{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T20:24:27Z","timestamp":1781209467201,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,7]],"date-time":"2012-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1346976000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Abnorm Child Psychol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-012-9677-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,6]],"date-time":"2012-09-06T01:55:11Z","timestamp":1346896511000},"page":"339-353","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Prospective Risk Factors for Adolescent PTSD: Sources of Differential Exposure and Differential Vulnerability"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Milan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"Zona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenna","family":"Acker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viana","family":"Turcios-Cotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"9677_CR1","volume-title":"Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist\/4-18 and 1991 Profile","author":"T Achenbach","year":"1991","unstructured":"Achenbach, T. (1991). Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist\/4-18 and 1991 Profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont Department of Psychiatry."},{"issue":"5","key":"9677_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2011.597081","volume":"40","author":"MA Allwood","year":"2011","unstructured":"Allwood, M. A., Bell, D. J., & Horan, J. (2011). Posttrauma numbing of fear, detachment, and arousal predict delinquent behaviors in early adolescence. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 40(5), 659\u2013667.","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology"},{"key":"9677_CR3","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.","edition":"4"},{"key":"9677_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2011.01.010","volume":"25","author":"C Armour","year":"2011","unstructured":"Armour, C., Elhai, J., Layne, C., Shevlin, M., Durakovi\u0107-Belko, E., Djapo, N., et al. (2011). Gender differences in the factor structure of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in war-exposed adolescents. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25, 604\u2013611.","journal-title":"Journal of Anxiety Disorders"},{"key":"9677_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2010.11.004","volume":"25","author":"LA Ayer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ayer, L. A., Cisler, J. M., Danielson, C. K., Amstadter, A. B., Saunders, B. E., & Kilpatrick, D. G. (2011). Adolescent posttraumatic stress disorder: an examination of factor structure reliability in two national samples. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25, 411\u2013421.","journal-title":"Journal of Anxiety Disorders"},{"key":"9677_CR6","volume-title":"The impact of exposure to violence on African American and Latina adolescent mothers and their preschool children","author":"S Belay","year":"2007","unstructured":"Belay, S., Snow, S., & Milan, S. (2007). The impact of exposure to violence on African American and Latina adolescent mothers and their preschool children. Boston, MA: Poster Presentation at the Society for Research in Child Development."},{"key":"9677_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1037\/a0017376","volume":"135","author":"J Belsky","year":"2009","unstructured":"Belsky, J., & Pluess, M. (2009). Beyond diathesis stress: differential susceptibility to environmental influences. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 885\u2013908.","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"9677_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1080\/10615800802638279","volume":"23","author":"M Benoit","year":"2010","unstructured":"Benoit, M., Bouthillier, D., Moss, E., Rousseau, C., & Brunet, A. (2010). Emotion regulation strategies as mediators of the association between level of attachment security and PTSD symptoms following trauma in adulthood. Anxiety, Stress & Coping: An International Journal, 23, 101\u2013118.","journal-title":"Anxiety, Stress & Coping: An International Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"9677_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1080\/10615800801950584","volume":"21","author":"A Bokszczanin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bokszczanin, A. (2008). Parental support, family conflict, and overprotectiveness: predicting PTSD symptom levels of adolescents 28\u00a0months after a natural disaster. Anxiety, Stress & Coping: An International Journal, 21(4), 325\u2013335.","journal-title":"Anxiety, Stress & Coping: An International Journal"},{"key":"9677_CR10","volume-title":"The \u201cMy exposure to violence interviews\u201d: administration and scoring manual, version 3","author":"SL Buka","year":"1997","unstructured":"Buka, S. L., Selner-O\u2019Hagan, M. B., Kindlon, D. J., & Earls, F. J. (1997). The \u201cMy exposure to violence interviews\u201d: administration and scoring manual, version 3. Boston, MA: Harvard School of Public Health."},{"key":"9677_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1037\/0002-9432.71.3.298","volume":"71","author":"S Buka","year":"2001","unstructured":"Buka, S., Stichick, T., Birdthistle, I., & Earls, F. (2001). Youth exposure to violence: prevalence, risks and consequences. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 71, 298\u2013310.","journal-title":"American Journal of Orthopsychiatry"},{"key":"9677_CR12","volume-title":"Temperament: early developing personality traits","author":"A Buss","year":"1984","unstructured":"Buss, A., & Plomin, R. (1984). Temperament: early developing personality traits. