{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T00:39:20Z","timestamp":1793839160103,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,4]],"date-time":"2023-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675468800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,4]],"date-time":"2023-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ES611813"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ES611813"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["288083"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["288083"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["301010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["301010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Liaison Committee for Education, Research and Innovation in Central Norway"},{"name":"NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05xg72x27","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    In the transition from childhood into adolescence, a female preponderance in depression emerges. Despite substantial empirical research to test theoretical propositions as to why this happens, our understanding is still limited. One explanation claims that girls become exposed to more stress (stress exposure model) whereas another proposes that girls become more vulnerable to the impact of stress (stress reactivity model) than boys when entering adolescence. Stressful life events (SLEs) and bullying victimization are established risk factors for adolescent depression. However, whether these factors contribute to the gender difference in depression is undetermined and thus investigated herein. Children (49.9% boys;\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009748) and parents from two birth cohorts in Trondheim, Norway, were followed biennially from ages 8 to 14 with clinical interviews about symptoms of depressive disorders and self-reports on SLEs. Teachers reported on bullying victimization. Prospective associations were investigated using an autoregressive latent trajectory model with structured residuals, examining within-person longitudinal associations while accounting for all time-invariant confounding effects. The number of depressive symptoms increased from ages 12 to 14 among girls. In the period before (ages 10 to 12), girls and boys were equally exposed to SLEs and bullying victimization. Increased stress (both SLEs and bullying victimization) at age 12 predicted increased depression at age 14 more strongly among girls than boys. Hence, increased impact\u2014but not exposure\u2014of SLEs and bullying victimization in girls may partly explain the emerging female preponderance in depression, in line with a stress reactivity model.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-023-01031-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,4]],"date-time":"2023-02-04T03:03:29Z","timestamp":1675479809000},"page":"859-869","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Explaining the Female Preponderance in Adolescent Depression\u2014A Four-Wave Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0712-6805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ida Sund","family":"Morken","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristine Rensvik","family":"Viddal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tilmann","family":"von Soest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Wichstr\u00f8m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"1031_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2009.11.004","volume":"30","author":"A Aldao","year":"2010","unstructured":"Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Schweizer, S. (2010). Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(2), 217\u2013237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2009.11.004","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"key":"1031_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"issue":"1","key":"1031_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329170003498X","volume":"39","author":"A Angold","year":"2000","unstructured":"Angold, A., & Costello, E. J. (2000). The child and adolescent psychiatric assessment (CAPA). Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(1), 39\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S003329170003498X","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"1031_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12660","volume":"88","author":"D Berry","year":"2017","unstructured":"Berry, D., & Willoughby, M. T. (2017). On the practical interpretability of cross-lagged panel models: Rethinking a developmental workhorse. Child Development, 88(4), 1186\u20131206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cdev.12660","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"issue":"6","key":"1031_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2009.01.003","volume":"34","author":"EM Bouma","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bouma, E. M., Riese, H., Ormel, J., Verhulst, F. C., & Oldehinkel, A. J. (2009). Adolescents\u2019 cortisol responses to awakening and social stress; effects of gender, menstrual phase and oral contraceptives. The TRAILS Study. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34(6), 884\u2013893. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2009.01.003","journal-title":"The TRAILS Study. Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"1031_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2021.101979","volume":"85","author":"S Christina","year":"2021","unstructured":"Christina, S., Magson, N. R., Kakar, V., & Rapee, R. M. (2021). The bidirectional relationships between peer victimization and internalizing problems in school-aged children: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 85, 1\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2021.101979","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"key":"1031_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Clarke, T. -K., Zeng, Y., Navrady, L., Xia, C., Haley, C., Campbell, A., Navarro, P., Amador, C., Adams, M. J., Howard, D. M., Soler, A., Hayward, C., Thomson, P. A., Smith, B. H., Padmanabhan, S., Hocking, L. J., Hall, L. S., Porteus, D. J., Deary, I. J., & McIntosh, A. M. (2018). Genetic and environmental determinants of stressful life events and their overlap with depression and neuroticism. Wellcome Open Research, 3(11), 1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.13893.2","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.13893.2"},{"key":"1031_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.02.004","volume":"55","author":"NL Colich","year":"2015","unstructured":"Colich, N. L., Kircanski, K., Foland-Ross, L. C., & Gotlib, I. H. (2015). HPA-axis reactivity interacts with stage of pubertal development to predict the onset of depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 55, 94\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.02.004","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"1031_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.57.1.21","volume":"57","author":"JM Cyranowski","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cyranowski, J. M., Frank, E., Young, E., & Shear, M. K. (2000). Adolescent onset of the gender difference in lifetime rates of major depression: A theoretical model. