{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T16:26:52Z","timestamp":1792081612827,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]],"date-time":"2021-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617753600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]],"date-time":"2021-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Empathy enables people to share, understand, and show concern for others\u2019 emotions. However, this capacity may be more difficult to acquire for children with hearing loss, due to limited social access, and the effect of hearing on empathic maturation has been unexplored. This four-wave longitudinal study investigated the development of empathy in children with and without hearing loss, and how this development is associated with early symptoms of psychopathology. Seventy-one children with hearing loss and cochlear implants (CI), and 272 typically-hearing (TH) children, participated (aged 1\u20135\u00a0years at Time 1). Parents rated their children\u2019s empathic skills (affective empathy, attention to others\u2019 emotions, prosocial actions, and emotion acknowledgment) and psychopathological symptoms (internalizing and externalizing behaviors). Children with CI and TH children were rated similarly on most of the empathic skills. Yet, fewer prosocial actions were reported in children with CI than in TH children. In both groups, affective empathy decreased with age, while prosocial actions and emotion acknowledgment increased with age and stabilized when children entered primary schools. Attention to emotions increased with age in children with CI, yet remained stable in TH children. Moreover, higher levels of affective empathy, lower levels of emotion acknowledgment, and a larger increase in attention to emotions over time were associated with more psychopathological symptoms in both groups. These findings highlight the importance of social access from which children with CI can learn to process others\u2019 emotions more adaptively. Notably, interventions for psychopathology that tackle empathic responses may be beneficial for both groups, alike.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-021-00816-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]],"date-time":"2021-04-07T14:04:50Z","timestamp":1617804290000},"page":"1151-1164","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The Developmental Trajectory of Empathy and Its Association with Early Symptoms of Psychopathology in Children with and without Hearing Loss"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6557-5153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yung-Ting","family":"Tsou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3046-5656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boya","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8951-6702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carin H","family":"Wiefferink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1180-3314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johan H M","family":"Frijns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7584-6698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolien","family":"Rieffe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"816_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2012.04.009","volume":"76","author":"L Anmyr","year":"2012","unstructured":"Anmyr, L., Larsson, K., Olsson, M., & Freijd, A. (2012). Strengths and difficulties in children with cochlear implants \u2013 Comparing self-reports with reports from parents and teachers. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 76(8), 1107\u20131112.","journal-title":"International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology"},{"issue":"1","key":"816_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.329","volume":"20","author":"MJ Azur","year":"2011","unstructured":"Azur, M. J., Stuart, E. A., Frangakis, C., & Leaf, P. J. (2011). Multiple imputation by chained equations: what is it and how does it work? International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 20(1), 40\u201349.","journal-title":"International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"816_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1002\/da.10022","volume":"15","author":"J Barbosa","year":"2002","unstructured":"Barbosa, J., Tannock, R., & Manassis, K. (2002). Measuring anxiety: Parent-child reporting differences in clinical samples. Depression and Anxiety, 15(2), 61\u201365.","journal-title":"Depression and Anxiety"},{"issue":"3","key":"816_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/6.3.186","volume":"6","author":"Y Bat-Chava","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bat-Chava, Y., & Deignan, E. (2001). Peer relationships of children with cochlear implants. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 6(3), 186\u2013199.","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"key":"816_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Broekhof, E., Ketelaar, L., Van Zijp, A., Stockmann, L., Bos, M. G. N., & Rieffe, C. (2015). The understanding of intentions, desires and beliefs in young children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45, 2035-2045. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s1080301523633","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-015-2363-3"},{"issue":"2","key":"816_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.10.007","volume":"133","author":"M Br\u00fcne","year":"2005","unstructured":"Br\u00fcne, M. (2005). Emotion recognition, \u2018theory of mind\u2019, and social behavior in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 133(2), 135\u2013147.