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum."},{"key":"9677_CR13","volume-title":"Home observation for measurement of the environment","author":"B Caldwell","year":"1984","unstructured":"Caldwell, B., & Bradley, R. (1984). Home observation for measurement of the environment (Revised ed.). Little Rock: University of Arkansas.","edition":"Revised"},{"issue":"8","key":"9677_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2010.09081247","volume":"167","author":"M Cloitre","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cloitre, M., Stovall-McClough, K. C., Nooner, K., Zorbas, P., Cherry, S., Jackson, C. L., et al. (2010). Treatment for PTSD related to childhood abuse: a randomized controlled trial. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 167(8), 915\u2013924.","journal-title":"The American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"9677_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.64.5.577","volume":"64","author":"WE Copeland","year":"2007","unstructured":"Copeland, W. E., Keeler, G., Angold, A., & Costello, E. J. (2007). Traumatic events and posttraumatic stress in childhood. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64, 577\u2013584.","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"9677_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.115.4.753","volume":"115","author":"LM Cortina","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cortina, L. M., & Kubiak, S. P. (2006). Gender and posttraumatic stress: Sexual violence as an explanation for women\u2019s increased risk. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115(4), 753\u2013759.","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"key":"9677_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cougle, J., Resnick, H., & Kilpatrick, D. (2009). Does prior exposure to interpersonal violence increase risk of PTSD following subsequent exposure? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47, 1012\u20131017.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2009.07.014"},{"key":"9677_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200005000-00011","volume":"39","author":"WB Daviss","year":"2000","unstructured":"Daviss, W. B., Mooney, D., Racusin, R., Ford, J., Fleischer, A., & McHugo, G. (2000). Predicting posttraumatic stress after hospitalization for pediatric injury. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 576\u2013583.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"9677_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chc.2005.05.006","volume":"14","author":"MD Bellis De","year":"2005","unstructured":"De Bellis, M. D., & Van Dillen, T. (2005). Childhood posttraumatic stress disorder: an overview. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 14, 745\u2013772.","journal-title":"Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America"},{"key":"9677_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsp116","volume":"35","author":"MD Bellis De","year":"2010","unstructured":"De Bellis, M. D., Hooper, S. R., Woolley, D. P., & Shenk, C. E. (2010). Demographic, maltreatment, and neurobiological correlates of PTSD symptoms in children and adolescents. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 35, 570\u2013577.","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"9677_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021529","volume":"78","author":"S Doron-LaMarca","year":"2010","unstructured":"Doron-LaMarca, S., Vogt, D. S., King, D. W., King, L. A., & Saxe, G. N. (2010). Pretrauma problems, prior stressor exposure, and gender as predictors of change in posttraumatic stress symptoms among physically injured children and adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78(6), 781\u2013793.","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"9677_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20624","volume":"24","author":"L Elwood","year":"2011","unstructured":"Elwood, L., Smith, D., Resnick, H., Gudmundsdottir, B., Amstadter, A., Hanson, R., et al. (2011). Predictors of rape: findings from the national survey of adolescents. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 24(2), 166\u2013173.","journal-title":"Journal of Traumatic Stress"},{"key":"9677_CR23","first-page":"1","volume":"19","author":"J Fairbank","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fairbank, J. (2008). The epidemiology of trauma and trauma related disorders in children and youth. PTSD Research Quarterly, 19, 1\u20138.","journal-title":"PTSD Research Quarterly"},{"key":"9677_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559504271287","volume":"10","author":"D Finkelhor","year":"2005","unstructured":"Finkelhor, D., Ormrod, R. K., Turner, H. A., & Hamby, S. L. (2005). The victimization of children and youth: a comprehensive, national survey. Child Maltreatment, 10, 5\u201325.","journal-title":"Child Maltreatment"},{"key":"9677_CR25","volume-title":"Child psychopathology","author":"KE Fletcher","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fletcher, K. E. (2003). Childhood posttraumatic stress disorder. In E. J. Mash & R. A. Barkley (Eds.), Child psychopathology (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guildford Press.","edition":"2"},{"issue":"4","key":"9677_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.psychotherapy.2006.60.4.335","volume":"60","author":"J Ford","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ford, J., & Russo, E. (2006). Trauma-focused, present-centered, emotional self-regulation approach to integrated treatment for posttraumatic stress and addiction: Trauma Adapative Recovery Group Education and Therapy (TARGET). American Journal of Psychotherapy, 60(4), 335\u2013355.","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychotherapy"},{"key":"9677_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579409000145","volume":"21","author":"PJ Fowler","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fowler, P. J., Tompsett, C., Braciszewski, J., Jacques-Tiura, A., & Baltes, B. (2009). Community violence: a meta-analysis on the effect of exposure and mental health outcomes of children and adolescents. