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Here we suggest a third route\u2014disruption of the germline epigenome induced by exogenous toxicants during a parent\u2019s gamete development. Similar to cases of germline mutation, these molecular perturbations may produce dysregulated transcription of brain-related genes during fetal and early development, resulting in abnormal neurobehavioral phenotypes in offspring. Many types of exposures may have these impacts, and here we discuss examples of anesthetic gases, tobacco components, synthetic steroids, and valproic acid. Alterations in parental germline could help explain some unsolved phenomena of autism, including increased prevalence, missing heritability, skewed sex ratio, and heterogeneity of neurobiology and behavior.\n<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-021-05304-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T12:05:25Z","timestamp":1633089925000},"page":"4608-4624","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Beyond Genes: Germline Disruption in the Etiology of Autism Spectrum Disorders"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2173-4508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jill","family":"Escher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9569-9026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1371-4876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilie F.","family":"Rissman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1889-4239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hsiao-Lin V.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6314-3987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arturo","family":"Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5140-4337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor G.","family":"Corces","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"5304_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16452","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-15739-1","volume":"7","author":"M Agez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Agez, M., Schultz, P., Medina, I., Baker, D. 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