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"key":"816_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ketelaar, L., Wiefferink, C.H., Frijns, J.H.M., & Rieffe, C. (2017). Children with cochlear implants and their parents: Relations between parenting style and children\u2019s social emotional functioning. Ear and Hearing, 38, 321-331. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000387","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000387"},{"key":"816_CR8","first-page":"1","volume-title":"The Oxford handbook of Deaf studies, language, and education","author":"R Calderon","year":"2012","unstructured":"Calderon, R., & Greenberg, M. T. (2012). Social and emotional development of Deaf children: Family, school, and program effects. In M. Marschark & P. E. Spencer (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of Deaf studies, language, and education. (2nd ed., Vol. 1, pp. 1\u201324). Oxford University Press.","edition":"2"},{"issue":"1","key":"816_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2012\/11-0338)","volume":"56","author":"A Caldwell","year":"2013","unstructured":"Caldwell, A., & Nittrouer, S. (2013). Speech perception in noise by children with cochlear implants. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 56(1), 13\u201330.","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"816_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9507.00229","volume":"12","author":"KW Cassidy","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cassidy, K. W., Werner, R. S., Rourke, M., Zubernis, L. S., & Balaraman, G. (2003). The relationship between psychological understanding and positive social behaviors. Social Development, 12(2), 198\u2013221.","journal-title":"Social Development"},{"issue":"1","key":"816_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2805617","volume":"123","author":"HE Cullington","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cullington, H. E., & Zeng, F. G. (2008). Speech recognition with varying numbers and types of competing talkers by normal-hearing, cochlear-implant, and implant simulation subjects. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 123(1), 450\u2013461.","journal-title":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"key":"816_CR12","volume-title":"The age of empathy: Nature\u2019s lessons for a kinder society","author":"F De Waal","year":"2009","unstructured":"De Waal, F. (2009). The age of empathy: Nature\u2019s lessons for a kinder society. Harmony Books."},{"issue":"2","key":"816_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1177\/1534582304267187","volume":"3","author":"J Decety","year":"2004","unstructured":"Decety, J., & Jackson, P. L. (2004). The functional architecture of human empathy. Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews, 3(2), 71\u2013100.","journal-title":"Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews"},{"issue":"4","key":"816_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.2307\/1130882","volume":"61","author":"SA Denham","year":"1990","unstructured":"Denham, S. A., McKinley, M., Couchoud, E. A., & Holt, R. (1990). Emotional and behavioral predictors of preschool peer ratings. Child Development, 61(4), 1145\u20131152.","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"issue":"2","key":"816_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enw076","volume":"22","author":"E Dirks","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dirks, E., Ketelaar, L., Van der Zee, R., Netten, A. P., Frijns, J. H. M., & Rieffe, C. (2017). Concern for others: A study on empathy in toddlers with moderate hearing loss. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 22(2), 178\u2013186.","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"key":"816_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1017\/S0305000919000667","volume":"47","author":"E Dirks","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dirks, E., Stevens, A., Kok, S., Frijns, J., & Rieffe, C. (2020). Talk with me! Parental linguistic input to toddlers with moderate hearing loss. Journal of Child Language, 47, 186\u2013204.","journal-title":"Journal of Child Language"},{"issue":"10","key":"816_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2006.01.014","volume":"59","author":"ART Donders","year":"2006","unstructured":"Donders, A. R. T., Van der Heijden, G. J. M. G., Stijnen, T., & Moons, K. G. M. (2006). Review: A gentle introduction to imputation of missing values. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 59(10), 1087\u20131091.","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Epidemiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"816_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2006.12.001","volume":"97","author":"K Durand","year":"2007","unstructured":"Durand, K., Gallay, M., Seigneuric, A., Robichon, F., & Baudouin, J. Y. (2007). The development of facial emotion recognition: The role of configural information. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 97(1), 14\u201327.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"key":"816_CR19","unstructured":"Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., & Spinrad, T. L. (2006). Prosocial behavior. In W. Damon & R. M. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development (6th ed., pp. 646\u2013718). New Jersey: Wiley."},{"issue":"10","key":"816_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1097\/01.chi.0000136562.24085.160","volume":"43","author":"BH Ellis","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ellis, B. H., Fisher, P. A., & Zaharie, S. (2004). Predictors of disruptive behavior, developmental delays, anxiety, and affective symptomatology among institutionally reared Romanian children. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 43(10), 1283\u20131292.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"816_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2012.11.003","volume":"23","author":"HG Engen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Engen, H. G., & Singer, T. (2013). Empathy circuits. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 23(2), 275\u2013282.","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Neurobiology"},{"issue":"7","key":"816_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-008-0683-y","volume":"17","author":"J Fellinger","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fellinger, J., Holzinger, D., Sattel, H., & Laucht, M. (2008). Mental health and quality of life in deaf pupils. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 17(7), 414\u2013423.","journal-title":"European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"816_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780195309799.003.0017","volume-title":"The Oxford handbook of philosophy of cognitive science","author":"AI Goldman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Goldman, A. I. (2012). Theory of Mind. In E. Margolis, R. Samuels, & S. Stich (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of philosophy of cognitive science. (pp. 402\u2013424). Oxford University Press."},{"issue":"5","key":"816_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.36.5.531","volume":"36","author":"PD Hastings","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hastings, P. D., Zahn-Waxler, C., Robinson, J., Usher, B., & Bridges, D. (2000). The development of concern for others in children with behavior problems. Developmental Psychology, 36(5), 531\u2013546.","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"816_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8721.ep10770953","volume":"2","author":"E Hatfield","year":"1993","unstructured":"Hatfield, E., Cacioppo, J. T., & Rapson, R. L. (1993). Emotional contagion. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 2(3), 96\u201399.","journal-title":"Current Directions in Psychological Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"816_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00991641","volume":"14","author":"ML Hoffman","year":"1990","unstructured":"Hoffman, M. L. (1990). Empathy and justice motivation. Motivation and Emotion, 14(2), 151\u2013172.","journal-title":"Motivation and Emotion"},{"key":"816_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hope, T. L., Adams, C., Reynolds, L., Powers, D., Perez, R. A., & Kelley, M. L. (1999). Parent vs. self-report: Contributions toward diagnosis of adolescent psychopathology. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 21(4), 349\u2013363.","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022124900328"},{"issue":"5","key":"816_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1177\/000992289503400504","volume":"34","author":"H Ireton","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ireton, H., & Glascoe, F. P. (1995). Assessing children\u2019s development using parents\u2019 reports: The Child Development Inventory. Clinical Pediatrics, 34(5), 248\u2013255.","journal-title":"Clinical Pediatrics"},{"issue":"12","key":"816_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-009-0809-1","volume":"39","author":"SA Johnson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Johnson, S. A., Filliter, J. H., & Murphy, R. R. (2009). Discrepancies between self- and parent-perceptions of autistic traits and empathy in high functioning children and adolescents on the autism spectrum. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39(12), 1706\u20131714.","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"key":"816_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-1428-6_366","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of the sciences of learning","author":"SW Kelly","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kelly, S. W. (2012). Incidental learning. In N. M. Seel (Ed.), Encyclopedia of the sciences of learning. (pp. 1517\u20131518). Springer."},{"issue":"9","key":"816_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jss086","volume":"37","author":"L Ketelaar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ketelaar, L., Rieffe, C., Wiefferink, C. H., & Frijns, J. H. M. (2012). Does hearing lead to understanding\u202f? Theory of mind in toddlers and preschoolers with cochlear implants. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 37(9), 1041\u20131050.","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric Psychology"},{"key":"816_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ketelaar, L., Rieffe, C., Wiefferink, C.H., & Frijns, J.H.M. (2013). Social competence and empathy in young children with cochlear implants and with normal hearing. The Laryngoscope, 123, 518-523. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/lary.23544","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.23544"},{"key":"816_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ketelaar, L., Wiefferink, C.H., Frijns, J.H.M., Broekhof, E., & Rieffe, C. (2015). Preliminary findings on associations between moral emotions and social behavior in young children with normal hearing and with cochlear implants. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 24, 1369-1380. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s0078701506882","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-015-0688-2"},{"key":"816_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ketelaar, L., Rieffe, C., Otten-Koens, A., Frijns, J.H.M., Wiefferink, C.H., Van Zijp, A., & Stockmann, A.P.A.M. (2010). Social emotions in deaf children with a CI between one and five years of age. Cochlear Implants International, 11 (suppl. 1), 315-318. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1179\/146701010X12671177989516","DOI":"10.1179\/146701010X12671177989516"},{"issue":"4","key":"816_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1348\/026151009X483056","volume":"28","author":"JD Lane","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lane, J. D., Wellman, H. M., Olson, S. L., LaBounty, J., & Kerr, D. C. R. (2010). Theory of mind and emotion understanding predict moral development in early childhood. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 28(4), 871\u2013889.","journal-title":"British Journal of Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"816_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, B., Bos, M.G.N., Stockmann L., & Rieffe, C. (2020). Emotion functioning and the development of internalizing and externalizing problems in youngboys with ASD. Autism, 24, 200-210. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1362361319874644","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361319874644"},{"issue":"1","key":"816_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2006.03.003","volume":"27","author":"BJ Lovett","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lovett, B. J., & Sheffield, R. A. (2007). Affective empathy deficits in aggressive children and adolescents: A critical review. Clinical Psychology Review, 27(1), 1\u201313.","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"816_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12137","volume":"55","author":"H Maoz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Maoz, H., Goldstein, T., Axelson, D. A., Goldstein, B. I., Fan, J., Hickey, M. B., Monk, K., Sakolsky, D., Diler, R. S., Brent, D., Iyengar, S., Kupfer, D. J., & Birmaher, B. (2014). Dimensional psychopathology in preschool offspring of parents with bipolar disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 55(2), 144\u2013153.","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"816_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1080\/15248372.2019.1607862","volume":"20","author":"P Martzog","year":"2019","unstructured":"Martzog, P., Stoeger, H., & Suggate, S. (2019). Relations between preschool children\u2019s fine motor skills and general cognitive abilities. Journal of Cognition and Development, 20(4), 443\u2013465.","journal-title":"Journal of Cognition and Development"},{"issue":"6","key":"816_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-006-9113-y","volume":"36","author":"ML Mayberry","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mayberry, M. L., & Espelage, D. L. (2007). Associations among empathy, social competence, & reactive\/proactive aggression subtypes. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 36(6), 787\u2013798.","journal-title":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence"},{"issue":"1","key":"816_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4922777","volume":"138","author":"SM Misurelli","year":"2015","unstructured":"Misurelli, S. M., & Litovsky, R. Y. (2015). Spatial release from masking in children with bilateral cochlear implants and with normal hearing: Effect of target-interferer similarity. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 138(1), 319\u2013331.","journal-title":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"issue":"2","key":"816_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1353\/sls.2004.0005","volume":"4","author":"RE Mitchell","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mitchell, R. E., & Karchmer, M. A. (2004). Chasing the mythical ten percent: Parental hearing status of deaf and hard of hearing students in the United States. Sign Language Studies, 4(2), 138\u2013163.","journal-title":"Sign Language Studies"},{"issue":"6","key":"816_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0b013e318157f033","volume":"28","author":"MP Moeller","year":"2007","unstructured":"Moeller, M. P. (2007). Current state of knowledge: Psychosocial development in children with hearing impairment. Ear and Hearing, 28(6), 729\u2013739.","journal-title":"Ear and Hearing"},{"issue":"6","key":"816_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.37.6.826","volume":"37","author":"DPF Montague","year":"2001","unstructured":"Montague, D. P. F., & Walker-Andrews, A. S. (2001). Peekaboo: A new look at infants\u2019 perception of emotion expressions. Developmental Psychology, 37(6), 826\u2013838.","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"816_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogdev.2013.10.002","volume":"29","author":"G Morgan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Morgan, G., Meristo, M., Mann, W., Hjelmquist, E., Surian, L., & Siegal, M. (2014). Mental state language and quality of conversational experience in deaf and hearing children. Cognitive Development, 29(1), 41\u201349.","journal-title":"Cognitive Development"},{"issue":"1","key":"816_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000346","volume":"38","author":"AP Netten","year":"2017","unstructured":"Netten, A. P., Dekker, F. W., Rieffe, C., Soede, W., Briaire, J. J., & Frijns, J. H. M. (2017). Missing data in the field of otorhinolaryngology and head & neck surgery\u202f: Need for improvement. Ear and Hearing, 38(1), 1\u20136.","journal-title":"Ear and Hearing"},{"key":"816_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Netten, A.P., Rieffe, C., Ketelaar, L., Soede, W., Gadow, K.D., & Frijns, J.H.M. (2018) Terrible twos or early signs of psychopathology? Developmental patterns in early identified preschoolers with CI compared to hearing controls. Ear and Hearing, 39, 495-502. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000500","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000500"},{"issue":"4","key":"816_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0124102","volume":"10","author":"AP Netten","year":"2015","unstructured":"Netten, A. P., Rieffe, C., Theunissen, S. C. P. M., Soede, W., Dirks, E., Briaire, J. J., & Frijns, J. H. M. (2015). Low empathy in deaf and hard of hearing (pre)adolescents compared to normal hearing controls. PLoS ONE, 10(4), 1\u201315.