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57(1), 21\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archpsyc.57.1.21","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"1031_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-016-0446-x","volume":"45","author":"HZ Dahlqvist","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dahlqvist, H. Z., Landstedt, E., Young, R., & G\u00e5din, K. G. (2016). Dimensions of peer sexual harassment victimization and depressive symptoms in adolescence: A longitudinal cross-lagged study in a Swedish sample. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 45(5), 858\u2013873. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10964-016-0446-x","journal-title":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence"},{"issue":"1","key":"1031_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02895038","volume":"21","author":"MC Davis","year":"1999","unstructured":"Davis, M. C., Matthews, K. A., & Twamley, E. W. (1999). Is life more difficult on Mars or Venus? A meta-analytic review of sex differences in major and minor life events. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 21(1), 83\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02895038","journal-title":"Annals of Behavioral Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"1031_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1007\/s10566-019-09493-w","volume":"48","author":"KI D\u00edaz","year":"2019","unstructured":"D\u00edaz, K. I., & Fite, P. J. (2019). Cyber victimization and its association with substance use, anxiety, and depression symptoms among middle school youth. Child & Youth Care Forum, 48(4), 529\u2013544. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10566-019-09493-w","journal-title":"Child & Youth Care Forum"},{"issue":"3","key":"1031_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.37.3.404","volume":"37","author":"X Ge","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ge, X., Conger, R. D., & Elder, G. H., Jr. (2001). Pubertal transition, stressful life events, and the emergence of gender differences in adolescent depressive symptoms. Developmental Psychology, 37(3), 404\u2013417. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0012-1649.37.3.404","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"1031_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.30.4.467","volume":"30","author":"X Ge","year":"1994","unstructured":"Ge, X., Lorenz, F. O., Conger, R. D., Elder, G. H., & Simons, R. L. (1994). Trajectories of stressful life events and depressive symptoms during adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 30(4), 467\u2013483. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0012-1649.30.4.467","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"1031_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"GBD 2019 Mental Disorders Collaborators. (2022). Global, regional, and national burden of 12 mental disorders in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The Lancet Psychiatry, 9(2), 137\u2013150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2215-0366(21)00395-3","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(21)00395-3"},{"issue":"6","key":"1031_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.177.6.534","volume":"177","author":"R Goodman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Goodman, R., Ford, T., Simmons, H., Gatward, R., & Meltzer, H. (2000). Using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) to screen for child psychiatric disorders in a community sample. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 177(6), 534\u2013539. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.177.6.534","journal-title":"The British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"1031_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2015.10.014","volume":"58","author":"AD Hager","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hager, A. D., & Leadbeater, B. J. (2016). The longitudinal effects of peer victimization on physical health from adolescence to young adulthood. Journal of Adolescent Health, 58(3), 330\u2013336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2015.10.014","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health"},{"key":"1031_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2020.100867","volume":"46","author":"EL Hamaker","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hamaker, E. L., Mulder, J. D., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2020). Description, prediction and causation: Methodological challenges of studying child and adolescent development. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 46, 1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dcn.2020.100867","journal-title":"Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"issue":"4","key":"1031_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8721.2009.0163","volume":"18","author":"C Hammen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hammen, C. (2009a). Adolescent depression: Stressful interpersonal contexts and risk for recurrence. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18(4), 200\u2013204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-8721.2009.0163","journal-title":"Current Directions in Psychological Science"},{"key":"1031_CR20","first-page":"305","volume-title":"Handbook of depression in adolescents","author":"C Hammen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hammen, C. (2009b). Stress exposure and stress generation in adolescent depression. In S. Nolen-Hoeksema & L. M. Hilt (Eds.), Handbook of depression in adolescents (pp. 305\u2013333). Routledge\/Taylor & Francis Group."},{"issue":"2","key":"1031_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-005-3207-9","volume":"34","author":"P Hampel","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hampel, P., & Petermann, F. (2005). Age and gender effects on coping in children and adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 34(2), 73\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10964-005-3207-9","journal-title":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence"},{"issue":"6","key":"1031_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.127.6.773","volume":"127","author":"BL Hankin","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hankin, B. L., & Abramson, L. Y. (2001). Development of gender differences in depression: An elaborated cognitive vulnerability\u2013transactional stress theory. Psychological Bulletin, 127(6), 773\u2013796. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.127.6.773","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"1","key":"1031_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2007.00997.x","volume":"78","author":"BL Hankin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hankin, B. L., Mermelstein, R., & Roesch, L. (2007). Sex differences in adolescent depression: Stress exposure and reactivity models. Child Development, 78(1), 279\u2013295. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2007.00997.x","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"issue":"5","key":"1031_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291711001966","volume":"42","author":"N Haslam","year":"2012","unstructured":"Haslam, N., Holland, E., & Kuppens, P. (2012). Categories versus dimensions in personality and psychopathology: A quantitative review of taxometric research. Psychological Medicine, 42(5), 903\u2013920. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291711001966","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"1031_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-018-0167-9","volume":"44","author":"AL Heck","year":"2019","unstructured":"Heck, A. L., & Handa, R. J. (2019). Sex differences in the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal axis\u2019 response to stress: An important role for gonadal hormones. Neuropsychopharmacology, 44(1), 45\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41386-018-0167-9","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"1031_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2017.07.037","volume":"76","author":"B Holfeld","year":"2017","unstructured":"Holfeld, B., & Leadbeater, B. J. (2017). Concurrent and longitudinal associations between early adolescents\u2019 experiences of school climate and cyber victimization. Computers in Human Behavior, 76, 321\u2013328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2017.07.037","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"1","key":"1031_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1097\/HRP.0000000000000230","volume":"28","author":"JS Hyde","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hyde, J. S., & Mezulis, A. H. (2020). Gender differences in depression: Biological, affective, cognitive, and sociocultural factors. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 28(1), 4\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/HRP.0000000000000230","journal-title":"Harvard Review of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"1031_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.115.2.291","volume":"115","author":"JS Hyde","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hyde, J. S., Mezulis, A. H., & Abramson, L. Y. (2008). The ABCs of depression: Integrating affective, biological, and cognitive models to explain the emergence of the gender difference in depression. Psychological Review, 115(2), 291\u2013331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-295X.115.2.291","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"issue":"6","key":"1031_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000450","volume":"128","author":"JL Jenness","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jenness, J. L., Peverill, M., King, K. M., Hankin, B. L., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2019). Dynamic associations between stressful life events and adolescent internalizing psychopathology in a multiwave longitudinal study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 128(6), 596\u2013609. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/abn0000450","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"key":"1031_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.993568","volume":"13","author":"C Johansson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Johansson, C., Kullgren, C., Bador, K., & Kerekes, N. (2022). Gender non-binary adolescents\u2019 somatic and mental health throughout 2020. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.993568","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"1031_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.29.1.130","volume":"29","author":"R Larson","year":"1993","unstructured":"Larson, R., & Ham, M. (1993). Stress and\" storm and stress\" in early adolescence: The relationship of negative events with dysphoric affect. Developmental Psychology, 29(1), 130\u2013140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0012-1649.29.1.130","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"1031_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1037\/vio0000234","volume":"9","author":"SJ Lepore","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lepore, S. J., & Kliewer, W. (2019). Social intelligence attenuates association between peer victimization and depressive symptoms among adolescents. Psychology of Violence, 9(6), 644\u2013652. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/vio0000234","journal-title":"Psychology of Violence"},{"issue":"6","key":"1031_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13274","volume":"61","author":"A Lerv\u00e5g","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lerv\u00e5g, A. (2020). Some roads less travelled\u2014different routes to understanding the causes of child psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 61(6), 625\u2013627. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.13274","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"issue":"404","key":"1031_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.2307\/2290157","volume":"83","author":"RJ Little","year":"1988","unstructured":"Little, R. J. (1988). A test of missing completely at random for multivariate data with missing values. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 83(404), 1198\u20131202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2290157","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"issue":"4","key":"1031_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2020.1784738","volume":"28","author":"JD Mulder","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mulder, J. D., & Hamaker, E. L. (2020). Three extensions of the random intercept cross-lagged panel model. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 28(4), 268\u2013468. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10705511.2020.1784738","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"1031_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.115.3.424","volume":"115","author":"S Nolen-Hoeksema","year":"1994","unstructured":"Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Girgus, J. S. (1994). The emergence of gender differences in depression during adolescence. Psychological Bulletin, 115(3), 424\u2013443. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.115.3.424","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"1031_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000499","author":"U Orth","year":"2022","unstructured":"Orth, U., Meier, L. L., B\u00fchler, J. L., Dapp, L. C., Krauss, S., Messerli, D., & Robins, R. W. (2022). Effect Size Guidelines for Cross-Lagged Effects. Psychological Methods. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/met0000499","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"issue":"6","key":"1031_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2019.11.314","volume":"66","author":"M Price-Feeney","year":"2020","unstructured":"Price-Feeney, M., Green, A. E., & Dorison, S. (2020). Understanding the mental health of transgender and nonbinary youth. Journal of Adolescent Health, 66(6), 684\u2013690. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2019.11.314","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1031_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.132.1.98","volume":"132","author":"AJ Rose","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rose, A. J., & Rudolph, K. D. (2006). A review of sex differences in peer relationship processes: Potential trade-offs for the emotional and behavioral development of girls and boys. Psychological Bulletin, 132(1), 98\u2013131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.132.1.98","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"8","key":"1031_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000102","volume":"143","author":"RH Salk","year":"2017","unstructured":"Salk, R. H., Hyde, J. S., & Abramson, L. Y. (2017). Gender differences in depression in representative national samples: Meta-analyses of diagnoses and symptoms. Psychological Bulletin, 143(8), 783\u2013822. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/bul0000102","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"4","key":"1031_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02296192","volume":"66","author":"A Satorra","year":"2001","unstructured":"Satorra, A., & Bentler, P. M. (2001). A scaled difference chi-square test statistic for moment structure analysis. Psychometrika, 66(4), 507\u2013514. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02296192","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"issue":"2","key":"1031_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-015-0292-2","volume":"45","author":"T Skoog","year":"2016","unstructured":"Skoog, T., \u00d6zdemir, S. B., & Stattin, H. (2016). Understanding the link between pubertal timing in girls and the development of depressive symptoms: The role of sexual harassment. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 45(2), 316\u2013327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10964-015-0292-2","journal-title":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence"},{"issue":"3","key":"1031_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.10047","volume":"29","author":"ME Solberg","year":"2003","unstructured":"Solberg, M. E., & Olweus, D. (2003). Prevalence estimation of school bullying with the Olweus Bully\/Victim Questionnaire. Aggressive Behavior: Official Journal of the International Society for Research on Aggression, 29(3), 239\u2013268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ab.10047","journal-title":"Aggressive Behavior: Official Journal of the International Society for Research on Aggression"},{"key":"1031_CR44","unstructured":"Statistics Norway (SSB). (2021). Kj\u00f8nn, identitet og seksualitet i kvantitative sp\u00f8rreunders\u00f8kelser. Veileder for sp\u00f8rsm\u00e5l om seksuell orientering, kj\u00f8nnsidentitet, kj\u00f8nnsuttrykk og kj\u00f8nnskarakteristika, 2021\/28. Statistics Norway. Retrieved November 15, 2022, from\u00a0https:\/\/www.ssb.no\/sosiale-forhold-og-kriminalitet\/levekar\/artikler\/kjonn-identitet-og-seksualitet-i-kvantitative-sporreundersokelser\/_\/attachment\/inline\/86aeca7c-c6f5-4eee-a00a-8274c5261bb5:5c0f2c2442265393def722af81eca0530dba4539\/NOT2021-28_web.pdf"},{"issue":"5","key":"1031_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyy190","volume":"47","author":"S Steinsbekk","year":"2018","unstructured":"Steinsbekk, S., & Wichstr\u00f8m, L. (2018). Cohort Profile: The Trondheim Early Secure Study (TESS)\u2014a study of mental health, psychosocial development and health behaviour from preschool to adolescence. International Journal of Epidemiology, 47(5), 1401\u20131401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyy190","journal-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"1031_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00147","volume":"44","author":"AM Sund","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sund, A. M., Larsson, B., & Wichstr\u00f8m, L. (2003). Psychosocial correlates of depressive symptoms among 12\u201314-year-old Norwegian adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44(4), 588\u2013597. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1469-7610.00147","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"1031_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1348\/000709905X49890","volume":"76","author":"H Sweeting","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sweeting, H., Young, R., West, P., & Der, G. (2006). Peer victimization and depression in early\u2013mid adolescence: A longitudinal study. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 76(3), 577\u2013594. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1348\/000709905X49890","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"1031_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1177\/0143034317709066","volume":"39","author":"A -M Tang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tang, A. -M., Deng, X. -L., Du, X. -X., & Wang, M. -Z. (2018). Harsh parenting and adolescent depression: Mediation by negative self-cognition and moderation by peer acceptance. School Psychology International, 39(1), 22\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0143034317709066","journal-title":"School Psychology International"},{"issue":"3","key":"1031_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1111\/jopy.12331","volume":"86","author":"M Verhagen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Verhagen, M., Lodder, G. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (2018). Unmet belongingness needs but not high belongingness needs alone predict adverse well-being: A response surface modeling approach. Journal of Personality, 86(3), 498\u2013507. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jopy.12331","journal-title":"Journal of Personality"},{"key":"1031_CR50","unstructured":"Wendelborg, C. (2020). Mobbing og arbeidsro i skolen: Analyse av Elevunders\u00f8kelsen skole\u00e5ret 2019\/20. NTNU Samfunnsforskning AS. http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/11250\/2639017"}],"container-title":["Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10802-023-01031-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10802-023-01031-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10802-023-01031-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T06:12:43Z","timestamp":1684390363000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10802-023-01031-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,4]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["1031"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10802-023-01031-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["2730-7166","2730-7174"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2730-7166","type":"print"},{"value":"2730-7174","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 January 2023","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 February 2023","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance With Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"We declare no competing interests. The funders of the study had no role in the study design, data collection, data analyses, data interpretation, or writing of the report.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"Study procedures were approved by the Regional Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics, Mid-Norway (approval number 2009\/994).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval"}},{"value":"We have obtained written consent from the participants.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Inform Consent"}}]}}