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Exclusion criteria included any other ophthalmological disorder or previous treatment, and systemic treatment with immunosuppressive drugs or a dose of corticosteroids higher than 5\u00a0mg\/d. Macular CT was measured automatically in a grid of 30\u2009\u00d7\u200930 cubes using Triton swept-source optical coherence tomography (Topcon). These were merged into 25 zones (each one comprising 6\u2009\u00d7\u20096 cubes). Three-dimensional (3D) CT maps were created using Microsoft Excel and mean CT values in the grid of 30\u2009\u00d7\u200930 cubes. One eye of each patient was randomly selected for the study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      60 patients and 54 healthy subjects were recruited. Mean age was 45.16\u2009\u00b1\u20096.43 and 43.79\u2009\u00b1\u20098.98\u00a0years (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.346), respectively. Mean axial length was 23.52\u2009\u00b1\u20090.96 and 23.67\u2009\u00b1\u20090.87\u00a0mm (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.137), respectively. Mean SLE duration was 125.58\u2009\u00b1\u200963.10\u00a0months, and mean duration of HCQ was 87.87\u2009\u00b1\u200952.13\u00a0months. There were no differences in intraocular pressure (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.271) or spherical equivalent (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.219). Choroidal zones number 9, 14, 15, 19 and 20 (central nasal locations) were thicker in SLE patients. Neither SLE duration, nor HCQ duration had any influence on CT (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u20090.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients with SLE treated with HCQ for one or more years present higher CT values than healthy subjects. Nasal zones seem to be the most sensitive to these changes, while the other choroidal locations remain similar apparently. However, neither duration of SLE nor duration or dose of HCQ treatment seemed to have any influence on CT.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-026-03974-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T05:31:14Z","timestamp":1770615074000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Choroidal thickness changes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus treated with hydroxychloroquine using three dimensional maps"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4476-6003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco de As\u00eds","family":"Bartol-Puyal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Chac\u00f3n Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dami\u00e1n","family":"Garc\u00eda Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Borja","family":"Arias-Peso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"M\u00e9ndez-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Pablo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"3974_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/S41584-021-00668-1","volume":"17","author":"MRW Barber","year":"2021","unstructured":"Barber MRW, Drenkard C, Falasinnu T et al (2021) Global epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus. 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