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 227\u2013259.","journal-title":"Development and Psychopathology"},{"issue":"3","key":"9677_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.115.3.484","volume":"115","author":"MW Gilbertson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gilbertson, M. W., Paulus, L. A., Williston, S. K., Gurvits, T. V., Lasko, N. B., & Pitman, R. K. (2006). Neurocognitive function in monozygotic twins discordant for combat exposure: relationship to posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115(3), 484\u2013495.","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"key":"9677_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.100.4.555","volume":"100","author":"C Hammen","year":"1991","unstructured":"Hammen, C. (1991). The generation of stress in the course of unipolar depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 555\u2013561.","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"key":"9677_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559505279295","volume":"13","author":"RF Hanson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hanson, R. F., Self-Brown, S., Fricker-Elhai, A., Kilpatrick, D., Saunders, B., & Resnick, H. (2006). The relations between family environment and violence exposure among youth: findings from the national survey of adolescents. Child Maltreatment, 13, 3\u201315.","journal-title":"Child Maltreatment"},{"key":"9677_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TA.0000159247.48547.7D","volume":"58","author":"T Holbrook","year":"2005","unstructured":"Holbrook, T., Hoyt, D., Coimbra, R., Potenza, B., Sise, M., & Anderson, J. (2005). Long-term posttraumatic stress disorder persists after major trauma in adolescents: new data on risk factors and functional outcome. Journal of Trauma, 58, 764\u2013771.","journal-title":"Journal of Trauma"},{"key":"9677_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.2307\/1143790","volume":"82","author":"D Huizinga","year":"1991","unstructured":"Huizinga, D., Esbenson, F., & Weihar, A. (1991). Are there multiple paths to delinquency? The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 82, 83\u2013118.","journal-title":"The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology"},{"issue":"3","key":"9677_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20648","volume":"24","author":"KL Hunt","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hunt, K. L., Martens, P. M., & Belcher, H. M. E. (2011). Risky business: trauma exposure and rate of posttraumatic stress disorder in African American children and adolescents. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 24(3), 365\u2013369.","journal-title":"Journal of Traumatic Stress"},{"key":"9677_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412984515","volume-title":"Interaction effects in logistic regression","author":"J Jaccard","year":"2001","unstructured":"Jaccard, J. (2001). Interaction effects in logistic regression. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publishers."},{"key":"9677_CR35","volume-title":"Family history and assessment module","author":"A Janca","year":"1992","unstructured":"Janca, A., Bucholz, K., & Janca, I. (1992). Family history and assessment module. St. Louis, MO: Washington University of Medicine."},{"key":"9677_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1080\/10398560801982580","volume":"16","author":"M Jessop","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jessop, M., Scott, J., & Nurcombe, B. (2008). Hallucinations in adolescent inpatients with post-traumatic stress disorder and schizophrenia: similarities and differences. Australasian Psychiatry, 16, 268\u2013272.","journal-title":"Australasian Psychiatry"},{"key":"9677_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291706009019","volume":"37","author":"KC Koenen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Koenen, K. C., Moffitt, T. E., Poulton, R., Martin, J., & Caspi, A. (2007). Early childhood factors associated with the development of posttraumatic stress disorder: results from a longitudinal birth cohort. Psychological Medicine, 37, 181\u2013192.","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"9677_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.66.6.883","volume":"66","author":"AM Greca La","year":"1998","unstructured":"La Greca, A. M., Silverman, W. K., & Wasserstein, S. B. (1998). Children\u2019s predisaster functioning as a predictor of posttraumatic stress following Hurricane Andrew. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 883\u2013892.","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"9677_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2010.12.005","volume":"25","author":"DL Lafleur","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lafleur, D. L., Petty, C., Mancuso, E., McCarthy, K., Biederman, J., Faro, A., et al. (2011). Traumatic events and obsessive compulsive disorder in children and adolescents: is there a link? Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25, 513\u2013519.","journal-title":"Journal of Anxiety Disorders"},{"key":"9677_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.00378.x","volume":"46","author":"LJ Lengua","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lengua, L. J., Long, A. C., Smith, K. I., & Meltzoff, A. N. (2005). Pre-attack symptomatology and temperament as predictors of children\u2019s responses to the September 11 terrorist attacks. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46, 631\u2013645.","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"key":"9677_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20658","volume":"24","author":"J Loeb","year":"2011","unstructured":"Loeb, J., Stettler, E., Gavila, T., Stein, A., & Chinitz, S. (2011). The Child Behavior Checklist PTSD Scale: Screening for PTSD in young children with high exposure to trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 24, 430\u2013434.","journal-title":"Journal of Traumatic Stress"},{"key":"9677_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260508325494","volume":"24","author":"R Luthra","year":"2009","unstructured":"Luthra, R., Abramovitz, R., Greenberg, R., Schoor, A., Newcorn, J., Schmeidler, J., et al. (2009). Relationship between type of trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder among urban children and adolescents. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 24, 1919\u20131927.","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"issue":"S","key":"9677_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1037\/2160-4096.1.S.63","volume":"1","author":"G Margolin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Margolin, G., & Vickerman, K. (2011). Posttraumatic stress in children and adolescents exposed to family violence: I. Overview and issues. Couple and Family Psychology: Research and Practice, 1(S), 63\u201373.","journal-title":"Couple and Family Psychology: Research and Practice"},{"key":"9677_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2011.533411","volume":"40","author":"MR McCart","year":"2011","unstructured":"McCart, M. R., Zajac, K., Danielson, C., Strachan, M., Ruggiero, K. J., Smith, D. W., et al. (2011). Interpersonal victimization, posttraumatic stress disorder, and change in adolescent substance use prevalence over a ten-year period. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 40, 136\u2013143.","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"9677_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.3109\/00048670903489916","volume":"44","author":"B McDermott","year":"2010","unstructured":"McDermott, B., Cobham, V., Berry, H., & Stallman, H. (2010). Vulnerability factors for disaster-induced child post-traumatic stress disorder: the case for low family resilience and previous mental illness. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 44(4), 384\u2013389.","journal-title":"Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"9677_CR46","volume-title":"Family environment scale manual: Development, applications, research","author":"R Moos","year":"1994","unstructured":"Moos, R., & Moos, B. (1994). Family environment scale manual: Development, applications, research (3rd ed.). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologist Press.","edition":"3"},{"key":"9677_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199910000-00012","volume":"38","author":"C Morgan","year":"1999","unstructured":"Morgan, C., & Cauce, A. M. (1999). Predicting DSM-III-R disorders from the youth self-report: analysis of data from a field study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 1237\u20131245.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"9677_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2010.04.007","volume":"30","author":"MB Powers","year":"2010","unstructured":"Powers, M. B., Halpern, J. M., Ferenschak, M. P., Gillihan, S. J., & Foa, E. B. (2010). A meta-analytic review of prolonged exposure for posttraumatic stress disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 635\u2013641.","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"key":"9677_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(99)00262-0","volume":"46","author":"R Pynoos","year":"1999","unstructured":"Pynoos, R., Steinberg, A., & Piacentini, J. (1999). A developmental psychopathology model of childhood traumatic stress and intersection with anxiety disorders. Biological Psychiatry, 46, 1542\u20131554.","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"9677_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20450","volume":"22","author":"RS Pynoos","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pynoos, R. S., Steinberg, A. M., Layne, C. M., Briggs, E. C., Ostrowski, S. A., & Fairbank, J. A. (2009). DSM-V PTSD diagnostic criteria for children and adolescents: a developmental perspective and recommendations. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22(5), 391\u2013398.","journal-title":"Journal of Traumatic Stress"},{"issue":"5","key":"9677_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2007.12.002","volume":"28","author":"GM Rosen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rosen, G. M., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (2008). Posttraumatic stress disorder: an empirical evaluation of core assumptions. Clinical Psychological Review, 28(5), 837\u2013868.","journal-title":"Clinical Psychological Review"},{"key":"9677_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007710828777","volume":"13","author":"K Ruggiero","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ruggiero, K., & McLeer, S. (2000). PTSD scale of the Child Behavior Checklist: concurrent and discriminant validity with non-clinic referred sexually abused children. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 13, 287\u2013299.","journal-title":"Journal of Traumatic Stress"},{"key":"9677_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-005-0002-5","volume":"36","author":"KM Saltzman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Saltzman, K. M., Weems, C. F., & Carrion, V. G. (2006). IQ and posttraumatic stress symptoms in children exposed to interpersonal violence. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 36, 261\u2013272.","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry and Human Development"},{"key":"9677_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1126\/science.277.5328.918","volume":"277","author":"RJ Sampson","year":"1997","unstructured":"Sampson, R. J., Raudenbush, S. W., & Earls, F. (1997). Neighborhoods and violent crime: a multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science, 277, 918\u2013924.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"9677_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e31819d9533","volume":"197","author":"R Schoeman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Schoeman, R., Carey, P., & Seedat, S. (2009). Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in South African adolescents: a case\u2013control study of cognitive deficit. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 197, 244\u2013250.","journal-title":"Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease"},{"key":"9677_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1097\/01.nmd.0000092177.97317.26","volume":"191","author":"S Seedat","year":"2003","unstructured":"Seedat, S., Stein, M. B., Oosthuizen, P. P., Emsley, R. A., & Stein, D. J. (2003). Linking posttraumatic stress disorder and psychosis: a look at epidemiology, phenomenology, and treatment. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 191, 675\u2013681.","journal-title":"Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease"},{"key":"9677_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1017\/S002196309700187X","volume":"39","author":"M Selner-O\u2019Hagan","year":"1998","unstructured":"Selner-O\u2019Hagan, M., Buka, S., Kindlon, D., Raudenbush, S., & Earls, F. (1998). Urban youth exposure to violence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 39, 215\u2013224.","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines"},{"key":"9677_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200001000-00014","volume":"39","author":"D Shaffer","year":"2000","unstructured":"Shaffer, D., Fisher, P., Lucas, C. P., Dulcan, M. K., & Schwab-Stone, M. E. (2000). NIMH diagnostic interview schedule for children, version IV (NIMH DISC-IV): description, differences from previous versions, and reliability of some common diagnoses. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 28\u201338.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"9677_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20078","volume":"18","author":"L Sim","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sim, L., Friedrich, W. N., Davies, W. H., Trentham, B., Lengua, L., & Pithers, W. (2005). The Child Behavior Checklist as an indicator of posttraumatic stress disorder and dissociation in normative, psychiatric, and sexually abused children. Journal of Trauma Stress, 18, 697\u2013705.","journal-title":"Journal of Trauma Stress"},{"issue":"10","key":"9677_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.10.1675","volume":"159","author":"MB Stein","year":"2002","unstructured":"Stein, M. B., Jang, K. L., Taylor, S., Vernon, P. A., & Livesley, W. J. (2002). Genetic and environmental influences on trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms: a twin study. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 159(10), 1675\u20131681.","journal-title":"The American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"9677_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1023\/B:CCFP.0000006292.61072.d2","volume":"6","author":"BD Stein","year":"2003","unstructured":"Stein, B. D., Jaycox, L., Kataoka, S. H., Rhodes, H., & Vestal, K. D. (2003). Prevalence of child and adolescent exposure to community violence. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 6, 247\u2013264.","journal-title":"Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review"},{"key":"9677_CR62","volume-title":"Using multivariate statistics","author":"BG Tabachnick","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.","edition":"5"},{"key":"9677_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1177\/070674371005500311","volume":"55","author":"S Thrasher","year":"2010","unstructured":"Thrasher, S., Power, M. J., Morant, N., Marks, I., & Dalgleish, T. (2010). Social support moderates outcome in a randomised controlled trial of exposure therapy and\/or cognitive restructuring for chronic PTSD. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 55, 15\u201318.","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"9677_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.132.6.959","volume":"132","author":"DF Tolin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tolin, D. F., & Foa, E. B. (2006). Sex differences in posttraumatic stress disorder: quantitative review of 25\u00a0years of research. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 959\u2013992.","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"9677_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2011.12.001","volume":"32","author":"D Trickey","year":"2012","unstructured":"Trickey, D., Siddaway, A. P., Meiser-Stedman, R., Serpell, L., & Field, A. P. (2012). A meta-analysis of risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents. Clinical Psychology Review, 32, 122\u2013138.","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"key":"9677_CR66","first-page":"67","volume-title":"Research in community and mental health","author":"RJ Turner","year":"1983","unstructured":"Turner, R. J., Frankel, B., & Levin, D. (1983). Social support: Conceptualization, measurement, and implications for mental health. In J. R. Greenley (Ed.), Research in community and mental health (Vol. 3, pp. 67\u2013111). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press."},{"key":"9677_CR67","volume-title":"Child maltreatment 2006","author":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services","year":"2008","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2008). Child maltreatment 2006. Washington, DC: Administration on Children Youth and Families Children\u2019s Bureau."},{"key":"9677_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00685","volume":"41","author":"O Udwin","year":"2000","unstructured":"Udwin, O., Boyle, S., Yule, W., Bolton, D., & O\u2019Ryan, D. (2000). Risk factors for long-term psychological effects of a disaster experienced in adolescence: predictors of post traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41, 969\u2013979.","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"key":"9677_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1037\/a0025835","volume":"121","author":"AA Uliaszek","year":"2011","unstructured":"Uliaszek, A. A., Zinbarg, R. E., Mineka, S., Craske, M. G., Griffith, J. W., Sutton, J. M., et al. (2011). A longitudinal examination of stress generation in depressive and anxiety disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121, 4\u201315.","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"key":"9677_CR70","volume-title":"Wechsler intelligence scale for children-revised","author":"D Wechsler","year":"1974","unstructured":"Wechsler, D. (1974). Wechsler intelligence scale for children-revised. New York: Psychological Corporation."},{"issue":"1","key":"9677_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-009-9352-y","volume":"38","author":"C Weems","year":"2010","unstructured":"Weems, C., Taylor, L., Cannon, M., Marino, R., Romano, D., Scott, B., et al. (2010). Post traumatic stress, context, and the lingering effects of the Hurrican Katrina disaster among ethnic minority youth. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38(1), 49\u201356.","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"},{"key":"9677_CR72","first-page":"187","volume":"30","author":"MD Weist","year":"2001","unstructured":"Weist, M. D., Acosta, O., & Youngstrom, E. (2001). Predictors of violence exposure among inner-city youth. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 30, 187\u2013198.","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"9677_CR73","volume-title":"WRAT-3: wide range achievement test, administration manual","author":"G Wilkinson","year":"1993","unstructured":"Wilkinson, G. (1993). WRAT-3: wide range achievement test, administration manual. Wilmington, DE: Wide Range, Inc."},{"key":"9677_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7894(89)80070-X","volume":"20","author":"VV Wolfe","year":"1989","unstructured":"Wolfe, V. V., Gentile, C., & Wolfe, D. A. (1989). The impact of sexual abuse on children: a PTSD formulation. Behavior Therapy, 20, 215\u2013228.","journal-title":"Behavior Therapy"},{"key":"9677_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20447","volume":"22","author":"C Wu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wu, C., Chen, S., Weng, L., & Wu, Y. (2009). Social relations and PTSD symptoms: a prospective study on earthquake-impacted adolescents in Taiwan. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22, 451\u2013459.","journal-title":"Journal of Traumatic Stress"},{"key":"9677_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2008.02004.x","volume":"50","author":"H Zinzow","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zinzow, H., Ruggiero, K., Resnick, H., Smith, D., Saunders, B., & Kilpatrick, D. (2009). Prevalence and mental health correlates of witnessed parental and community violence in a national sample of adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50, 441\u2013450.","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"key":"9677_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-011-9649-3","volume":"40","author":"K Zona","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zona, K., & Milan, S. (2011). Gender differences in the longitudinal impact of exposure to violence on mental health in urban youth. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40, 1674\u20131690.","journal-title":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence"}],"container-title":["Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10802-012-9677-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10802-012-9677-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10802-012-9677-9","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,3]],"date-time":"2019-07-03T13:39:54Z","timestamp":1562161194000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10802-012-9677-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,7]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]}},"alternative-id":["9677"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10802-012-9677-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0091-0627","1573-2835"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0091-0627","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2835","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,7]]}}}