202\u2013208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09286580801939320","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"3298_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1068\/p250715","volume":"25","author":"G Schultz","year":"1996","unstructured":"Schultz G, Needham W, Taylor R et al (1996) Properties of complex hallucinations associated with deficits in vision. Perception 25:715\u2013726. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1068\/p250715","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"3298_CR50","first-page":"S24","volume":"18","author":"G Nesher","year":"2000","unstructured":"Nesher G (2000) Neurologic manifestations of giant cell arteritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 18:S24\u2013S26","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"3298_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2004.041947","volume":"88","author":"CSH Tan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tan CSH, Lim VSY, Ho DYM et al (2004) Charles Bonnet syndrome in Asian patients in a tertiary ophthalmic centre. Br J Ophthalmol 88:1325\u20131329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjo.2004.041947","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3298_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1590\/0004-282X20140015","volume":"72","author":"TC Vale","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vale TC, Femandes LC, Caramelli P (2014) Charles Bonnet syndrome: characteristics of its visual hallucinations and differential diagnosis. Arq Neuro-Psiquiatr 72:333\u2013336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/0004-282X20140015","journal-title":"Arq Neuro-Psiquiatr"},{"key":"3298_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.2004.tb03167.x","volume":"87","author":"F Eperjesi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Eperjesi F, Akbarali N (2004) Rehabilitation in Charles Bonnet syndrome: a review of treatment options. Clin Exp Optom 87:149\u2013152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1444-0938.2004.tb03167.x","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"3298_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2018.08.058","volume":"28","author":"DR Painter","year":"2018","unstructured":"Painter DR, Dwyer MF, Kamke MR, Mattingley JB (2018) Stimulus-Driven cortical hyperexcitability in individuals with Charles Bonnet hallucinations. Curr Biol 28:3475. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2018.08.058","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"3298_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1166(199609)11:9<773::AID-GPS387>3.0.CO;2-C","volume":"11","author":"A Fernandez","year":"1996","unstructured":"Fernandez A, Lichtshein G, Vieweg WVR, Winfrey CJ (1996) Charles Bonnet Syndrome with peripheral and central findings. Int J Geriat Psychiatry 11:773\u2013778. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1166(199609)11:9%3c773::AID-GPS387%3e3.0.CO;2-C","journal-title":"Int J Geriat Psychiatry"},{"key":"3298_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03540060027027","volume":"276","author":"CA Reyes-Ortiz","year":"1996","unstructured":"Reyes-Ortiz CA, Camacho ME, Mulligan T (1996) Charles Bonnet syndrome in a centenarian. JAMA 276:451\u2013452. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.1996.03540060027027","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"3298_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000959","volume":"93","author":"L Pang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pang L (2016) Hallucinations experienced by visually impaired: Charles Bonnet syndrome. Optom Vis Sci 93:1466\u20131478. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000959","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"3298_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.4306\/pi.2016.13.5.577","volume":"13","author":"J-H Park","year":"2016","unstructured":"Park J-H, Ahn J-H, Park J-B, Joe S (2016) Charles Bonnet syndrome following trans-sphenoidal adenomectomy without optic nerve atrophy. Psychiatry Investig 13:577\u2013579. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4306\/pi.2016.13.5.577","journal-title":"Psychiatry Investig"},{"key":"3298_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-200006000-00025","volume":"20","author":"C Kornreich","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kornreich C, Dan B, Verbanck P, Pelc I (2000) Treating Charles Bonnet Syndrome: understanding Inconsistency. J Clin Psychopharmacol 20:396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00004714-200006000-00025","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"3298_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/cmy006","volume":"35","author":"KD Gordon","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gordon KD, Felfeli T (2018) Family physician awareness of Charles Bonnet syndrome. Fam Pract 35:595\u2013598. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/fampra\/cmy006","journal-title":"Fam Pract"}],"container-title":["International Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10792-024-03298-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10792-024-03298-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10792-024-03298-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T15:46:42Z","timestamp":1741880802000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10792-024-03298-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3298"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10792-024-03298-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1573-2630"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1573-2630","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 September 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 August 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 September 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"375"}}