{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T19:51:35Z","timestamp":1768074695419,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,12]],"date-time":"2008-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1207958400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Autism Dev Disord"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-008-0558-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,11]],"date-time":"2008-04-11T18:21:14Z","timestamp":1207938074000},"page":"1731-1739","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["The Childhood Autism Spectrum Test (CAST): Sex Differences"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Joanna G.","family":"Williams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carrie","family":"Allison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fiona J.","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick F.","family":"Bolton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Baron-Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fiona E.","family":"Matthews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carol","family":"Brayne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"558_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allison, C., Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Charman, T., Richler, J., Pasco, G., & Brayne, C. The Q-CHAT (Quantitative CHecklist for Autism in Toddlers): A normally distributed quantitative measure of autistic traits at 18\u201324\u00a0months of age: Preliminary report. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. (in press).","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-007-0509-7"},{"key":"558_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361307075710","volume":"11","author":"C. Allison","year":"2007","unstructured":"Allison, C., Williams, J., Scott, F., Stott, C., Bolton, P., Baron-Cohen, S., & Brayne, C. (2007). The Childhood Asperger Syndrome Test (CAST): Test\u2013retest reliability in a high scoring sample. Autism, 11, 173\u2013185.","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"558_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S123","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.02260","volume":"155","author":"B. Auyeung","year":"2006","unstructured":"Auyeung, B., Baron-Cohen, S., Chapman, E., Knickmeyer, R., Taylor, K., & Hackett, G. (2006). Foetal testosterone and the child systemizing quotient. European Journal of Endocrinology, 155, S123\u2013S130.","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"558_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Auyeung, B., Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., & Allison, C. The autism spectrum quotient: Children\u2019s version (AQ-Child). Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. (in press).","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-007-0504-z"},{"key":"558_CR5","volume-title":"Neurodevelopmental disorders","author":"S Baron-Cohen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Baron-Cohen, S. (1999). The extreme male-brain theory of autism. In: H. Tager-Flusberg (Ed.), Neurodevelopmental disorders. Cambridge: MIT Press."},{"key":"558_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(02)01904-6","volume":"6","author":"S Baron-Cohen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Baron-Cohen, S. (2002). The extreme male brain theory of autism. Trends in Cognitive Science, 6, 248\u2013254.","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Science"},{"key":"558_CR7","volume-title":"The essential difference: Men, women and the extreme male brain","author":"S Baron-Cohen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Baron-Cohen, S. (2003). The essential difference: Men, women and the extreme male brain. London: Penguin."},{"key":"558_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.161.6.839","volume":"161","author":"S. Baron-Cohen","year":"1992","unstructured":"Baron-Cohen, S., Allen, J., & Gillberg, C. (1992). Can autism be detected at 18 months? The needle, the haystack, and the CHAT. British Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 839\u2013843.","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"558_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.168.2.158","volume":"168","author":"S. Baron-Cohen","year":"1996","unstructured":"Baron-Cohen, S., Cox, A., Baird, G., Swettenham, J., Nightingale, N., Morgan, K., Drew, A., & Charman, T. (1996). Psychological markers in the detection of autism in infancy in a large population. British Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 158\u2013163.","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"558_CR10","first-page":"193","volume":"11","author":"S. Baron-Cohen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Baron-Cohen, S., & Hammer, J. (1997). Is autism an extreme form of the male brain? Advances in Infancy Research, 11, 193\u2013217.","journal-title":"Advances in Infancy Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"558_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-006-0073-6","volume":"36","author":"S. Baron-Cohen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Baron-Cohen, S., Hoekstra, R. A., Knickmeyer, R., & Wheelwright, S. (2006). The autism-spectrum quotient (AQ)\u2014adolescent version. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36(3), 343\u2013350.","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"key":"558_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01599.x","volume":"38","author":"S. Baron-Cohen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Baron-Cohen, S., Jolliffe, T., Mortimore, C., & Robertson, M. (1997). Another advanced test of theory of mind: Evidence from very high functioning adults with autism or Asperger syndrome. