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We investigated autonomic arousal in 106 children\/adolescents with autism, ADHD, co-occurring autism\/ADHD, and neurotypical controls. Heart rate variability was recorded during resting-state, a \u2018passive\u2019 auditory oddball task and an \u2018active\u2019 response conflict task. Autistic children showed hyper-arousal during the active task, while those with ADHD showed hypo-arousal during resting-state and the passive task. Irrespective of diagnosis, children characterised by hyper-arousal showed more severe autistic symptomatology, increased anxiety and reduced global functioning than those displaying hypo-arousal, suggesting the importance of considering individual autonomic arousal profiles for differential diagnosis of autism\/ADHD and when developing personalised interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-021-05244-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,30]],"date-time":"2021-10-30T07:02:54Z","timestamp":1635577374000},"page":"4679-4691","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Heart Rate Variability in Children and Adolescents with Autism, ADHD and Co-occurring Autism and ADHD, During Passive and Active Experimental Conditions"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5330-6773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessio","family":"Bellato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iti","family":"Arora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Puja","family":"Kochhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Ropar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Hollis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madeleine J.","family":"Groom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"5244_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. 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