{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T22:43:43Z","timestamp":1790808223728,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,24]],"date-time":"2023-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687564800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,24]],"date-time":"2023-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687564800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 MH110701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 MH110701"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Autism Dev Disord"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>3q29 deletion syndrome (3q29del) is associated with neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental phenotypes. We previously reported that graphomotor weakness is present in up to 78% of individuals with 3q29del. We have now explored nuances of the graphomotor phenotype and its association with other comorbidities in this population. Participants were recruited from the online 3q29 registry (3q29deletion.org) for two days of deep phenotyping. 32 individuals with 3q29del (62.5% male) were evaluated with the Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration (VMI) to assess visual-motor integration. Participants were also evaluated with measures of cognitive ability, executive function, adaptive behavior, and school function. Males with 3q29del performed significantly worse than females on the VMI and Motor Coordination subtest. VMI performance was significantly associated with ADHD diagnosis and cognitive ability. Compared to published data from individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, individuals with 3q29del showed significantly more impairment. The 3q29 deletion is associated with substantial deficits in visual-motor integration, Visual Perception, and Motor Coordination. Our data suggests that 3q29del may qualify as a nonverbal learning disability. Future studies should assess whether individuals with 3q29del would benefit from early interventions, including occupational therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-023-06034-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,24]],"date-time":"2023-06-24T07:46:34Z","timestamp":1687592794000},"page":"3142-3154","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Visual-Motor Integration Deficits in 3q29 Deletion Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Rebecca M.","family":"Pollak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. Lindsey","family":"Burrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph F.","family":"Cubells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheryl","family":"Klaiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa M.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Celine A.","family":"Saulnier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elaine F.","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stormi Pulver","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer G.","family":"Mulle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"6034_CR1","volume-title":"Manual for the ASEBA school-age forms & profiles","author":"TM Achenbach","year":"2001","unstructured":"Achenbach, T. M., & Rescorla, L. A. (2001). Manual for the ASEBA school-age forms & profiles. University of Vermont."},{"key":"6034_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1755-8166-1-8","volume":"1","author":"BC Ballif","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ballif, B. C., Theisen, A., Coppinger, J., Gowans, G. C., Hersh, J. H., Madan-Khetarpal, S., Schmidt, K. R., Tervo, R., Escobar, L. F., Friedrich, C. A., McDonald, M., Campbell, L., Ming, J. E., Zackai, E. H., Bejjani, B. A., & Shaffer, L. G. (2008). Expanding the clinical phenotype of the 3q29 microdeletion syndrome and characterization of the reciprocal microduplication. Molecular Cytogenetics, 1, 8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1755-8166-1-8","journal-title":"Molecular Cytogenetics"},{"key":"6034_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beery, K. E., & Beery, N. A. (2010). The Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-motor Integration (Beery VMI): With supplemental developmental tests of visual perception and motor coordination and stepping stones age norms from birth to age six: administration, scoring, and teaching manual. Pearson.","DOI":"10.1037\/t48947-000"},{"key":"6034_CR4","unstructured":"Bellugi, U. (1988). Spatial deficits in children with Williams syndrome. Spatial cognition: Brain bases and development."},{"issue":"1","key":"6034_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1080\/87565649709540667","volume":"13","author":"J Bertrand","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bertrand, J., Mervis, C. B., & Isenberg, J. D. (1997). Drawing by children with Williams syndrome: A developmental perspective. Developmental Neuropsychology, 13(1), 41\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/87565649709540667","journal-title":"Developmental Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"6034_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.15453\/2168-6408.1074","volume":"2","author":"M Coallier","year":"2014","unstructured":"Coallier, M., Rouleau, N., Bara, F., & Morin, M.