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Critical limit was defined as the extreme 95% confidence limit for the 95% one-sided tolerance. Intraocular pressure (IOP) and visual field contract sensitivity (Mean Deviation, MD), linear cup-to-disc ratio (C\/D-linear), neuro-retinal rim area (NRA), nerve fiber layer thickness (cpRNFLT-Global and GDx-TSNIT) were examined<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Analysis revealed no significant age or sex dependence for the measured quantities. Variability among subjects was found to dominate, affecting the precision of measurements. Frequency distributions approximated normal distributions, enabling the estimation of tolerance limits for critical assessment. The critical limits to distinguish pathological from non-pathological were estimated as 22 mmHg, \u22123.7 dB, 0.84, 0.6 mm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      , 56 \u00b5m and 33 \u00b5m for IOP, MD, C\/D-linear, NRA, cpRNFLT-Global and GDx-TSNIT respectively\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>It appears preferable to estimate critical limits for small samples using the extreme confidence limit of the tolerance limit. The critical limits obtained here are consistent with previously reported values for the same device models. C\/D-linear and NRA-Global metrics estimated with HRT show lower sensitivity-estimation efficiency compared with the other parameters assessed. Individualized intra-patient critical limits require a small increase of the measured quantity to identify glaucoma in the patient who has the disease<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-026-03949-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T10:02:15Z","timestamp":1769680935000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Critical limits for early detection of glaucoma, the Uppsala Glaucoma Detection Study (UGDS)"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Konstancija","family":"Kisonaite","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tolga","family":"T\u00fcmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Albert","family":"Alm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Nuija","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhaohua","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"3949_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.87.7.899","volume":"87","author":"B Alamouti","year":"2003","unstructured":"Alamouti B, Funk J (2003) Retinal thickness decreases with age: an oct study. 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