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"816_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1375\/ajgc.17.1.81","volume":"17","author":"KM Pahl","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pahl, K. M., & Barrett, P. M. (2007). The development of social-emotional competence in preschool-aged children: An introduction to the Fun FRIENDS program. Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 17(1), 81\u201390.","journal-title":"Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling"},{"issue":"3","key":"816_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018486","volume":"10","author":"K P\u00e9rez-Edgar","year":"2010","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Edgar, K., Bar-Haim, Y., McDermott, J. M., Chronis-Tuscano, A., Pine, D. S., & Fox, N. A. (2010). Attention biases to threat and behavioral inhibition in early childhood shape adolescent social withdrawal. Emotion, 10(3), 349\u2013357.","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"issue":"2","key":"816_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/env058","volume":"21","author":"CC Peterson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Peterson, C. C. (2016). Empathy and theory of mind in deaf and hearing children. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 21(2), 141\u2013147.","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"816_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0017.00126","volume":"15","author":"CC Peterson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Peterson, C. C., & Siegal, M. (2000). Insights into theory of mind from deafness and autism. Mind & Language, 15(1), 123\u2013145.","journal-title":"Mind & Language"},{"issue":"7","key":"816_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jst020","volume":"38","author":"M Pinquart","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pinquart, M. (2013). Do the parent\u2013child relationship and parenting behaviors differ between families with a child with and without chronic illness? A meta-analysis. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 38(7), 708\u2013721.","journal-title":"A meta-analysis. Journal of Pediatric Psychology"},{"key":"816_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.00783","volume":"7","author":"NJ Pitchford","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pitchford, N. J., Papini, C., Outhwaite, L. A., & Gulliford, A. (2016). Fine motor skills predict maths ability better than they predict reading ability in the early primary school years. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 783.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"816_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enr001","volume":"16","author":"R Punch","year":"2011","unstructured":"Punch, R., & Hyde, M. (2011). Social participation of children and adolescents with cochlear implants: A qualitative analysis of parent, teacher, and child interviews. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 16(4), 474\u2013493.","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"816_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2007.06.003","volume":"42","author":"GR Pursell","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pursell, G. R., Laursen, B., Rubin, K. H., Booth-LaForce, C., & Rose-Krasnor, L. (2008). Gender differences in patterns of association between prosocial behavior, personality, and externalizing problems. Journal of Research in Personality, 42(2), 472\u2013481.","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Personality"},{"key":"816_CR57","unstructured":"Raudenbush, S. W., Spybrook, J., Congdon, R., Liu, X., Martinez, A., Bloom, H., & Hill, C. (2011). Optimal design software for multi-level and\u00a0longitudinal research (Version 3.01).\u00a0https:\/\/www.wtgrantfoundation.org"},{"issue":"5","key":"816_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2010.03.046","volume":"49","author":"C Rieffe","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rieffe, C., Ketelaar, L., & Wiefferink, C. H. (2010). Assessing empathy in young children: Construction and validation of an Empathy Questionnaire (EmQue). Personality and Individual Differences, 49(5), 362\u2013367.","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"816_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780190215194.003.0016","volume-title":"Educating deaf learners: Creating a global evidence base","author":"C Rieffe","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rieffe, C., Netten, A. P., Broekhof, E., & Veiga, G. (2015). The role of the environment in children\u2019s emotion socialization; The case of deaf or hard of hearing (DHH) children. In M. Marschark & H. E. T. Knoors (Eds.), Educating deaf learners: Creating a global evidence base. (pp. 369\u2013388). Oxford University Press."},{"issue":"8","key":"816_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930500513502","volume":"20","author":"C Rieffe","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rieffe, C., & Terwogt, M. M. (2006). Anger communication in deaf children. Cognition and Emotion, 20(8), 1261\u20131273.","journal-title":"Cognition and Emotion"},{"key":"816_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rieffe, C., & Wiefferink, C.H. (2017). Happy faces, sad faces; Emotion understanding in toddlers and preschoolers with language impairments. Research in\u00a0Developmental Disabilities, 62, 40-49. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ridd.2016.12.0182016.12.018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2016.12.018"},{"issue":"1","key":"816_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8721.2008.00543.x","volume":"17","author":"BW Roberts","year":"2008","unstructured":"Roberts, B. W., & Mroczek, D. (2008). Personality trait change in adulthood. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17(1), 31\u201335.","journal-title":"Current Directions in Psychological Science"},{"key":"816_CR63","unstructured":"Roberts, B. W., Wood, D., & Caspi, A. (2008). The development of personality traits in adulthood. In O. P. John, R. W. Robins, & L. A. Pervin (Eds.), Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research (p. 375\u2013398). The Guilford Press."},{"key":"816_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2013.08.011","volume":"33","author":"CM Roebers","year":"2014","unstructured":"Roebers, C. M., R\u00f6thlisberger, M., Neuenschwander, R., Cimeli, P., Michel, E., & J\u00e4ger, K. (2014). The relation between cognitive and motor performance and their relevance for children\u2019s transition to school: A latent variable approach. Human Movement Science, 33, 284\u2013297.","journal-title":"Human Movement Science"},{"key":"816_CR65","volume-title":"The development of emotional competence","author":"C Saarni","year":"1999","unstructured":"Saarni, C. (1999). The development of emotional competence. The Guilford Press."},{"issue":"2","key":"816_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.7.2.147","volume":"7","author":"JL Schafer","year":"2002","unstructured":"Schafer, J. L., & Graham, J. W. (2002). Missing data: Our view of the state of the art. Psychological Methods, 7(2), 147\u2013177.","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"key":"816_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12310-011-9064-7","volume":"4","author":"KA Schonert-Reichl","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schonert-Reichl, K. A., Smith, V., Zaidman-Zait, A., & Hertzman, C. (2012). Promoting children\u2019s prosocial behaviors in school: Impact of the \u201cRoots of Empathy\u201d program on the social and emotional competence of school-aged children. School Mental Health, 4, 1\u201321.","journal-title":"School Mental Health"},{"key":"816_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singer, J. D., & Willett, J. B. (2003). Applied longitudinal data analysis: Modeling change and event occurrence. Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195152968.001.0001"},{"key":"816_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2015.08.020","volume":"45","author":"RL Smith","year":"2015","unstructured":"Smith, R. L. (2015). Adolescents\u2019 emotional engagement in friends\u2019 problems and joys: Associations of empathetic distress and empathetic joy with friendship quality, depression, and anxiety. Journal of Adolescence, 45, 103\u2013111.","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescence"},{"issue":"5","key":"816_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200205000-00018","volume":"41","author":"J Sprafkin","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sprafkin, J., Volpe, R. J., Gadow, K. D., Nolan, E. E., & Kelly, K. (2002). A DSM-IV\u2013referenced screening instrument for preschool children: The Early Childhood Inventory-4. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 41(5), 604\u2013612.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"816_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"b2393","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2393","volume":"338","author":"JAC Sterne","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sterne, J. A. C., White, I. R., Carlin, J. B., Spratt, M., Royston, P., Kenward, M. G., Wood, A. M., & Carpenter, J. R. (2009). Multiple imputation for missing data in epidemiological and clinical research: potential and pitfalls. BMJ, 338, b2393.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"816_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1037\/cou0000093","volume":"63","author":"E Teding van Berkhout","year":"2016","unstructured":"Teding van Berkhout, E., & Malouff, J. M. (2016). The efficacy of empathy training: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 63(1), 32\u201341.","journal-title":"Journal of Counseling Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"816_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2013.3974","volume":"168","author":"SCPM Theunissen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Theunissen, S. C. P. M., Rieffe, C., Netten, A. P., Briaire, J. J., Soede, W., Schoones, J. W., & Frijns, J. H. M. (2014). Psychopathology and its risk and protective factors in hearing-impaired children and adolescents: A systematic review. JAMA Pediatrics, 168(2), 170\u2013177.","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"816_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-016-0656-1","volume":"48","author":"EC Tully","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tully, E. C., & Donohue, M. R. (2017). Empathic responses to mother\u2019s emotions predict internalizing problems in children of depressed mothers. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 48(1), 94\u2013106.","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry and Human Development"},{"issue":"9","key":"816_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2013.03.017","volume":"66","author":"J Twisk","year":"2013","unstructured":"Twisk, J., De Boer, M., De Vente, W., & Heymans, M. (2013). Multiple imputation of missing values was not necessary before performing a longitudinal mixed-model analysis. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 66(9), 1022\u20131028.","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Epidemiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"816_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1353\/aad.2004.0002","volume":"148","author":"T Van Eldik","year":"2003","unstructured":"Van Eldik, T., Treffers, P. D. A., Veerman, J. W., & Verhulst, F. C. (2003). Mental health problems of deaf dutch children as indicated by parents\u2019 responses to the child behavior checklist. American Annals of the Deaf, 148(5), 390\u2013395.","journal-title":"American Annals of the Deaf"},{"issue":"3","key":"816_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2018.1530680","volume":"102","author":"JR Van Ginkel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Van Ginkel, J. R., Linting, M., Rippe, R. C. A., & Van der Voort, A. (2019). Rebutting Existing Misconceptions About Multiple Imputation as a Method for Handling Missing Data. Journal of Personality Assessment, 102(3), 297\u2013308.","journal-title":"Journal of Personality Assessment"},{"issue":"5","key":"816_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1586\/17434440.3.5.647","volume":"3","author":"SB Waltzman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Waltzman, S. B. (2006). Cochlear implants: Current status. Expert Review of Medical Devices, 3(5), 647\u2013655.","journal-title":"Expert Review of Medical Devices"},{"issue":"2","key":"816_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/eny031","volume":"24","author":"H Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang, H., Wang, Y., & Hu, Y. (2019). Emotional understanding in children with a cochlear implant. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 24(2), 65\u201373.","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"key":"816_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01989","volume":"7","author":"Y Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Su, Y., & Yan, S. (2016). Facial expression recognition in children with cochlear implants and hearing aids. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1\u20136.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"816_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2004.00691.x","volume":"75","author":"HM Wellman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wellman, H. M., & Liu, D. (2004). Scaling of theory-of-mind tasks. Child Development, 75(2), 523\u2013541.","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"816_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wiefferink, C.H., Rieffe, C., Ketelaar, L., & Frijns, J.H.M. (2012). Predicting social functioning in children with a cochlear implant and in normal-hearing children: The role of emotion regulation. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 76, 883-889. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijporl.2012.02.065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2012.02.065"},{"key":"816_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wiefferink, C.H., Rieffe, C., Ketelaar, L., De Raeve, L., & Frijns, J.H.M. (2013). Emotion understanding in deaf children with a cochlear implant. Journal\u00a0of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 18, 175-186. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/deafed\/ens042","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/ens042"},{"key":"816_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wild, C. J., Yusuf, A., Wilson, D. E., Peelle, J. E., Davis, M. H., & Johnsrude, I. S. (2012). Effortful listening: The processing of degraded speech depends critically on attention. The Journal of Neuroscience, 32(40), 14010 LP \u2013 14021.","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1528-12.2012"},{"key":"816_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3227","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3177","volume":"27","author":"AM Wood","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wood, A. M., White, I. R., & Royston, P. (2008). How should variable selection be performed with multiply imputed data? Statistics in Medicine, 27, 3227\u20133246.","journal-title":"Statistics in Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"816_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.28.1.126","volume":"28","author":"C Zahn-Waxler","year":"1992","unstructured":"Zahn-Waxler, C., Radke-Yarrow, M., Wagner, E., & Chapman, M. (1992). Development of concern for others. Developmental Psychology, 28(1), 126\u2013136.","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"816_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00446","volume":"73","author":"Q Zhou","year":"2002","unstructured":"Zhou, Q., Eisenberg, N., Losoya, S. H., Fabes, R. A., Reiser, M., Guthrie, I. K., Murphy, B. C., Cumberland, A. J., & Shepard, S. A. (2002). The relations of parental warmth and positive expressiveness to children\u2019s empathy-related responding and social functioning: A longitudinal study. Child Development, 73(3), 893\u2013915.","journal-title":"Child Development"}],"container-title":["Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10802-021-00816-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10802-021-00816-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10802-021-00816-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]],"date-time":"2023-01-31T06:48:25Z","timestamp":1675147705000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10802-021-00816-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["816"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10802-021-00816-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["2730-7166","2730-7174"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2730-7166","type":"print"},{"value":"2730-7174","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 March 2021","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 April 2021","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Medical Ethics Committee of the Leiden University Medical Center (ethics approval number: P08.140\/SH\/sh).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent forms were signed by the parents of all children.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"Patients signed informed consent regarding publishing their data.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Publish"}},{"value":"No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of Interest"}}]}}