{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T11:07:32Z","timestamp":1790766452862,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,19]],"date-time":"2019-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1552953600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000155","name":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["410-2004-1875"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["410-2004-1875"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Abnorm Child Psychol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-019-00530-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,19]],"date-time":"2019-03-19T03:03:30Z","timestamp":1552964610000},"page":"1467-1482","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["A Network Approach to Understanding the Structure of Core Symptoms of Psychopathic Personality Disturbance in Adolescent Offenders"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5998-7896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evan","family":"McCuish","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Bouchard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Beauregard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raymond","family":"Corrado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"530_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2013","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: Author.","edition":"5"},{"key":"530_CR2","unstructured":"Borgatti, S.P., & Lopez-Kidwell, V. (2011). Network theorizing. In P. Carrington & J. Scott (Eds.), The sage handbook of social network analysis. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications."},{"key":"530_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20375","volume":"16","author":"D Borsboom","year":"2017","unstructured":"Borsboom, D. (2017). A network theory of mental disorders. World Psychiatry, 16, 5\u201313.","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"530_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185608","volume":"9","author":"D Borsboom","year":"2013","unstructured":"Borsboom, D., & Cramer, A. O. J. (2013). Network analysis: an integrative approach to the structure of psychopathology. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9, 91\u2013121.","journal-title":"Annual Review of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"530_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borsboom, D., Cramer, A. O., Schmittmann, V. D., Epskamp, S., & Waldorp, L. J. (2011). The small world of psychopathology. PloS ONE, 6, e27407","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0027407"},{"key":"530_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1017\/pan.2017.23","volume":"26","author":"JM Box-Steffensmeier","year":"2018","unstructured":"Box-Steffensmeier, J. M., Christenson, D. P., & Morgan, J. W. (2018). Modeling unobserved heterogeneity in social networks with the frailty exponential random graph model. Political Analysis, 26, 3\u201319. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/pan.2017.23\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Political Analysis"},{"key":"530_CR7","first-page":"127","volume":"86","author":"DV Cicchetti","year":"1981","unstructured":"Cicchetti, D. V., & Sparrow, S. A. (1981). Developing criteria for establishing interrater reliability of specific items: applications to assessment of adaptive behavior. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 86, 127\u2013137.","journal-title":"American Journal of Mental Deficiency"},{"key":"530_CR8","volume-title":"The mask of sanity","author":"H Cleckley","year":"1976","unstructured":"Cleckley, H. (1976). The mask of sanity (5th ed.). St. Louis: Mosby.","edition":"5"},{"key":"530_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.9.1.3","volume":"9","author":"DJ Cooke","year":"1997","unstructured":"Cooke, D. J., & Michie, C. (1997). An item response theory analysis of the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised. Psychological Assessment, 9, 3\u201314.","journal-title":"Psychological Assessment"},{"key":"530_CR10","volume-title":"Comprehensive Assessment of Psychopathic Personality \u2013 Institutional Rating Scale (CAPP-IRS)","author":"DJ Cooke","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cooke, D. J., Hart, S. D., Logan, C., & Michie, C. (2004). Comprehensive Assessment of Psychopathic Personality \u2013 Institutional Rating Scale (CAPP-IRS). Glasgow: Department of Psychology, Glasgow Caledonian University."},{"key":"530_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cooke, D. J., Hart, S. D., Logan, C., & Michie, C. (2012). Explicating the construct of psychopathy: Development and validation of a conceptual model, the Comprehensive Assessment of Psychopathic Personality (CAPP). International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 11, 242\u2013252.","DOI":"10.1080\/14999013.2012.746759"},{"key":"530_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.78.1.98","volume":"78","author":"JM Cortina","year":"1993","unstructured":"Cortina, J. M. (1993). What is coefficient alpha? An examination of theory and applications. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 98\u2013104.