{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T12:08:59Z","timestamp":1784722139305,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int Ophthalmol"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-026-04189-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T11:59:52Z","timestamp":1784721592000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Beyond intraocular pressure: vascular and metabolic modifiers of optic nerve vulnerability in glaucoma"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Balaji","family":"Lakavath","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B. Senthil","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prabhudas","family":"Nelaturi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"4189_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-92971-w","volume":"11","author":"N Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang N, Wang J, Li Y et al (2021) Prevalence of primary open-angle glaucoma in the last 20 years: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Sci Rep 11:13762. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-92971-w","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"4189_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12051828","volume":"12","author":"Y Lin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lin Y, Jiang B, Cai Y et al (2023) The global burden of glaucoma: findings from the global burden of disease 2019 study and predictions by Bayesian age-period-cohort analysis. J Clin Med 12(5):1828. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12051828","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"10414","key":"4189_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01289-8","volume":"402","author":"H Jayaram","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jayaram H, Kolko M, Friedman DS et al (2023) Glaucoma: now and beyond. Lancet 402(10414):1788\u20131801. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01289-8","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"4189_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10061372","volume":"10","author":"G Tezel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tezel G (2021) Multifactorial pathogenic processes of retinal ganglion cell degeneration in glaucoma towards multi-target strategies for broader treatment effects. Cells 10(6):1372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells10061372","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"4189_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2023.101193","volume":"92","author":"JR Tribble","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tribble JR, Hui F, Quintero H et al (2023) Neuroprotection in glaucoma: mechanisms beyond intraocular pressure lowering. Mol Aspects Med 92:101193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mam.2023.101193","journal-title":"Mol Aspects Med"},{"key":"4189_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2024.101303","volume":"103","author":"SG Asrani","year":"2024","unstructured":"Asrani SG, McGlumphy EJ, Al-Aswad LA (2024) The relationship between intraocular pressure and glaucoma: an evolving concept. Prog Retin Eye Res 103:101303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2024.101303","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"issue":"17","key":"4189_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241713211","volume":"24","author":"X Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang X, Wang M, Liu H et al (2023) The association between vascular abnormalities and glaucoma: what comes first? Int J Mol Sci 24(17):13211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms241713211","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"4189_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2024.101261","volume":"100","author":"GO Bou Ghanem","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bou Ghanem GO, Wareham LK, Calkins DJ (2024) Addressing neurodegeneration in glaucoma: mechanisms, challenges, and treatments. Prog Retin Eye Res 100:101261. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2024.101261","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"4189_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjophth-2021-000798","volume":"6","author":"R Nislawati","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nislawati R, Taufik Fadillah Zainal A, Ismail A et al (2021) Role of hypertension as a risk factor for open-angle glaucoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open Ophthalmol 6(1):e000798. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjophth-2021-000798","journal-title":"BMJ Open Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4189_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpad111","volume":"37","author":"J Van Eijgen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Van Eijgen J, Reyes BA, De Moraes CG et al (2024) The relevance of arterial blood pressure in the management of glaucoma progression: a systematic review. Am J Hypertens 37(3):179\u2013198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajh\/hpad111","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"issue":"4","key":"4189_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1080\/08164622.2021.1964332","volume":"105","author":"YK Cui","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cui YK, Pan L, Lam T et al (2022) Mechanistic links between systemic hypertension and open-angle glaucoma. Clin Exp Optom 105(4):362\u2013371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08164622.2021.1964332","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"issue":"8","key":"4189_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpac028","volume":"35","author":"JD Melgarejo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Melgarejo JD, Van Eijgen J, Maestre GE et al (2022) Open-angle glaucomatous optic neuropathy is related to dips rather than increases in mean arterial pressure over 24 hours. Am J Hypertens 35(8):703\u2013714. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajh\/hpac028","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"issue":"1","key":"4189_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2024.4868","volume":"143","author":"VQ Pham","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pham VQ, Nishida T, Moghimi S (2025) Long-term blood pressure variability and visual field progression in glaucoma. JAMA Ophthalmol 143(1):25\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2024.4868","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"10","key":"4189_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.04.016","volume":"121","author":"ME Charlson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Charlson ME, De Moraes CG, Link A et al (2014) Nocturnal systemic hypotension increases the risk of glaucoma progression. Ophthalmology 121(10):2004\u20132012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.04.016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"7","key":"4189_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.03.001","volume":"126","author":"J Kwon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kwon J, Jo YH, Jeong D et al (2019) Baseline systolic versus diastolic blood pressure dip and subsequent visual field progression in normal-tension glaucoma. Ophthalmology 126(7):967\u2013979. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.03.001","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"4189_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40662-026-00490-4","volume":"13","author":"DF Chen","year":"2026","unstructured":"Chen DF, Wang T, Zhang J et al (2026) Relationship between long-term blood pressure fluctuations and visual field progression in primary open-angle glaucoma: a prospective cohort study. Eye Vis 13:21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40662-026-00490-4","journal-title":"Eye Vis"},{"issue":"10","key":"4189_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-021-01404-5","volume":"21","author":"Y Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li Y, Mitchell W, Elze T et al (2021) Association between diabetes, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma. Curr Diab Rep 21(10):38. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11892-021-01404-5","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"4189_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.9.9","volume":"62","author":"R Amato","year":"2021","unstructured":"Amato R, Lazzara F, Chou TH et al (2021) Diabetes exacerbates the intraocular pressure-independent retinal ganglion cell degeneration in the DBA\/2J model of glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 62(9):9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.62.9.9","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"4189_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9080761","volume":"9","author":"Y Ruan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ruan Y, Jiang S, Musayeva A, Gericke A (2020) Oxidative stress and vascular dysfunction in the retina: therapeutic strategies. Antioxidants (Basel) 9(8):761. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox9080761","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"issue":"7","key":"4189_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12071465","volume":"12","author":"F Buonfiglio","year":"2023","unstructured":"Buonfiglio F, B\u00f6hm EW, Pfeiffer N, Gericke A (2023) Oxidative stress: a suitable therapeutic target for optic nerve diseases? Antioxidants (Basel) 12(7):1465. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox12071465","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"issue":"9","key":"4189_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci15090934","volume":"15","author":"M Zeppieri","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zeppieri M, Visalli F, Musa M (2025) Beyond the eye: glaucoma and the brain. Brain Sci 15(9):934. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci15090934","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"4189_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17582024.2026.2637423","author":"D Hill","year":"2026","unstructured":"Hill D, Pei K, Cordeiro MF (2026) Management of glaucoma as a neurodegenerative disease. Neurodegener Dis Manag. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17582024.2026.2637423","journal-title":"Neurodegener Dis Manag"},{"key":"4189_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10056","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66914-w","volume":"10","author":"KE Kim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kim KE, Oh S, Baek SU et al (2020) Ocular perfusion pressure and the risk of open-angle glaucoma: systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 10:10056. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-66914-w","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"4189_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0000000000002018","volume":"31","author":"AY Chang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chang AY, Tsamis E, Blumberg DM et al (2022) The role of intraocular pressure and systemic hypertension in the progression of glaucomatous damage to the macula. J Glaucoma 31(5):317\u2013321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/IJG.0000000000002018","journal-title":"J Glaucoma"},{"issue":"13","key":"4189_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.63.13.3","volume":"63","author":"C Macri","year":"2022","unstructured":"Macri C, Wong CX, Tu SJ et al (2022) Blood pressure measures and incident primary open-angle glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 63(13):3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.63.13.3","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"4189_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(95)31054-8","volume":"102","author":"I Dielemans","year":"1995","unstructured":"Dielemans I, Vingerling JR, Algra D, Hofman A, Grobbee DE, de Jong PTVM (1995) Primary open-angle glaucoma, intraocular pressure, and systemic blood pressure in the general elderly population: the Rotterdam study. Ophthalmology 102(1):54\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0161-6420(95)31054-8","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"3","key":"4189_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000001916","volume":"37","author":"J Chua","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chua J, Chin CWL, Hong J et al (2019) Impact of hypertension on retinal capillary microvasculature using optical coherence tomographic angiography. J Hypertens 37(3):572\u2013580. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/HJH.0000000000001916","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"issue":"7","key":"4189_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-020-01199-x","volume":"35","author":"CK Park","year":"2021","unstructured":"Park CK, Lee K, Kim EW et al (2021) Effect of systemic blood pressure on optical coherence tomography angiography in glaucoma patients. Eye (Lond) 35(7):1967\u20131976. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41433-020-01199-x","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"issue":"3","key":"4189_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2021.10.018","volume":"129","author":"EB Lee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lee EB, Hu W, Singh K, Wang SY (2022) The association among blood pressure, blood pressure medications, and glaucoma in a nationwide electronic health records database. Ophthalmology 129(3):276\u2013284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2021.10.018","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"4189_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2023.03.014","volume":"255","author":"G Leung","year":"2023","unstructured":"Leung G, Yu M, Weinreb RN et al (2023) A systematic review and meta-analysis of systemic antihypertensive medications with intraocular pressure and glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 255:7\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2023.03.014","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"10","key":"4189_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2023.3877","volume":"141","author":"A Kastner","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kastner A, Stuart KV, Montesano G et al (2023) Calcium channel blocker use and associated glaucoma and related traits among UK Biobank participants. JAMA Ophthalmol 141(10):956\u2013964. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2023.3877","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"9","key":"4189_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2023.05.001","volume":"130","author":"JE Vergroesen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vergroesen JE, Schuster AK, Stuart KV et al (2023) Association of systemic medication use with glaucoma and intraocular pressure: the European eye epidemiology consortium. Ophthalmology 130(9):893\u2013906. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2023.05.001","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"4189_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-43420-3","volume":"13","author":"JS Lee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lee JS, Cha HR, Bae HW et al (2023) Effect of antihypertensive medications on the risk of open-angle glaucoma. Sci Rep 13:16224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-43420-3","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"4189_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.63.6.29","volume":"63","author":"D Plotnikov","year":"2022","unstructured":"Plotnikov D, Huang Y, Khawaja AP et al (2022) High blood pressure and intraocular pressure: a Mendelian randomization study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 63(6):29. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.63.6.29","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"4189_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1024044","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.1024044","volume":"9","author":"JD Melgarejo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Melgarejo JD, Van Eijgen J, Wei D et al (2022) Progression of functional and structural glaucomatous damage in relation to diurnal and nocturnal dips in mean arterial pressure. Front Cardiovasc Med 9:1024044. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcvm.2022.1024044","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"4189_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12040866","volume":"12","author":"JH Seo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Seo JH, Lee Y (2024) Possible causal association between type 2 diabetes and glycaemic traits in primary open-angle glaucoma: a two-sample Mendelian randomisation study. Biomedicines 12(4):866. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedicines12040866","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"4189_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1506560","volume":"16","author":"Y Shi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shi Y, He X, Liu W et al (2025) Associations of diabetes mellitus with primary open-angle glaucoma and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a large cohort study in UK biobank. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 16:1506560. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2025.1506560","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"1","key":"4189_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjophth-2025-002219","volume":"10","author":"Y Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang Y, Tian Y, Quan Y et al (2025) New insights into genetic comorbidity mechanisms: type 2 diabetes and primary open-angle glaucoma. BMJ Open Ophthalmol 10(1):e002219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjophth-2025-002219","journal-title":"BMJ Open Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"8","key":"4189_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-098561","volume":"15","author":"AF Shumye","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shumye AF, Bekele MM (2025) Burden of primary open-angle glaucoma and its associated factors among adult diabetic patients in Northwest Ethiopia, 2023: a multicentre hospital-based cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 15(8):e098561. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-098561","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"6","key":"4189_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-091816","volume":"15","author":"C Lin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lin C, Jivraj S (2025) Are diabetes and blood sugar control associated with the diagnosis of eye diseases? An English prospective observational study of glaucoma, diabetic eye disease, macular degeneration and cataract diagnosis trajectories in older age. BMJ Open 15(6):e091816. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-091816","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"4189_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(95)31055-X","volume":"102","author":"JM Tielsch","year":"1995","unstructured":"Tielsch JM, Katz J, Quigley HA, Javitt JC, Sommer A (1995) Diabetes, intraocular pressure, and primary open-angle glaucoma in the Baltimore eye survey. Ophthalmology 102(1):48\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0161-6420(95)31055-X","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"10","key":"4189_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.03.063","volume":"113","author":"S de Voogd","year":"2006","unstructured":"de Voogd S, Ikram MK, Wolfs RCW et al (2006) Is diabetes mellitus a risk factor for open-angle glaucoma? Rotterdam Study Ophthalmol 113(10):1827\u20131831. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.03.063","journal-title":"Rotterdam Study Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4189_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogla.2020.09.013","volume":"4","author":"NA Johnson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Johnson NA, Jammal AA, Berchuck SI et al (2021) Effect of diabetes control on rates of structural and functional loss in patients with glaucoma. Ophthalmol Glaucoma 4(2):216\u2013223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ogla.2020.09.013","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Glaucoma"},{"issue":"8","key":"4189_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2131","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10082131","volume":"10","author":"DJ Hurley","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hurley DJ, Irnaten M, O\u2019Brien C (2021) Metformin and glaucoma: review of anti-fibrotic processes and bioenergetics. Cells 10(8):2131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells10082131","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"6","key":"4189_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0000000000002387","volume":"33","author":"Q