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38, 813\u2013822.","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"key":"558_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023035012436","volume":"29","author":"S. Baron-Cohen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Baron-Cohen, S., O\u2019Riordan, M., Stone, V., Jones, R., & Plaisted, K. (1999). Recognition of faux pas by normally developing children and children with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 29, 407\u2013418.","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"key":"558_CR14","unstructured":"Baron-Cohen, S., Scott, F., Allison, C., Williams, J., Bolton, P., Matthews, F., & Brayne, C. (submitted). Estimating autism spectrum prevalence in the population: A school based study from the UK."},{"key":"558_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025879411971","volume":"33","author":"S. Baron-Cohen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Baron-Cohen, S., & Wheelwright, S. (2003). The friendship questionnaire: An investigation of adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism, and normal sex differences. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 33, 509\u2013517.","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"key":"558_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JADD.0000022607.19833.00","volume":"34","author":"S. Baron-Cohen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Baron-Cohen, S., & Wheelwright, S. (2004). The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with Asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34, 163\u2013175.","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"key":"558_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005653411471","volume":"31","author":"S. Baron-Cohen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Skinner, R., Martin, J., & Clubley, E. (2001). The autism-spectrum quotient (AQ): Evidence from Asperger syndrome\/high-functioning autism, males and females, scientists and mathematicians. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 31, 5\u201317.","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"5749","key":"558_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1115455","volume":"310","author":"S. Baron-Cohen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Baron-Cohen, S., Knickmeyer, R. C., & Belmonte, M. K. (2005). Sex differences in the brain: Implications for explaining autism. Science, 310(5749), 819\u2013823.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"558_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1080\/17470910600992239","volume":"1","author":"E. Chapman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chapman, E., Baron-Cohen, S., Auyeung, B., Knickmeyer, R., Taylor, K., & Hackett, G. (2006). Fetal testosterone and empathy: Evidence from the empathy quotient (EQ) and the \u2018\u2018reading the mind in the eyes\u2019\u2019 test. Social Neuroscience, 1, 135\u2013148.","journal-title":"Social Neuroscience"},{"key":"558_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.60.5.524","volume":"60","author":"J. N. Constantino","year":"2003","unstructured":"Constantino, J. N., & Todd, R. D. (2003). Autistic traits in the general population: a twin study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 524\u2013530.","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"558_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1993.tb02094.x","volume":"34","author":"S. Ehlers","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ehlers, S., & Gillberg, C. (1993). The epidemiology of Asperger syndrome. A total population study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 34, 1327\u20131350.","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"key":"558_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/154.10.891","volume":"154","author":"V. Hansen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hansen, V., Jacobsen, B. K., & Arnesen, E. (2001). Prevalence of serious psychiatric morbidity in attenders and nonattenders to a health survey of a general population : The Tromso Health Study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 154, 891\u2013894.","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"558_CR23","volume-title":"Pretending to be normal. Living with Asperger\u2019s syndrome","author":"L Holliday-Willey","year":"1999","unstructured":"Holliday-Willey, L. (1999). Pretending to be normal. Living with Asperger\u2019s syndrome. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers."},{"key":"558_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01539.x","volume":"38","author":"T. Jolliffe","year":"1997","unstructured":"Jolliffe, T., & Baron-Cohen, S. (1997). Are people with autism and Asperger syndrome faster than normal on the embedded figures test? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38, 527\u2013534.","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"key":"558_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.00349.x","volume":"46","author":"R. Knickmeyer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Knickmeyer, R., Baron-Cohen, S., Raggatt, P., & Taylor, K. (2005). Foetal testosterone, social relationships, and restricted interests in children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46, 198\u2013210.","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"key":"558_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02091791","volume":"1","author":"S. Kopp","year":"1992","unstructured":"Kopp, S., & Gillberg, C. (1992). Girls with social deficits and learning problems: Autism, atypical Asperger syndrome or a variant of these conditions. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 1, 89\u201399.","journal-title":"European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"558_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JADD.0000029552.42724.1b","volume":"34","author":"J. Lawson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lawson, J., Baron-Cohen, S., & Wheelwright, S. (2004). Empathising and systemising in adults with and without Asperger Syndrome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34, 301\u2013310.","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"key":"558_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-6383(02)00087-5","volume":"24","author":"S. Lutchmaya","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lutchmaya, S., Baron-Cohen, S., & Raggatt, P. (2002). Foetal testosterone and vocabulary size in 18- and 24-month-old infants. Infant Behavior and Development, 24, 418\u2013424.","journal-title":"Infant Behavior and Development"},{"key":"558_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2005.01462.x","volume":"47","author":"M. B. Posserud","year":"2006","unstructured":"Posserud, M. B., Lundervold, A. J., & Gillberg, C. (2006). Autistic features in a total population of 7\u20139-year-old children assessed by the ASSQ (Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire). Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 167\u2013175.","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"key":"558_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1097\/01.chi.0000215325.13058.9d","volume":"45","author":"A. Ronald","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ronald, A., Happe, F., Bolton, P., Butcher, L. M., Price, T. S., Wheelwright, S., Baron-Cohen, S., & Plomin, R. (2006a). Genetic heterogeneity between the three components of the autism spectrum: A twin study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 45, 691\u2013699.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"558_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1097\/01.chi.0000230165.54117.41","volume":"45","author":"A. Ronald","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ronald, A., Happe, F., Price, T. S., Baron-Cohen, S., & Plomin, R. (2006b). Phenotypic and genetic overlap between autistic traits at the extremes of the general population. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 45(10), 1206\u20131214.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"558_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.126.6.493","volume":"126","author":"M. Rutter","year":"1975","unstructured":"Rutter, M., Cox, A., Tupling, C., Berger, M., & Yule, W. (1975). Attainment and adjustment in two geographical areas. I. The prevalence of psychiatric disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 126, 493\u2013509.","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"558_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361302006003002","volume":"6","author":"F. J. Scott","year":"2002","unstructured":"Scott, F. J., Baron-Cohen, S., Bolton, P., & Brayne, C. (2002). Brief report: Prevalence of autism spectrum conditions in children aged 5\u201311\u00a0years in Cambridgeshire, UK. Autism, 6, 231\u2013237.","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"558_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361302006001003","volume":"6","author":"F. J. Scott","year":"2002","unstructured":"Scott, F. J., Baron-Cohen, S., Bolton, P., & Brayne, C. (2002). The CAST (Childhood Asperger Syndrome Test): Preliminary development of a UK screen for mainstream primary-school-age children. Autism, 6, 9\u201331.","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"558_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361306066612","volume":"10","author":"J. Williams","year":"2006","unstructured":"Williams, J., Allison, C., Scott, F., Stott, C., Bolton, P., Baron-Cohen, S., & Brayne, C. (2006). The childhood Asperger syndrome test (CAST): Test\u2013retest reliability. Autism, 10, 415\u2013427.","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"558_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361306057876","volume":"10","author":"J. Williams","year":"2006","unstructured":"Williams, J., & Brayne, C. (2006). Screening for autism spectrum disorders: What is the evidence? Autism, 10, 11\u201335.","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"558_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361305049029","volume":"9","author":"J. Williams","year":"2005","unstructured":"Williams, J., Scott, F., Stott, C., Allison, C., Bolton, P., Baron-Cohen, S., & Brayne, C. (2005). The CAST (Childhood Asperger Syndrome Test): Test accuracy. Autism, 9, 45\u201368.","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"558_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(81)90043-3","volume":"5","author":"L. Wing","year":"1981","unstructured":"Wing, L. (1981). Sex ratios in early childhood autism and related conditions. Psychiatry Research, 5, 129\u2013137.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"key":"558_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01330.x","volume":"36","author":"S. Wolff","year":"1995","unstructured":"Wolff, S., & McGuire, R. J. (1995). Schizoid personality in girls: A follow-up study\u2013what are the links with Asperger\u2019s syndrome? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 36, 793\u2013817.","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10803-008-0558-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10803-008-0558-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10803-008-0558-6","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,31]],"date-time":"2019-05-31T00:52:40Z","timestamp":1559263960000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10803-008-0558-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,12]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,10]]}},"alternative-id":["558"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-008-0558-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0162-3257","1573-3432"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0162-3257","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-3432","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,12]]}}}