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"key":"530_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costantini, G., Epskamp, S., Borsboom, D., Perugini, M., M\u00f5ttus, R., Waldorp, L. J., & Cramer, A. (2015). State of the aRt personality research: A tutorial on network analysis of personality data in R. Journal of Research in Personality, 54, 13\u201329.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2014.07.003"},{"key":"530_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X10000920","volume":"33","author":"AO Cramer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cramer, A. O., Waldorp, L. J., van der Maas, H. L., & Borsboom, D. (2010). Complex realities require complex theories: refining and extending the network approach to mental disorders. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33, 178\u2013193.","journal-title":"Behavioral and Brain Sciences"},{"key":"530_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1080\/14999013.2012.676149","volume":"11","author":"S Dawson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dawson, S., McCuish, E., Hart, S. D., & Corrado, R. R. (2012). Critical issues in the assessment of adolescent psychopathy: an illustration using two case studies. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 11, 63\u201379.","journal-title":"International Journal of Forensic Mental Health"},{"key":"530_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1080\/15228930801964042","volume":"8","author":"JF Edens","year":"2008","unstructured":"Edens, J. F., & Vincent, G. M. (2008). Juvenile psychopathy: a clinical construct in need of restraint? Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice, 8, 186\u2013197.","journal-title":"Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice"},{"key":"530_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s10979-006-9019-y","volume":"31","author":"JF Edens","year":"2007","unstructured":"Edens, J. F., Campbell, J. S., & Weir, J. M. (2007). Youth psychopathy and criminal recidivism: a meta-analysis of the psychopathy checklist measures. Law and Human Behavior, 31, 53\u201375.","journal-title":"Law and Human Behavior"},{"key":"530_CR18","unstructured":"Epskamp, S & Fried, E.I. (2018). Package \u2018bootnet\u2019. Retrieved from \n                    https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/bootnet\/bootnet.pdf\n                    \n                  . Accessed 11 Mar 2019."},{"key":"530_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i04","volume":"48","author":"S Epskamp","year":"2012","unstructured":"Epskamp, S., Cramer, A. O., Waldorp, L. J., Schmittmann, V. D., & Borsboom, D. (2012). qgraph: network visualizations of relationships in psychometric data. Journal of Statistical Software, 48, 1\u201318.","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"key":"530_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-017-0862-1","volume":"50","author":"S Epskamp","year":"2017","unstructured":"Epskamp, S., Borsboom, D., & Fried, E. I. (2017). Estimating psychological networks and their accuracy: a tutorial paper. Behavior Research Methods, 50, 195\u2013212. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13428-017-0862-1\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"530_CR21","unstructured":"Epskamp, S., Maris, G., Waldorp, L. J., & Borsboom, D. (in press). Network psychometrics. In P. Irwing, D. Hughes, & T. Booth (Eds.), The Wiley handbook of psychometric testing. New York: Wiley."},{"key":"530_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1002\/bsl.669","volume":"23","author":"E Forouzan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Forouzan, E., & Cooke, D. J. (2005). Figuring out la femme fatale: conceptual and assessment issues concerning psychopathy in females. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 23, 765\u2013778.","journal-title":"Behavioral Sciences & the Law"},{"key":"530_CR23","unstructured":"Forth, A. E., Kosson, D. S., & Hare, R. (2003). The Hare Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version. New York, NY: Multi-Health Systems."},{"key":"530_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691617705892","volume":"12","author":"EI Fried","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fried, E. I., & Cramer, A. O. (2017). Moving forward: challenges and directions for psychopathological network theory and methodology. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12, 999\u20131020. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1745691617705892\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Perspectives on Psychological Science"},{"key":"530_CR25","volume-title":"The Hare psychopathy checklist\u2014revised","author":"RD Hare","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hare, R. D. (2003). The Hare psychopathy checklist\u2014revised (2nd ed.). Toronto: Multi-Health Systems.","edition":"2"},{"key":"530_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013635","volume":"22","author":"RD Hare","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hare, R. D., & Neumann, G. S. (2010). The role of antisociality in the psychopathy construct: comment on Skeem and Cooke (2010). Psychological Assessment, 22, 446\u2013454.","journal-title":"Psychological Assessment"},{"key":"530_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Humphries, M. D., & Gurney, K. (2008). Network \u2018small-world-ness\u2019: A quantitative method for determining canonical network equivalence. PLoS ONE, 3, e0002051.