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Insight into the mechanisms of change for such programs is important to enhance their effectiveness. The goal of this study was to examine whether changes in supportive and unsupportive parenting (measured by the Parenting Practices Interview; PPI) and parenting sense of competence (measured by the Parenting Sense of Competence scale; PSOC) mediated the effects of a self-help parenting program on child behavioral difficulties. A total of 110 families were randomized to a 15-week self-help program or waitlist. Outcomes and mediators were measured at pre-, mid- and post-measurement. Outcomes were parent-rated child behavioral difficulties, assessed by the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory, Intensity Scale (ECBI-I), and ecologically momentary assessments (EMA) of child behavior problems. Results showed that reductions in unsupportive parenting significantly mediated reductions in child behavioral difficulties assessed with the ECBI-I. We did not find this mediating effect for the EMA. Supportive parenting and parenting sense of competence did not mediate changes in child behavioral difficulties. Although future research into self-help parent training should provide insight into possible reciprocal interactions between changes in parents and children, reducing unsupportive parenting practices may play a key role in reducing child behavioral difficulties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-025-01378-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T07:33:34Z","timestamp":1763019214000},"page":"1923-1934","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Mechanisms of Change in a Self-Help Parenting Program for Child Behavioral Difficulties: the Role of Unsupportive Parenting"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1690-4667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suzanne R.C.","family":"de Jong-Arts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9570-9976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara J.","family":"van den Hoofdakker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9617-1020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos W.R.","family":"Twisk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0218-5630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaap","family":"Oosterlaan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1539-2831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marjolein","family":"Luman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"1378_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-015-9482-1","volume":"37","author":"ME Abrahamse","year":"2015","unstructured":"Abrahamse, M. 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Journal of Family Psychology, 35(2), 225.","journal-title":"Journal of Family Psychology"}],"container-title":["Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10802-025-01378-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10802-025-01378-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10802-025-01378-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T09:02:48Z","timestamp":1766221368000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10802-025-01378-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1378"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10802-025-01378-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["2730-7166","2730-7174"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2730-7166","type":"print"},{"value":"2730-7174","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Barbara van den Hoofdakker receives royalties as one of the editors of \u2018Sociaal Onhandig\u2019 (published by Van Gorcum), a Dutch book for parents of children with ADHD or PDD-NOS that can be used in parent training. She is and has been involved in the development and evaluation of several parent and teacher training programs, without financial interests; she is and has been a member of Dutch ADHD guideline and practice standard groups.Marjolein Luman is and has been involved in the development and evaluation of parent and teacher training programs, without financial interests, and has been an advisor for the Dutch ADHD guideline and practice standard group.Suzanne de Jong-Arts, Jaap Oosterlaan and Jos Twisk report no conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}