Daka","year":"2024","unstructured":"Daka Q, Neziri B, Lindner E et al (2024) Metformin in glaucoma treatment. J Glaucoma 33(6):387\u2013393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/IJG.0000000000002387","journal-title":"J Glaucoma"},{"issue":"11","key":"4189_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3336","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1486_21","volume":"69","author":"R George","year":"2021","unstructured":"George R, Asokan R, Vijaya L (2021) Association of metformin use among diabetics and the incidence of primary open-angle glaucoma: the Chennai eye disease incidence study. Indian J Ophthalmol 69(11):3336\u20133338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1486_21","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4189_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjophth-2024-002027","volume":"10","author":"S Sidhu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sidhu S, Radha Saseendrakumar B, Varkhedi V et al (2025) Association of metformin use with primary open-angle glaucoma using data from the National Institutes of Health All of Us Program. BMJ Open Ophthalmol 10(1):e002027. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjophth-2024-002027","journal-title":"BMJ Open Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4189_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101074","volume":"6","author":"CC Xue","year":"2026","unstructured":"Xue CC, Li H, Chee ML et al (2026) Protective role of metformin in glaucoma: prospective cohort study, meta-analysis, and drug-target Mendelian randomization. Ophthalmol Sci 6(4):101074. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xops.2026.101074","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"4189_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2021-319232","volume":"107","author":"J Sterling","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sterling J, Hua P, Dunaief JL et al (2023) Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist use is associated with reduced risk for glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol 107(2):215\u2013220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2021-319232","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"9","key":"4189_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.03.004","volume":"131","author":"S Niazi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Niazi S, Gnesin F, Thein AS et al (2024) Association between glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and the risk of glaucoma in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Ophthalmology 131(9):1056\u20131063. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.03.004","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"3","key":"4189_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.90273","volume":"21","author":"CC Chuang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chuang CC, Wang K, Chang CK et al (2024) Prescription of glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists and risk of subsequent open-angle glaucoma in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Int J Med Sci 21(3):540\u2013546. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7150\/ijms.90273","journal-title":"Int J Med Sci"},{"key":"4189_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1156829","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2023.1156829","volume":"17","author":"ECN Lawrence","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lawrence ECN, Guo M, Schwartz TD et al (2023) Topical and systemic GLP-1 receptor agonist administration both rescue retinal ganglion cells in hypertensive glaucoma. Front Cell Neurosci 17:1156829. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fncel.2023.1156829","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"4189_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/edm2.70059","volume":"8","author":"M Asif","year":"2025","unstructured":"Asif M, Asif A, Rahman UA et al (2025) Incidence of glaucoma in type 2 diabetes patients treated with GLP-1 receptor agonists: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab 8(4):e70059. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/edm2.70059","journal-title":"Endocrinol Diabetes Metab"},{"key":"4189_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.824054","volume":"16","author":"ZA Mouhammad","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mouhammad ZA, Vohra R, Horwitz A et al (2022) Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists: potential game changers in the treatment of glaucoma? Front Neurosci 16:824054. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2022.824054","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"4189_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.108271","volume":"33","author":"JK Sterling","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sterling JK, Adetunji MO, Guttha S et al (2020) GLP-1 receptor agonist NLY01 reduces retinal inflammation and neuron death secondary to ocular hypertension. Cell Rep 33(5):108271. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.108271","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"4189_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2024.10.029","volume":"271","author":"K Eng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Eng K, Zebardast N, Boland MV et al (2025) Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors for the primary prevention of glaucoma in patients with type 2 diabetes: a target trial emulation. Am J Ophthalmol 271:286\u2013298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2024.10.029","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4189_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-024-01532-4","volume":"16","author":"F Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li F, Luo Y, Li X et al (2024) Association between metabolic syndrome and the risk of glaucoma: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Diabetol Metab Syndr 16(1):300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13098-024-01532-4","journal-title":"Diabetol Metab Syndr"},{"issue":"9","key":"4189_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0000000000001593","volume":"29","author":"GW Roddy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Roddy GW (2020) Metabolic syndrome is associated with ocular hypertension and glaucoma. J Glaucoma 29(9):726\u2013731. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/IJG.0000000000001593","journal-title":"J Glaucoma"},{"issue":"3","key":"4189_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2019.0048","volume":"44","author":"Y Jung","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jung Y, Han K, Park HYL et al (2020) Metabolic health, obesity, and the risk of developing open-angle glaucoma: metabolically healthy obese patients versus metabolically unhealthy but normal-weight patients. Diabetes Metab J 44(3):414\u2013425. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4093\/dmj.2019.0048","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab J"},{"issue":"1","key":"4189_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-023-01151-5","volume":"15","author":"JH Lee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lee JH, Kwon YJ, Kim SJ et al (2023) Metabolic syndrome as an independent risk factor for glaucoma: a nationally representative study. Diabetol Metab Syndr 15(1):177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13098-023-01151-5","journal-title":"Diabetol Metab Syndr"},{"issue":"9","key":"4189_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-22-3381","volume":"11","author":"J Baek","year":"2023","unstructured":"Baek J, Jung Y, Ohn K et al (2023) Association between localised retinal nerve fibre layer defects in nonglaucomatous eyes and metabolic syndrome: a propensity score-matched analysis. Ann Transl Med 11(9):316","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"4189_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2021.08.021","volume":"129","author":"AA Jammal","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jammal AA, Berchuck SI, Mariottoni EB et al (2022) Blood pressure and glaucomatous progression in a large clinical population. Ophthalmology 129(2):161\u2013170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2021.08.021","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"1","key":"4189_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0000000000001964","volume":"31","author":"RO Funk","year":"2022","unstructured":"Funk RO, Hodge DO, Kohli D, Roddy GW (2022) Multiple systemic vascular risk factors are associated with low-tension glaucoma. J Glaucoma 31(1):15\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/IJG.0000000000001964","journal-title":"J Glaucoma"},{"key":"4189_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2016.12.003","volume":"57","author":"X Sun","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sun X, Dai Y, Chen Y et al (2017) Primary angle-closure glaucoma: what we know and what we do not know. Prog Retin Eye Res 57:26\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2016.12.003","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"4189_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58121870","volume":"58","author":"D Urbonavi\u010di\u016bt\u0117","year":"2022","unstructured":"Urbonavi\u010di\u016bt\u0117 D, Buteikien\u0117 D, Janulevi\u010dien\u0117 I (2022) A review of neovascular glaucoma: aetiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. Medicina (Kaunas) 58(12):1870. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina58121870","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"issue":"3","key":"4189_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2022.6092","volume":"141","author":"V Mohammadzadeh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mohammadzadeh V, Su E, Mohammadi M et al (2023) Association of blood pressure with rates of macular ganglion cell complex thinning in patients with glaucoma. JAMA Ophthalmol 141(3):251\u2013257. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2022.6092","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4189_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pbj.0000000000000104","volume":"5","author":"M Lima-Fontes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lima-Fontes M, Barata P, Falc\u00e3o M, Carneiro \u00c2 (2020) Ocular findings in metabolic syndrome: a review. Porto Biomed J 5(6):e104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/j.pbj.0000000000000104","journal-title":"Porto Biomed J"},{"issue":"12","key":"4189_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo-2023-324528","volume":"108","author":"V Mohammadzadeh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mohammadzadeh V, Liang Y, Moghimi S et al (2024) Detection of glaucoma progression on longitudinal series of en-face macular optical coherence tomography angiography images with a deep learning model. Br J Ophthalmol 108(12):1688\u20131693. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjo-2023-324528","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4189_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering11020122","volume":"11","author":"Y Zhu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhu Y, Salowe R, Chow C et al (2024) Advancing glaucoma care: integrating artificial intelligence in diagnosis, management, and progression detection. Bioengineering (Basel) 11(2):122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bioengineering11020122","journal-title":"Bioengineering (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"4189_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4103\/joco.joco_1_25","volume":"37","author":"P Bhardwaj","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bhardwaj P, Shukla S, Nafees S et al (2025) Identifying modifiable risk factors for glaucoma. J Curr Ophthalmol 37(1):1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/joco.joco_1_25","journal-title":"J Curr Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"10","key":"4189_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.70162","volume":"7","author":"K Tang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tang K, Wang W, Chang W et al (2024) Genetically proxied antidiabetic drug target and primary open-angle glaucoma: a Mendelian randomization study. Health Sci Rep 7(10):e70162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hsr2.70162","journal-title":"Health Sci Rep"},{"key":"4189_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1304512","volume":"15","author":"XF Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang XF, Zhang XW, Liu YJ et al (2024) The causal effect of hypertension, intraocular pressure, and diabetic retinopathy: a Mendelian randomization study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 15:1304512. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2024.1304512","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"}],"container-title":["International Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10792-026-04189-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10792-026-04189-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10792-026-04189-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T11:59:53Z","timestamp":1784721593000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10792-026-04189-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4189"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10792-026-04189-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1573-2630"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1573-2630","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable. This article is a structured narrative review of previously published literature and did not involve new research with human participants or animals.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"308"}}