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002051"},{"key":"530_CR28","volume-title":"Manual for the psychopathy checklist: screening version","author":"SD Hart","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hart, S. D., Cox, D. N., & Hare, R. D. (1995). Manual for the psychopathy checklist: screening version. Toronto: MultiHealth Systems."},{"key":"530_CR29","unstructured":"Jones, P. J. (2018). networktools: Assorted Tools for Identifying Important Nodes in Networks. R package version 1.2.0. \n                    https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/networktools\/\n                    \n                  . Accessed 11 Mar 2019."},{"key":"530_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.2012.26.3.402","volume":"26","author":"MF Kreis","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kreis, M. F., Cooke, D. J., Michie, C., Hoff, H. A., & Logan, C. (2012). The comprehensive assessment of psychopathic personality (CAPP): content validation using prototypical analysis. Journal of Personality Disorders, 26, 402\u2013413. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1521\/pedi.2012.26.3.402\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Journal of Personality Disorders"},{"key":"530_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033387","volume":"140","author":"BB Lahey","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lahey, B. B. (2014). What we need to know about callous-unemotional traits: comment on Frick, Ray, Thornton, and Kahn (2014). Psychological Bulletin, 140, 58\u201363.","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"530_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-018-9657-7","volume":"40","author":"SO Lilienfeld","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lilienfeld, S. O. (2018). The multidimensional nature of psychopathy: five recommendations for research. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 40, 79\u201385.","journal-title":"Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment"},{"key":"530_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.107.4.566","volume":"107","author":"DR Lynam","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lynam, D. R. (1998). Early identification of the fledgling psychopath: locating the psychopathic child in the current nomenclature. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 566\u2013575.","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"key":"530_CR34","unstructured":"Malakieh, J. (2017). Youth correctional statistics in Canada, 2015\/2016. Ottawa, ON. Retrieved from \n                    www150.statcan.gc.ca\n                    \n                  . Accessed 11 Mar 2019."},{"key":"530_CR35","unstructured":"McCormick, A. (2007). Interrater reliability of the Comprehensive Assessment of Psychopathic Personality Disorder among a sample of incarcerated serious and violent young offenders. Unpublished master\u2019s thesis, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby."},{"key":"530_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000468","volume":"30","author":"EC McCuish","year":"2018","unstructured":"McCuish, E. C., Mathesius, J. R., Lussier, P., & Corrado, R. R. (2018). The cross-cultural generalizability of the psychopathy checklist: youth version for adjudicated indigenous youth. Psychological Assessment, 30, 192\u2013203. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/pas0000468\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Psychological Assessment"},{"key":"530_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socnet.2010.03.006","volume":"32","author":"T Opsahl","year":"2010","unstructured":"Opsahl, T., Agneessens, F., & Skvoretz, J. (2010). Node centrality in weighted networks: generalizing degree and shortest paths. Social Networks, 32, 245\u2013251.","journal-title":"Social Networks"},{"key":"530_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1080\/14999013.2010.526681","volume":"9","author":"L Pedersen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pedersen, L., Kunz, C., Rasmussen, K., & Elsass, P. (2010). Psychopathy as a risk factor for violent recidivism: investigating the psychopathy checklist screening version (PCL: SV) and the comprehensive assessment of psychopathic personality (CAPP) in a forensic psychiatric setting. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 9, 308\u2013315.","journal-title":"International Journal of Forensic Mental Health"},{"key":"530_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000325","volume":"127","author":"J Preszler","year":"2018","unstructured":"Preszler, J., Marcus, D. K., Edens, J. F., & McDermott, B. E. (2018). Network analysis of psychopathy in forensic patients. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 127, 171\u2013182.","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"key":"530_CR40","unstructured":"R Core Team. (2018). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Retrieved from \n                    https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/\n                    \n                  . Accessed 11 Mar 2019."},{"key":"530_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000181","volume":"125","author":"DJ Robinaugh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Robinaugh, D. J., Millner, A. J., & McNally, R. J. (2016). Identifying highly influential nodes in the complicated grief network. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 125, 747\u2013757.","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"key":"530_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1037\/per0000150","volume":"7","author":"RT Salekin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Salekin, R. T. (2016). Psychopathy in childhood: toward better informing the DSM\u20135 and ICD-11 conduct disorder specifiers. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 7, 180\u2013191.","journal-title":"Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment"},{"key":"530_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-018-9663-9","volume":"40","author":"RT Salekin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Salekin, R. T., Andershed, H., Batky, B. D., & Bontemps, A. P. (2018). Are callous unemotional (CU) traits enough? Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 40, 1\u20135.","journal-title":"Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment"},{"key":"530_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.newideapsych.2011.02.007","volume":"31","author":"VD Schmittmann","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schmittmann, V. D., Cramer, A. O., Waldorp, L. J., Epskamp, S., Kievit, R. A., & Borsboom, D. (2013). Deconstructing the construct: a network perspective on psychological phenomena. New Ideas in Psychology, 31, 43\u201353.","journal-title":"New Ideas in Psychology"},{"key":"530_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014696110850","volume":"26","author":"D Seagrave","year":"2002","unstructured":"Seagrave, D., & Grisso, T. (2002). Adolescent development and the measurement of juvenile psychopathy. Law and Human Behavior, 26, 219\u2013239.","journal-title":"Law and Human Behavior"},{"key":"530_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1037\/a0008512","volume":"22","author":"JL Skeem","year":"2010","unstructured":"Skeem, J. L., & Cooke, D. J. (2010). Is criminal behavior a central component of psychopathy? Conceptual directions for resolving the debate. Psychological Assessment, 22, 433\u2013445.","journal-title":"Psychological Assessment"},{"key":"530_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.116.2.395","volume":"116","author":"J Skeem","year":"2007","unstructured":"Skeem, J., Johansson, P., Andershed, H., Kerr, M., & Louden, J. E. (2007). Two subtypes of psychopathic violent offenders that parallel primary and secondary variants. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116, 395\u2013409. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0021-843X.116.2.395\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"key":"530_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1037\/per0000094","volume":"6","author":"S Tsang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tsang, S., Schmidt, K. M., Vincent, G. M., Salekin, R. T., Moretti, M. M., & Odgers, C. L. (2015). Assessing psychopathy among justice involved adolescents with the PCL:YV: an item response theory examination across gender. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 6, 22\u201331. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/per0000094\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment"},{"key":"530_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000315","volume":"127","author":"B Verschuere","year":"2018","unstructured":"Verschuere, B., van Ghesel Grothe, S., Waldorp, L., Watts, A. L., Lilienfeld, S. O., Edens, J. F., Skeem, J. L., & Noordhof, A. (2018). What features of psychopathy might be central? A network analysis of the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) in three large samples. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 127, 51\u201365.","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"key":"530_CR50","unstructured":"Vincent, G.M. (2002). Investigating the legitimacy of adolescent psychopathy assessments: Contributions of item response theory. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby."}],"container-title":["Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10802-019-00530-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10802-019-00530-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10802-019-00530-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,18]],"date-time":"2020-03-18T00:05:31Z","timestamp":1584489931000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10802-019-00530-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,19]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["530"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10802-019-00530-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0091-0627","1573-2835"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0091-0627","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2835","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 March 2019","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"The authors attest that they have complied with ethical standards, including, but not limited to, oversight by the Simon Fraser University Research Ethics Board and the Ministry of Child and Family Development.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was provided by the BC Ministry of Child and Family Development and informedassent was provided by the youth participants.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed Consent"}}]}}