{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:20:07Z","timestamp":1788308407874,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788307200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universidade Federal De Roraima"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int Ophthalmol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study provides the first systematic characterisation of IOP, optic disc C\/D ratio, and fundoscopic findings in the Yanomami, one of the largest and most geographically isolated Indigenous peoples of the Amazon, and identifies findings suggestive of glaucoma.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Cross-sectional observational study conducted June\u2013August 2024 at the Yanomami Indigenous Health House (CASAI-Y), Boa Vista, Brazil. One hundred fifty-eight self-identified Yanomami individuals aged \u2009\u2265\u20095\u00a0years were examined. Non-contact tonometry (Huvitz HNT-7000), portable non-mydriatic fundus photography (Eyer), portable slit-lamp biomicroscopy, and direct ophthalmoscopy were performed. C\/D ratio was graded by fundus photographic review. Associations were assessed by OR with 95% CI, Student t test, one-way ANOVA, Fisher exact test, and Spearman and Pearson correlation.\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      values were adjusted for multiple comparisons using the Benjamini\u2013Hochberg procedure.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 151 participants with assessable IOP (secondary glaucoma case excluded from descriptive analysis), mean IOP was 13.64\u00a0mmHg (SD 1.59) OD and 13.93\u00a0mmHg (SD 1.75) OS; ocular hypertension was identified in 1 participant (0.66%). Mean C\/D ratio was 0.261 (SD 0.129) OD and 0.267 (SD 0.138) OS among 148 participants; 3 (2.03%) had C\/D \u2009&gt;\u20090.5 in at least one eye. No significant IOP\u2013C\/D correlation was found (Spearman r\u209b = 0.105,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .210 OD; r\u209b = 0.058,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .496 OS). Secondary angle-closure glaucoma was confirmed in one participant (IOP 35\/55\u00a0mmHg, 360\u00b0 synechiae, no light perception). Two further participants had findings suggestive of primary glaucoma. Ocular trauma was associated with retinal cicatricial lesions (OR 13.41; 95% CI 2.55\u201370.35;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .008; P adj = .036) and, without retaining significance after adjustment for multiple comparisons, with fundoscopic abnormality (OR 7.98; 95% CI 1.26\u201350.55;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .04; P adj = .10); both estimates rest on 7 trauma-exposed participants. No diabetic retinopathy was identified.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study provides the first quantitative ophthalmic baseline for the Yanomami regarding IOP, optic disc morphology, and fundoscopic findings. Primary open-angle glaucoma does not appear to constitute a relevant burden. Secondary glaucoma from complicated cataract is the most preventable severe presentation. Angle-closure glaucoma remains uncharacterised. Cataract surgical access, camerular angle screening, and glaucoma investigation are unmet priorities in this population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-026-04234-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:05:57Z","timestamp":1788307557000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Glaucoma spectrum findings among the Yanomami Indigenous people of the Brazilian Amazon"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6994-8387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Christina Chagas","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1752-0761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcos Antonio","family":"Pellegrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7652-8536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bianca Jorge","family":"Sequeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6246-2679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louise Christina Gon\u00e7alves Vasconce","family":"Siqueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6538-5111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hevila","family":"Rolim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"4234_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.05.013","volume":"121","author":"YC Tham","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tham YC, Li X, Wong TY, Quigley HA, Aung T, Cheng CY (2014) Global prevalence of glaucoma and projections of glaucoma burden through 2040: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 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No financial support, provision of study materials, medical writing assistance, or article processing charges were received. All authors have completed and submitted the ICMJE Disclosure Form.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Research Ethics Committee, Universidade Federal de Roraima, and CONEP (No. 6.479.368-CEP\/CONEP). Conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Informed consent or assent was obtained from all participants or their legal guardians. Given the high prevalence of illiteracy, the consent process was conducted orally with certified Indigenous interpreters and audio-recorded.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Individual participant data cannot be shared without prior consultation and formal authorisation from the Yanomami communities involved, pursuant to Indigenous community governance requirements and ethical oversight by CONEP. Requests may be addressed to the corresponding author and will be reviewed individually, subject to community approval.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Data sharing","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"During preparation of this work, the authors used Claude (Anthropic, San Francisco, CA, USA) to support language editing and manuscript structuring in English, and to assist in re-checking statistical computations against the primary dataset. All study design, analytical decisions, interpretation, and final validation of results were performed by the authors. After using this tool, the authors reviewed and edited all content and take full responsibility for the integrity and accuracy of the final version.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","label":"Generative AI declaration","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"368"}}