{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T02:22:23Z","timestamp":1778034143931,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,23]],"date-time":"2020-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603411200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,23]],"date-time":"2020-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603411200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies"},{"name":"University of Helsinki including Helsinki University Central Hospital"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Autism Dev Disord"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This paper analyses disfluencies and ungrammatical expressions in the speech of 11\u201313-year-old Finnish-speaking boys with ASD (N\u2009=\u20095) and with neurotypical development (N\u2009=\u20096). The ASD data were from authentic group therapy sessions and neurotypical data from teacher-led group discussions. The proportion of disfluencies and ungrammatical expressions was greater in the speech of participants with ASD (26.4%) than in the control group (15.5%). Furthermore, a qualitative difference was noted: The ASD group produced long, complex disfluent turns with word searches, self-repairs, false starts, fillers, prolongations, inconsistent syntactic structures and grammatical errors, whereas in the control group, the disfluencies were mainly fillers and sound prolongations. The disfluencies and ungrammatical expressions occurring in the ASD participants\u2019 interactions also caused comprehension problems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-020-04747-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,23]],"date-time":"2020-10-23T10:02:54Z","timestamp":1603447374000},"page":"2773-2789","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Comparison of Disfluent and Ungrammatical Speech of Preadolescents with and without ASD"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1257-5341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mari","family":"Wiklund","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6237-9501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minna","family":"Laakso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"4747_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1044\/jslhr.4204.895","volume":"42","author":"NG Ambrose","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ambrose, N. G., & Yairi, E. (1999). Normative disfluency data for early childhood stuttering. Journal of Speech, Language & Hearing Research, 42, 895\u2013909.","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language & Hearing Research"},{"key":"4747_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2010.01001.x","volume":"14","author":"ML Allen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Allen, M. L., Haywood, S., Rajendran, G., & Branigan, H. (2011). Evidence for syntactic alignment in children with autism. Developmental Science, 14, 540\u2013548.","journal-title":"Developmental Science"},{"key":"4747_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association (APA)","year":"2013","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (APA). (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington: American Psychiatric Association.","edition":"5"},{"key":"4747_CR4","unstructured":"ATLAS.ti Scientific Software Development GmbH (2016). Atlas.ti7. [Computer program]. https:\/\/atlasti.com\/ Accessed 21 April 2020."},{"key":"4747_CR5","unstructured":"Boersma, P. & Weenink, D. (2016). Praat: doing phonetics by computer. [Computer program]. Retrieved April 21, 2020, from https:\/\/www.praat.org\/."},{"key":"4747_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1044\/0161-1461(2011\/10-0068)","volume":"43","author":"CT Byrd","year":"2012","unstructured":"Byrd, C. T., Logan, K. J., & Gillam, R. B. (2012). Speech disfluency in school-age children\u2019s conversational and narrative discourse. Language, Speech & Hearing Services in Schools, 43, 153\u2013163.","journal-title":"Language, Speech & Hearing Services in Schools"},{"key":"4747_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-7954-9","volume-title":"Pragmatic disorders","author":"L Cummings","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cummings, L. (2014). Pragmatic disorders. Dordrecht: Springer."},{"key":"4747_CR8","volume-title":"Iso suomen kielioppi (ISK)","author":"A Hakulinen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hakulinen, A., Vilkuna, M., Korhonen, R., Koivisto, V., Heinonen, T. R., & Alho, I. (2004). Iso suomen kielioppi (ISK). Helsinki: SKS."},{"key":"4747_CR9","first-page":"57","volume-title":"The handbook of conversation analysis","author":"A Hepburn","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hepburn, A., & Bolden, G. B. (2013). The conversation analytic approach to transcription. In J. Sidnell & T. Stivers (Eds.), The handbook of conversation analysis (pp. 57\u201376). Oxford: Wiley Blackwell."},{"key":"4747_CR10","volume-title":"Garfinkel and ethnomethodology","author":"J Heritage","year":"1984","unstructured":"Heritage, J. (1984). Garfinkel and ethnomethodology. Cambridge: Polity Press."