{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T15:39:01Z","timestamp":1786981141691,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]],"date-time":"2025-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749081600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]],"date-time":"2025-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749081600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int Ophthalmol"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-025-03597-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]],"date-time":"2025-06-05T08:37:40Z","timestamp":1749112660000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Multifactorial analysis of dry eye syndrome: insights from Schirmer\u2019s test, VDT exposure, and tear film stability"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Sravani","family":"Mereddy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruchitha Priya","family":"Gunnam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sai Ramya","family":"Karedla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sourajit Kumar","family":"Banerjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suman","family":"Polaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"3597_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1080\/08164622.2021.1878843","volume":"104","author":"B Alabdulkader","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alabdulkader B (2021) Effect of digital device use during COVID-19 on digital eye strain. Clin Exp Optom 104(6):698\u2013704","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"3597_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3811","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S321591","volume":"51","author":"Z Al-Mohtaseb","year":"2021","unstructured":"Al-Mohtaseb Z, Schachter S, Shen Lee B, Garlich J, Trattler W (2021) The relationship between dry eye disease and digital screen use. Clin Ophthalmol 51:3811\u20133820","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3597_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12798","volume":"102","author":"C Coles-Brennan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Coles-Brennan C, Sulley A, Young G (2019) Management of digital eye strain. Clin Exp Optom 102(1):18\u201329","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"issue":"1","key":"3597_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e009675","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-009675","volume":"6","author":"R Courtin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Courtin R, Pereira B, Naughton G, Chamoux A, Chiambaretta F, Lanhers C, Dutheil F (2016) Prevalence of dry eye disease in visual display terminal workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 6(1):e009675","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"3597_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.15049","volume":"100","author":"H Fj\u00e6rvoll","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fj\u00e6rvoll H, Fj\u00e6rvoll K, Magno M, Moschowits E, Vehof J, Dartt DA, Utheim TP (2022) The association between visual display terminal use and dry eye: a review. Acta Ophthalmol 100(4):357\u2013375","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"11","key":"3597_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.3390\/life14111460","volume":"14","author":"J Garcia-Queiruga","year":"2024","unstructured":"Garcia-Queiruga J, Pena-Verdeal H, Sabucedo-Villamarin B, Noya-Padin V, Giraldez MJ, Yebra-Pimentel E (2024) Influence of lifestyle factors on ocular surface parameters in relation to age. Life 14(11):1460","journal-title":"Life"},{"issue":"3","key":"3597_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.47836\/mjmhs.19.3.7","volume":"19","author":"PA John","year":"2023","unstructured":"John PA, Hussein A, Teo KSS (2023) Evaluation of prevalence and associated factors of dry eye syndrome among medical students exposed to visual display terminal in health campus, universiti sains Malaysia. Malaysian J Med Health Sci 19(3):45\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.47836\/mjmhs.19.3.7","journal-title":"Malaysian J Med Health Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"3597_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2015-306640","volume":"99","author":"M Kaido","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kaido M, Kawashima M, Yokoi N, Fukui M, Ichihashi Y, Kato H, Yamatsuji M, Nishida M, Fukagawa K, Kinoshita S, Tsubota K (2015) Advanced dry eye screening for visual display terminal workers using functional visual acuity measurement: the Moriguchi study. British J Ophthalmol 99(11):1488\u20131492. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2015-306640","journal-title":"British J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"7","key":"3597_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.15081","volume":"100","author":"B Kam\u00f8y","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kam\u00f8y B, Magno M, N\u00f8land ST, Moe MC, Petrovski G, Vehof J, Utheim TP (2022) Video display terminal use and dry eye: Preventive measures and future perspectives. Acta Ophthalmol 100(7):723\u2013739. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aos.15081","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"3597_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-022-00540-9","volume":"11","author":"K Kaur","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kaur K, Gurnani B, Nayak S, Deori N, Kaur S, Jethani J, Singh D, Agarkar S, Hussaindeen JR, Sukhija J, Mishra D (2022) Digital eye strain- a comprehensive review. Ophthalmol Therapy 11(5):1655\u20131680. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40123-022-00540-9","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Therapy"},{"issue":"3","key":"3597_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.14-0243-OA","volume":"57","author":"M Kawashima","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kawashima M, Yamatsuji M, Yokoi N, Fukui M, Ichihashi Y, Kato H, Nishida M, Uchino M, Kinoshita S, Tsubota K (2015) Screening of dry eye disease in visual display terminal workers during occupational health examinations: the Moriguchi study. J Occup Health 57(3):253\u2013258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1539\/joh.14-0243-OA","journal-title":"J Occup Health"},{"key":"3597_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100842","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2020.100842","volume":"78","author":"T Kojima","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kojima T, Dogru M, Kawashima M, Nakamura S, Tsubota K (2020) Advances in the diagnosis and treatment of dry eye. Prog Retin Eye Res 78:100842","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"3597_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23986","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-75345-w","volume":"14","author":"A Kunboon","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kunboon A, Tananuvat N, Upaphong P, Wongpakaran N, Wongpakaran T (2024) Prevalence of dry eye disease symptoms, associated factors and impact on quality of life among medical students during the pandemic. Sci Rep 14(1):23986","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"3597_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900539","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.900539","volume":"10","author":"B Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu B, Jiang S, Li Z, Wang Y, Zhou D, Chen Z (2022) Investigation and analysis of eye discomfort caused by video display terminal use among medical students studying at high-altitude regions. Front Public Health 10:900539","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"3597_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-16004-z","volume":"23","author":"B Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu B, Zhou D, Li Z, Wang Y, Chen Z (2023) A survey on the degree of eye discomfort caused by video terminal use among college students in different altitudes. BMC Public Health 23(1):1209","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"3597_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2522-3838","author":"X Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu X, Dandan Zhou Y, Ren QL, Li D, Teng S, Shao F, He T, Zhou H, Yimingtuohuti N, Li J, Cheng-Wei L (2025) The influence of time spent viewing the video display terminal, sleep, anxiety and depression on the thickness of the lipid layer of the tear film. Klinische Monatsbl\u00e4tter f\u00fcr Augenheilkunde. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2522-3838","journal-title":"Klinische Monatsbl\u00e4tter f\u00fcr Augenheilkunde"},{"issue":"6","key":"3597_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1097\/APO.0000000000000306","volume":"9","author":"D Mehra","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mehra D, Galor A (2020) Digital screen use and dry eye: a review. Asia-Pacific J Ophthalmol 9(6):491\u2013497. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/APO.0000000000000306","journal-title":"Asia-Pacific J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"3597_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.20473\/ijosh.v11i3.2022.315-322","volume":"11","author":"C Rungsirisangratana","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rungsirisangratana C, Pinsuwannabud P, Nuntapanich N, Teangkumdee S (2022) Risk Factors affecting dry eye symptoms among visual display terminal users. Indonesian J Occup Safety Health 11(3):315\u2013322","journal-title":"Indonesian J Occup Safety Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"3597_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000146","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjophth-2018-000146","volume":"3","author":"AL Sheppard","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sheppard AL, Wolffsohn JS (2018) Digital eye strain: prevalence, measurement and amelioration. BMJ Open Ophthalmol 3(1):e000146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjophth-2018-000146","journal-title":"BMJ Open Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3597_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2022.2157477","volume":"55","author":"J Sheppard","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sheppard J, Shen Lee B, Periman LM (2023) Dry eye disease: identification and therapeutic strategies for primary care clinicians and clinical specialists. Ann Med 55(1):241\u2013252","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"3597_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000949","volume":"48","author":"C Talens-Estarelles","year":"2022","unstructured":"Talens-Estarelles C, Garc\u00eda-Marqu\u00e9s JV, Cervi\u00f1o A, Garc\u00eda-L\u00e1zaro S (2022) Determining the best management strategy for preventing short-term effects of digital display use on dry eyes. Eye Contact Lens 48(10):416\u2013423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000949","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"issue":"3","key":"3597_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0265733","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0265733","volume":"17","author":"C Tangmonkongvoragul","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tangmonkongvoragul C, Chokesuwattanaskul S, Khankaeo C, Punyasevee R, Nakkara L, Moolsan S, Unruan O (2022) Prevalence of symptomatic dry eye disease with associated risk factors among medical students at Chiang Mai University due to increased screen time and stress during COVID-19 pandemic. PLoS ONE 17(3):e0265733. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0265733","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"3597_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-017-1283-2","volume":"91","author":"A Tauste","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tauste A, Ronda E, Baste V, Br\u00e5tveit M, Moen BE, Segu\u00ed Crespo MDM (2018) Ocular surface and tear film status among contact lens wearers and non-wearers who use VDT at work: comparing three different lens types. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 91:327\u2013335","journal-title":"Int Arch Occup Environ Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"3597_CR24","first-page":"1004","volume":"1","author":"S Thatte","year":"2020","unstructured":"Thatte S, Choudhary R (2020) The prevalence of dry eye in young individuals exposed to visual display terminal. Clin Ophthalmol J 1(1):1004","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol J"},{"issue":"1","key":"3597_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.4103\/pajo.pajo_16_22","volume":"4","author":"A Tripathi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tripathi A, Agarwal R, Kharya P (2022) Dry eye disease related to digital screen exposure in medical students. Pan-Am J Ophthalmol 4(1):35","journal-title":"Pan-Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"3597_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001086","volume":"94","author":"MM van Tilborg","year":"2017","unstructured":"van Tilborg MM, Murphy PJ, Evans KS (2017) Impact of dry eye symptoms and daily activities in a modern office. Optom Vis Sci 94(6):688\u2013693","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"3597_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101409","volume":"44","author":"MT Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang MT, Muntz A, Mamidi B, Wolffsohn JS, Craig JP (2021) Modifiable lifestyle risk factors for dry eye disease. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 44(6):101409. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clae.2021.101409","journal-title":"Cont Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"3597_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2021.12.003","volume":"24","author":"M Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang M, Craig JP, Vidal-Rohr M, Menduni F, Dhallu S, Ipek T, Wolffsohn JS (2022) Impact of digital screen use and lifestyle factors on dry eye disease in the paediatric population. Ocular Surface 24:64\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtos.2021.12.003","journal-title":"Ocular Surface"},{"key":"3597_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2022.12.005","volume":"28","author":"JS Wolffsohn","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wolffsohn JS, Lingham G, Downie LE, Huntjens B, Inomata T, Jivraj S, Craig JP (2023) TFOS Lifestyle: impact of the digital environment on the ocular surface. Ocular Surface 28:213\u2013252. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtos.2022.12.005","journal-title":"Ocular Surface"},{"issue":"8","key":"3597_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e105575","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0105575","volume":"9","author":"H Wu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wu H, Wang Y, Dong N, Yang F, Lin Z, Shang X, Li C (2014) Meibomian gland dysfunction determines the severity of the dry eye conditions in visual display terminal workers. PLoS ONE 9(8):e105575","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"3597_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.5301\/ejo.5000525","volume":"25","author":"A Yazici","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yazici A, Sari ES, Sahin G, Kilic A, Cakmak H, Ayar O, Ermis SS (2015) Change in tear film characteristics in visual display terminal users. Eur J Ophthalmol 25(2):85\u201389","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3597_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2014.12.019","volume":"159","author":"N Yokoi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yokoi N, Uchino M, Uchino Y, Dogru M, Kawashima M, Komuro A, Kinoshita S (2015) Importance of tear film instability in dry eye disease in office workers using visual display terminals: the Osaka study. Am J Ophthalmol 159(4):748\u2013754","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"3597_CR33","unstructured":"Zaman, M. N. (2020). Studies on assessment of tear film in visual display terminal users with computer vision syndrome and non-visual display terminals (Doctoral dissertation, Chitkara University Punjab)."},{"key":"3597_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785901","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.785901","volume":"8","author":"H Zhao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhao H, Wu SN, Cheng Z, Xiao D, Shu HY, Ge QM, Shao Y (2021) Mean tear-film lipid layer thickness and video display terminal time as risk factors for abnormal blinking in children. Front Med 8:785901","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"3597_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-021-02194-w","volume":"21","author":"H Zhao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhao H, Wu SN, Zhang Q, Zhao C, Shu HY, Ge QM, Shao Y (2021) Video display terminal use and other risk factors for abnormal blinking in children: gender differences. BMC Ophthalmol 21:1\u201310","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["International Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10792-025-03597-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10792-025-03597-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10792-025-03597-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T18:04:56Z","timestamp":1766167496000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10792-025-03597-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3597"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10792-025-03597-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1573-2630"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1573-2630","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 May 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 June 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All the authors of this study declare that they don\u2019t have any kind of financial and other interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"225"}}