{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T04:29:03Z","timestamp":1786681743419,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786665600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research to Prevent Blindness, Inc., NYC, NY"},{"name":"Foley Research Fund, New York, NY"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int Ophthalmol"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-026-04209-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T04:05:19Z","timestamp":1786680319000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Inter-individual biological variability of retinal layer thickness on optical coherence tomography scans"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Yasseen","family":"Amellal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Onur","family":"\u0130nam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maide G\u00f6zde","family":"\u0130nam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doru","family":"Gucer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vlad","family":"Diaconita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tongalp H.","family":"Tezel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"4209_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1985.01050120030015","volume":"103","author":"Group ETDRSR","year":"1985","unstructured":"Group ETDRSR (1985) Photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema. early treatment diabetic retinopathy study report number 1. Arch Ophthalmol 103(12):1796\u20131806. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archopht.1985.01050120030015","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4209_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1991.01080080069030","volume":"104","author":"Group MPS","year":"1986","unstructured":"Group MPS (1986) Argon laser photocoagulation for neovascular maculopathy. Three-year results from randomized clinical trials. Arch Ophthalmol 104(5):694\u2013701. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archopht.1991.01080080069030","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4209_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1007\/bf02172962","volume":"226","author":"JB Jonas","year":"1988","unstructured":"Jonas JB, Gusek GC, Guggenmoos-Holzmann I, Naumann GO (1988) Variability of the real dimensions of normal human optic discs. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 226(4):332\u2013336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf02172962","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4209_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2015.03.007","volume":"100","author":"L Stuart","year":"1982","unstructured":"Stuart L, Fine M (1982) Argon laser photocoagulation for senile macular degeneration Results of a randomized clinical trial. Arch Ophthalmol 100(6):912\u2013918. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cct.2015.03.007","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4209_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1050120","volume":"192","author":"JB Jonas","year":"1988","unstructured":"Jonas JB, Gusek GC, Naumann GO (1988) Parapapillary diameter of retinal vessels. I. Estimating the size of the optic papilla (a papillometric study of over 264 normal eyes). Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 192(4):325\u2013328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-2008-1050120","journal-title":"Klin Monbl Augenheilkd"},{"issue":"6","key":"4209_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1007\/bf02169209","volume":"226","author":"JB Jonas","year":"1988","unstructured":"Jonas JB, Gusek GC, Naumann GO (1988) Optic disk morphometry in high myopia. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 226(6):587\u2013590. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf02169209","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"11","key":"4209_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.123.11.1484","volume":"123","author":"MD Davis","year":"2005","unstructured":"Davis MD, Gangnon RE, Lee LY, Hubbard LD, Klein BE, Klein R et al (2005) The age-related eye disease study severity scale for age-related macular degeneration: AREDS Report No 17. Arch Ophthalmol 123(11):1484\u20131498. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archopht.123.11.1484","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4209_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/s0161-6420(95)31034-2","volume":"102","author":"JR Vingerling","year":"1995","unstructured":"Vingerling JR, Dielemans I, Hofman A, Grobbee DE, Hijmering M, Kramer CF et al (1995) The prevalence of age-related maculopathy in the Rotterdam study. Ophthalmology 102(2):205\u2013210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0161-6420(95)31034-2","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"1","key":"4209_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2019.4821","volume":"138","author":"S Llanas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Llanas S, Linderman RE, Chen FK, Carroll J (2020) Assessing the use of incorrectly scaled optical coherence tomography angiography images in peer-reviewed studies: a systematic review. JAMA Ophthalmol 138(1):86\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2019.4821","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"12","key":"4209_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.10.12.27","volume":"10","author":"KE Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee KE, Heitkotter H, Carroll J (2021) Challenges associated with ellipsoid zone intensity measurements using optical coherence tomography. Transl Vis Sci Technol 10(12):27. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/tvst.10.12.27","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"issue":"13","key":"4209_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5479","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-19816","volume":"57","author":"C Balaratnasingam","year":"2016","unstructured":"Balaratnasingam C, Yannuzzi LA, Curcio CA, Morgan WH, Querques G, Capuano V et al (2016) Associations between retinal pigment epithelium and drusen volume changes during the lifecycle of large drusenoid pigment epithelial detachments. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 57(13):5479\u20135489. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.16-19816","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"4209_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.02.023","volume":"121","author":"G Staurenghi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Staurenghi G, Sadda S, Chakravarthy U, Spaide RF (2014) Proposed lexicon for anatomic landmarks in normal posterior segment spectral-domain optical coherence tomography: the IN\u00b7OCT consensus. Ophthalmology 121(8):1572\u20131578. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.02.023","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"8","key":"4209_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5836","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-12557","volume":"54","author":"K Ratnam","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ratnam K, Carroll J, Porco TC, Duncan JL, Roorda A (2013) Relationship between foveal cone structure and clinical measures of visual function in patients with inherited retinal degenerations. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 54(8):5836\u20135847. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.13-12557","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"4209_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.10.036","volume":"120","author":"FL Ferris 3rd","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ferris FL 3rd, Wilkinson CP, Bird A, Chakravarthy U, Chew E, Csaky K et al (2013) Clinical classification of age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 120(4):844\u2013851. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.10.036","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"6","key":"4209_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13061178","volume":"13","author":"G Kalra","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kalra G, Cetin H, Whitney J, Yordi S, Cakir Y, McConville C et al (2023) Automated identification and segmentation of ellipsoid zone at-risk using deep learning on SD-OCT for predicting progression in dry AMD. Diagnostics 13(6):1178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics13061178","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"4209_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.03.042","volume":"216","author":"U Schmidt-Erfurth","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schmidt-Erfurth U, Bogunovic H, Grechenig C, Bui P, Fabianska M, Waldstein S et al (2020) Role of deep learning-quantified hyperreflective foci for the prediction of geographic atrophy progression. Am J Ophthalmol 216:257\u2013270. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.03.042","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4209_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.08.038","volume":"125","author":"M Fleckenstein","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fleckenstein M, Mitchell P, Freund KB, Sadda S, Holz FG, Brittain C et al (2018) The progression of geographic atrophy secondary to age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 125(3):369\u2013390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.08.038","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"10","key":"4209_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2020.2914","volume":"138","author":"M Pfau","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pfau M, von der Emde L, de Sisternes L, Hallak JA, Leng T, Schmitz-Valckenberg S et al (2020) Progression of photoreceptor degeneration in geographic atrophy secondary to age-related macular degeneration. JAMA Ophthalmol 138(10):1026\u20131034. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2020.2914","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"7","key":"4209_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4934","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-11913","volume":"54","author":"N Demirkaya","year":"2013","unstructured":"Demirkaya N, van Dijk HW, van Schuppen SM, Abr\u00e0moff MD, Garvin MK, Sonka M et al (2013) Effect of age on individual retinal layer thickness in normal eyes as measured with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 54(7):4934\u20134940. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.13-11913","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"4209_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s12038-007-0029-9","volume":"32","author":"P Aggarwal","year":"2007","unstructured":"Aggarwal P, Nag TC, Wadhwa S (2007) Age-related decrease in rod bipolar cell density of the human retina: an immunohistochemical study. J Biosci 32(2):293\u2013298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12038-007-0029-9","journal-title":"J Biosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"4209_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.5.3.6","volume":"5","author":"R Ramachandran","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ramachandran R, Cai CX, Lee D, Epstein BC, Locke KG, Birch DG, Hood DC (2016) Reliability of a manual procedure for marking the ez endpoint location in patients with retinitis pigmentosa. Trans Vis Sci Technol. 5(3):6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/tvst.5.3.6","journal-title":"Trans Vis Sci Technol."},{"issue":"3","key":"4209_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e31821f5d69","volume":"32","author":"Y Song","year":"2012","unstructured":"Song Y, Lee BR, Shin YW, Lee YJ (2012) Overcoming segmentation errors in measurements of macular thickness made by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Retina 32(3):569\u2013580. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/IAE.0b013e31821f5d69","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"4209_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2016.10.020","volume":"174","author":"SL Mansberger","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mansberger SL, Menda SA, Fortune BA, Gardiner SK, Demirel S (2017) Automated segmentation errors when using optical coherence tomography to measure retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 174:1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2016.10.020","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4209_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-019-01276-5","volume":"40","author":"YS Yoon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yoon YS, Park CU, Song JH, Min JK (2020) Comparison of retinal layer thickness measurements obtained using two different swept-source optical coherence tomography imaging modes. Int Ophthalmol 40(5):1111\u20131121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10792-019-01276-5","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4209_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s40942-020-0207-6","volume":"6","author":"AGB de Azevedo","year":"2020","unstructured":"de Azevedo AGB, Takitani G, Godoy BR, Marianelli BF, Saraiva V, Tavares IM et al (2020) Impact of manual correction over automated segmentation of spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Int J Retina Vitreous 6:4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40942-020-0207-6","journal-title":"Int J Retina Vitreous"},{"issue":"1","key":"4209_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46294-6","volume":"9","author":"AA Jammal","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jammal AA, Thompson AC, Ogata NG, Mariottoni EB, Urata CN, Costa VP et al (2019) Detecting retinal nerve fibre layer segmentation errors on spectral domain-optical coherence tomography with a deep learning algorithm. Sci Rep 9(1):9836. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-46294-6","journal-title":"Sci Rep"}],"container-title":["International Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10792-026-04209-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10792-026-04209-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10792-026-04209-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T04:05:20Z","timestamp":1786680320000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10792-026-04209-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4209"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10792-026-04209-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1573-2630"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1573-2630","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that no conflicting financial or non-financial relationship exists for any author.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study received approval from Columbia University\u2019s institutional review board, complied with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, and was conducted in accordance with Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act regulations. Given the retrospective nature of the study, the requirement for individual informed consent was waived by the Institutional Review Board.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable. This manuscript does not contain any individual person\u2019s identifiable data.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable. This manuscript does not contain any individual person\u2019s identifiable data.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"333"}}