},{"key":"4747_CR11","volume-title":"Conversation analysis","author":"I Hutchby","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hutchby, I., & Wooffitt, R. (2008). Conversation analysis (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Polity Press.","edition":"2"},{"key":"4747_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326942dn2703_4","volume":"27","author":"R Joseph","year":"2005","unstructured":"Joseph, R., McGrath, L., & Tager-Flusberg, H. (2005). Executive function and its relation to language ability in verbal school-aged children with autism. Developmental Neuropsychology, 27, 361\u2013379.","journal-title":"Developmental Neuropsychology"},{"key":"4747_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-008-9077-7","volume":"18","author":"L Kenworthy","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kenworthy, L., Yerys, B., Anthony, L., & Wallace, G. (2008). Understanding executive control in autism spectrum disorders in the lab and in the real world. Neuropsychological Review, 18, 320\u2013338.","journal-title":"Neuropsychological Review"},{"key":"4747_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-010-0037-x","volume":"18","author":"JK Lake","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lake, J. K., Humphreys, J. R., & Cardy, S. (2011). Listener vs. speaker oriented aspects of speech: Studying the disfluencies of individuals with autism spectrum disorders. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 18, 135\u2013140.","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin and Review"},{"key":"4747_CR15","volume-title":"Clinical decision making in fluency disorders","author":"W Manning","year":"2010","unstructured":"Manning, W. (2010). Clinical decision making in fluency disorders. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar."},{"key":"4747_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0173936","author":"H MacFarlane","year":"2017","unstructured":"MacFarlane, H., Gorman, K., Ingham, R., Presmanes Hill, A., Papadakis, K., Kiss, G., et al. (2017). Quantitative analysis of disfluency in children with autism spectrum disorder or language impairment. PLoS ONE. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0173936.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"4747_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.specom.2017.10.001","volume":"95","author":"K McDougall","year":"2017","unstructured":"McDougall, K., & Duckworth, M. (2017). Profiling fluency: An analysis of individual variation in disfluencies in adult males. Speech Communication, 95, 16\u201327.","journal-title":"Speech Communication"},{"key":"4747_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-011-1210-4","volume":"42","author":"KK McGregor","year":"2012","unstructured":"McGregor, K. K., Berns, A. J., Owen, A. J., Michels, S. A., Duff, D., Bahnsen, A. J., et al. (2012). Associations between syntax and the lexicon among children with or without ASD and language impairment. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42, 35\u201347.","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"key":"4747_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.223","volume":"4","author":"LR Naigles","year":"2011","unstructured":"Naigles, L. R., Kelty, E., Jaffery, R., & Fein, D. (2011). Abstractness and continuity in the syntactic development of young children with autism. Autism Research, 4, 422\u2013437.","journal-title":"Autism Research"},{"key":"4747_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2010.10.015","volume":"48","author":"CF Norbury","year":"2010","unstructured":"Norbury, C. F., Griffiths, H., & Nation, K. (2010). Sound before meaning: Word learning in autistic disorders. Neuropsychologia, 48, 4012\u20134019.","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"2","key":"4747_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1044\/ffd20.2.42","volume":"20","author":"LW Plexico","year":"2010","unstructured":"Plexico, L. W., Cleary, J. E., Mcalpine, A., & Plumb, A. M. (2010). Disfluency characteristics observed in young children with autism spectrum disorders: A preliminary report. Perspectives on Fluency and Fluency Disorders, 20(2), 42\u201350.","journal-title":"Perspectives on Fluency and Fluency Disorders"},{"key":"4747_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-008-0540-3","volume":"38","author":"S Saalasti","year":"2008","unstructured":"Saalasti, S., Lepist\u00f6, T., Toppila, E., Kujala, T., Laakso, M., Nieminen-vonWendt, T., et al. (2008). Language abilities of children with asperger syndrome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38, 1574\u20131580.","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"4747_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.12048","volume":"49","author":"K Scaler Scott","year":"2014","unstructured":"Scaler Scott, K., Tetnowski, J. A., Flaitz, J. R., & Yaruss, J. S. (2014). Preliminary study of disfluency in school-aged children with autism. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 49(1), 75\u201389.","journal-title":"International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders"},{"key":"4747_CR24","first-page":"273","volume-title":"Research, treatment, and self-help in fluency disorders: New horizons. proceedings of the fifth world congress on fluency disorders","author":"KS Scott","year":"2006","unstructured":"Scott, K. S., Grossman, H. L., Abendroth, K. J., Tetnowski, J. A., & Anddamico, J. S. (2006). Asperger syndrome and attention deficit disorder: clinical disfluency analysis. In J. Au-Yeung & M. M. Leahy (Eds.), Research, treatment, and self-help in fluency disorders: New horizons. proceedings of the fifth world congress on fluency disorders (pp. 273\u2013278). Dublin: International Fluency Association."},{"key":"4747_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2001\/087)","volume":"44","author":"L Shriberg","year":"2001","unstructured":"Shriberg, L., Paul, R., McSweeney, J., Klin, A., Cohen, D., & Volkmar, F. R. (2001). Speech and prosody characteristics of adolescents and adults with high functioning autism and Asperger syndrome. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 44, 1097\u20131115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1044\/1092-4388(2001\/087).","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"4747_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1044\/ffd16.2.12","volume":"16","author":"V Sisskin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sisskin, V. (2006). Speech disfluency in Asperger\u2019s Syndrome: Two cases of interest. Perspectives on Fluency and Fluency Disorders, 16(2), 12\u201314.","journal-title":"Perspectives on Fluency and Fluency Disorders"},{"key":"4747_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2014.01.003","volume":"49","author":"V Tumanova","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tumanova, V., Conture, E. G., Lambert, E. W., & Walden, T. A. (2014). Speech disfluencies of preeschool-age children who do and do not stutter. Journal of Communication Disorders, 49, 25\u201341.","journal-title":"Journal of Communication Disorders"},{"key":"4747_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pragma.2016.01.008","volume":"94","author":"M Wiklund","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wiklund, M. (2016). Interactional challenges in conversations with autistic preadolescents: The role of prosody and nonverbal communication in other-initiated repairs. Journal of Pragmatics, 94, 76\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pragma.2016.01.008.","journal-title":"Journal of Pragmatics"},{"issue":"7","key":"4747_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1080\/02699206.2019.1578415","volume":"33","author":"M Wiklund","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wiklund, M., & Laakso, M. (2019). Ungrammatical utterances and disfluent speech as causes of comprehension problems in interactions of preadolescents with high functioning autism. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 33(7), 654\u2013676. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02699206.2019.1578415.","journal-title":"Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics"}],"container-title":["Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10803-020-04747-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10803-020-04747-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10803-020-04747-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,22]],"date-time":"2021-10-22T20:07:55Z","timestamp":1634933275000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10803-020-04747-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,23]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["4747"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-020-04747-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0162-3257","1573-3432"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0162-3257","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-3432","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 September 2020","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 October 2020","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The informants were recruited through the staff of the hospital where the data were collected. All the participants and their parents were provided with an informed consent form as well as a detailed information sheet in their own language. Separate forms were given to the children and to the parents. Consent was given in writing by signing the informed consent form and the information sheet.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed Consent"}},{"value":"The participants were not paid for their participation. Participation in the study was entirely voluntary, and all participants had the right to refuse to participate and to withdraw their participation at any time without any consequences. There was no risk of coercion or harm on the participants. All participants were equally treated. The data are treated anonymously. Only the researchers of the project can see the entire data.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Research Involving Human and Animal Participants"}}]}}