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However, there is heterogeneity in how CP and CU traits manifest at different ages, between boys and girls, in different countries, and different measures. The current study investigated this heterogeneity by applying network analysis to two large mixed-gender samples from the United States (US) and Spain assessed at different ages, with parent ratings of CP, conduct disorder (CD) symptoms, and CU traits. Data were from the ABCD baseline study (US,\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200911,874, age\n                    <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20099.48,\n                    <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.51, 47.8% girls) and social development sub-study (US,\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20092,426, age\n                    <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200911.52, SD\u2009=\u20090.73, 47.4% girls), as well as two waves of the ELISA study (Spain,\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091,342, age\n                    <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200910.24,\n                    <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091.07, 50.2% girls;\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091,259, age\n                    <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200910.92,\n                    <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091.01, 50% girls). There were similar rates of CP risk across countries and genders, with the exception that boys younger than age 12 had higher CP risk rates than girls in US. Boys also had higher CU traits than girls in both countries. Network analysis revealed stronger connectivity between items assessing CU traits than CP symptoms, which was consistent across measures and countries. Disobedience and deceitfulness were central symptoms across all samples. Relational aggression was more central among girls, and property destruction and theft were more central in the US. Results highlight the need for personalized interventions that target specific symptoms of CP and CU traits, which can help reduce the burden of antisocial conduct across the lifespan.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-025-01399-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T12:02:24Z","timestamp":1768564944000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Applying a Network Approach To Characterize Gender Differences in Conduct Problems and Callous-Unemotional Traits among Children from Two Countries"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"\u00c1lvarez-Voces","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Goulter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yael","family":"Paz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"D\u00edaz-V\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"L\u00f3pez-Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Villar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy L.","family":"Byrd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel W.","family":"Hawes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Estrella","family":"Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5069-1183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca","family":"Waller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"1399_CR1","volume-title":"The Manual for the ASEBA School-Age Forms & Profiles","author":"T Achenbach","year":"2001","unstructured":"Achenbach, T., & Rescorla, L. 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