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Although several authors have proposed that CD is a neurodevelopmental disorder, very little evidence is available about brain development in this condition. Structural brain alterations have been observed in CD, and some indirect evidence for delayed brain maturation has been reported. However, no detailed analysis of age-related changes in brain structure in youth with CD has been conducted. Using cross-sectional MRI data, this study aimed to explore differences in brain maturation in youth with CD versus healthy controls to provide further understanding of the neurodevelopmental processes underlying CD. 291 CD cases (153 males) and 379 healthy controls (160 males) aged 9\u201318\u00a0years (M<jats:sub>age<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u200914.4) were selected from the European multisite FemNAT-CD study. Structural MRI scans were analysed using surface-based morphometry followed by application of the ENIGMA quality control protocols. An atlas-based approach was used to investigate group differences and test for group-by-age and group-by-age-by-sex interactions in cortical thickness, surface area and subcortical volumes. Relative to healthy controls, the CD group showed lower surface area across frontal, temporal and parietal regions as well as lower total surface area. No significant group-by-age or group-by-age-by-sex interactions were observed on any brain structure measure. These findings suggest that CD is associated with lower surface area across multiple cortical regions, but do not support the idea that CD is associated with delayed brain maturation, at least within the age bracket considered here. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-024-01178-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]],"date-time":"2024-04-01T09:13:14Z","timestamp":1711962794000},"page":"1135-1146","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Does the Relationship between Age and Brain Structure Differ in Youth with Conduct Disorder?"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6508-6915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Koerner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marlene","family":"Staginnus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harriet","family":"Cornwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Areti","family":"Smaragdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Madruga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Pauli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jack C.","family":"Rogers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yidian","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sally","family":"Chester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Townend","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anka","family":"Bernhard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Martinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gregor","family":"Kohls","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nora Maria","family":"Raschle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kerstin","family":"Konrad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Stadler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine M.","family":"Freitag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephane A.","family":"De Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Graeme","family":"Fairchild","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"1178_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. 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These grants funded PhD studentships to Marlene Staginnus, Harriet Cornwell and Sophie Townend. The FemNAT-CD study was funded by the European Commission\u2019s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7\/2007\u20132013, grant number 602407, coordinator Christine M. Freitag).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}},{"value":"Christina Stadler receives royalties for a book on aggression. Christine M. Freitag receives royalties for books on Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder, Autism Spectrum Disorder, and Depression. Stephane A. De Brito has received speaker fees from the Child Mental Health Centre and the Centre for Integrated Molecular Brain Imaging. N.M. Raschle receives funding from the Hochschulmedizin Zurich (HMZ, STRESS),\u00a0the University of Zurich Research Priority Program \u2018Adaptive Brain Circuits in Development and Learning (URPP AdaBD)\u2019 and the Swiss National Science Foundation (105314_207624). All other authors report no biomedical financial interests or potential conflicts of interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interests"}},{"value":"The original study protocols were approved by the relevant ethical committees at each site prior to the start of data collection: the Ethics Committee of the Medical Faculty of Goethe University Frankfurt for the Frankfurt site, RWTH Aachen University Hospital (EK027\/14) for the Aachen site, the Ethics Commission Northwest and Central Switzerland (EKNZ: 336\/13) for the Basel site, and the Southampton University Ethics Committee (ERGO Number: 18970) and National Health Service Research Ethics Committee (NRES Committee West Midlands, Edgbaston; REC reference 13\/WM\/0483) for the UK sites (Southampton and Birmingham). For the current study ethical approval was obtained from the University of Bath Psychology Research Ethics Committee (Ethics reference: 19-297).","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval"}},{"value":"During the data collection for the FemNAT-CD study, at German-speaking sites (Basel, Frankfurt, Aachen), youths aged 18\u00a0years provided informed consent, while younger participants provided assent and their parent\/caregiver informed consent. At the UK sites (Southampton, Birmingham), informed consent was obtained from youths aged 16\u00a0years or over, whereas those younger than this provided assent and informed consent was obtained from their parents or caregivers.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed Consent"}}]}}