-F. (2014). Visual-motor skills performance on the Beery-VMI: A study of Canadian kindergarten children. The Open Journal of Occupational Therapy, 2(2), 4.","journal-title":"The Open Journal of Occupational Therapy"},{"issue":"3","key":"6034_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1097\/MCD.0000000000000077","volume":"24","author":"DM Cox","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cox, D. M., & Butler, M. G. (2015). A clinical case report and literature review of the 3q29 microdeletion syndrome. Clinical Dysmorphology, 24(3), 89\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MCD.0000000000000077","journal-title":"Clinical Dysmorphology"},{"issue":"4","key":"6034_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.57.4.459","volume":"57","author":"CJ Daly","year":"2003","unstructured":"Daly, C. J., Kelley, G. T., & Krauss, A. (2003). Relationship between visual-motor integration and handwriting skills of children in kindergarten: A modified replication study. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 57(4), 459\u2013462. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5014\/ajot.57.4.459","journal-title":"The American Journal of Occupational Therapy"},{"issue":"3","key":"6034_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1076\/chin.5.3.154.7337","volume":"5","author":"AJ Don","year":"1999","unstructured":"Don, A. J., Schellenberg, G. E., & Rourke, B. P. (1999). Music and language skills of children with Williams syndrome. Child Neuropsychology, 5(3), 154\u2013170.","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"6034_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2011.10.004","volume":"33","author":"S Duijff","year":"2012","unstructured":"Duijff, S., Klaassen, P., Beemer, F., Swanenburg de Veye, H., Vorstman, J., & Sinnema, G. (2012). Intelligence and visual motor integration in 5-year-old children with 22q11-deletion syndrome. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 33(2), 334\u2013340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ridd.2011.10.004","journal-title":"Research in Developmental Disabilities"},{"issue":"3","key":"6034_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00025","volume":"43","author":"EM Dykens","year":"2002","unstructured":"Dykens, E. M. (2002). Are jigsaw puzzle skills \u201cspared\u201d in persons with Prader-Willi syndrome? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43(3), 343\u2013352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1469-7610.00025","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"6034_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1352\/0895-8017(2001)106<0094:DBIWWS>2.0.CO;2","volume":"106","author":"EM Dykens","year":"2001","unstructured":"Dykens, E. M., Rosner, B. A., & Ly, T. M. (2001). Drawings by individuals with Williams syndrome: Are people different from shapes? American Journal on Mental Retardation, 106(1), 94\u2013107.","journal-title":"American Journal on Mental Retardation"},{"key":"6034_CR13","unstructured":"Elliott, C. D., Murray, G., & Pearson, L. (1990). Differential ability scales. San Antonio, Texas."},{"issue":"4","key":"6034_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1352\/1944-7558-120.4.273","volume":"120","author":"TJ Fu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fu, T. J., Lincoln, A. J., Bellugi, U., & Searcy, Y. M. (2015). The association of intelligence, visual-motor functioning, and personality characteristics with adaptive behavior in individuals with williams syndrome. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 120(4), 273\u2013288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1352\/1944-7558-120.4.273","journal-title":"American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities"},{"issue":"4","key":"6034_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acn.2004.11.001","volume":"20","author":"HM Geurts","year":"2005","unstructured":"Geurts, H. M., Vert\u00e9, S., Oosterlaan, J., Roeyers, H., & Sergeant, J. A. (2005). ADHD subtypes: Do they differ in their executive functioning profile? Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20(4), 457\u2013477. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.acn.2004.11.001","journal-title":"Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology"},{"key":"6034_CR16","volume-title":"Behavior rating inventory of executive function","author":"G Gioia","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gioia, G., Isquith, P., Guy, S., & Kenworthy, L. (2015). Behavior rating inventory of executive function (2nd ed.). PAR Inc.","edition":"2"},{"issue":"14","key":"6034_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1200395","volume":"367","author":"S Girirajan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Girirajan, S., Rosenfeld, J. A., Coe, B. P., Parikh, S., Friedman, N., Goldstein, A., Filipink, R. A., McConnell, J. S., Angle, B., & Meschino, W. S. (2012). Phenotypic heterogeneity of genomic disorders and rare copy-number variants. New England Journal of Medicine, 367(14), 1321\u20131331.","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"6034_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.37537","volume":"170A","author":"MR Glassford","year":"2016","unstructured":"Glassford, M. R., Rosenfeld, J. A., Freedman, A. A., Zwick, M. E., Mulle, J. G., Unique Rare Chromosome Disorder Support G. (2016). Novel features of 3q29 deletion syndrome: Results from the 3q29 registry. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A, 170A(4), 999\u20131006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajmg.a.37537","journal-title":"American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A"},{"issue":"3","key":"6034_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320450307","volume":"45","author":"R Goldberg","year":"1993","unstructured":"Goldberg, R., Motzkin, B., Marion, R., Scambler, P. J., & Shprintzen, R. J. (1993). Velo-cardio-facial syndrome: A review of 120 patients. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 45(3), 313\u2013319.","journal-title":"American Journal of Medical Genetics"},{"issue":"7","key":"6034_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2015.1056131","volume":"22","author":"RR Green","year":"2016","unstructured":"Green, R. R., Bigler, E. D., Froehlich, A., Prigge, M. B. D., Travers, B. G., Cariello, A. N., Anderson, J. S., Zielinski, B. A., Alexander, A., Lange, N., & Lainhart, J. E. (2016). Beery VMI performance in autism spectrum disorder. Child Neuropsychology, 22(7), 795\u2013817. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09297049.2015.1056131","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"6034_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949402700303","volume":"27","author":"MCS Harnadek","year":"1994","unstructured":"Harnadek, M. C. S., & Rourke, B. P. (1994). Principal identifying features of the syndrome of nonverbal learning disabilities in children. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 27(3), 144\u2013154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/002221949402700303","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"issue":"10","key":"6034_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12328","volume":"60","author":"J Heiz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Heiz, J., & Barisnikov, K. (2016). Visual\u2013motor integration, visual perception and motor coordination in a population with Williams syndrome and in typically developing children. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 60(10), 945\u2013955.","journal-title":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"6034_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2008.12.014","volume":"84","author":"A Itsara","year":"2009","unstructured":"Itsara, A., Cooper, G. M., Baker, C., Girirajan, S., Li, J., Absher, D., Krauss, R. M., Myers, R. M., Ridker, P. M., Chasman, D. I., Mefford, H., Ying, P., Nickerson, D. A., & Eichler, E. E. (2009). Population analysis of large copy number variants and hotspots of human genetic disease. American Journal of Human Genetics, 84(2), 148\u2013161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajhg.2008.12.014","journal-title":"American Journal of Human Genetics"},{"issue":"2","key":"6034_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2016.08.014","volume":"82","author":"KM Kendall","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kendall, K. M., Rees, E., Escott-Price, V., Einon, M., Thomas, R., Hewitt, J., O\u2019Donovan, M. C., Owen, M. J., Walters, J. T. R., & Kirov, G. (2017). Cognitive performance among carriers of pathogenic copy number variants: Analysis of 152,000 UK biobank subjects. Biological Psychiatry, 82(2), 103\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2016.08.014","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"6034_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00315125221101008","author":"M K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7\u00f6z","year":"2022","unstructured":"K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7\u00f6z, M., Kutlut\u00fcrk Y\u0131k\u0131lmaz, S., Y\u00fcksel, A., & Kaya Kara, \u00d6. (2022). Comparisons of children with and without type I diabetes on hand and visual motor integration skills and on participation in daily activities. Perceptual and Motor Skills. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00315125221101008","journal-title":"Perceptual and Motor Skills"},{"issue":"6","key":"6034_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.5351\/CSAM.2015.22.6.665","volume":"22","author":"S Kim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kim, S. (2015). ppcor: An R package for a fast calculation to semi-partial correlation coefficients. Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods, 22(6), 665.","journal-title":"Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"6034_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2011.154","volume":"17","author":"G Kirov","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kirov, G., Pocklington, A. J., Holmans, P., Ivanov, D., Ikeda, M., Ruderfer, D., Moran, J., Chambert, K., Toncheva, D., Georgieva, L., Grozeva, D., Fjodorova, M., Wollerton, R., Rees, E., Nikolov, I., van de Lagemaat, L. N., Bay\u00e9s, A., Fernandez, E., Olason, P. I., \u2026 Owen, M. J. (2012). De novo CNV analysis implicates specific abnormalities of postsynaptic signalling complexes in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Molecular Psychiatry, 17(2), 142\u2013153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/mp.2011.154","journal-title":"Molecular Psychiatry"},{"key":"6034_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12919","author":"C Klaiman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Klaiman, C., White, S. P., Saulnier, C., Murphy, M., Burrell, L., Cubells, J., Walker, E., & Mulle, J. G. (2022). A distinct cognitive profile in individuals with 3q29 deletion syndrome. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jir.12919","journal-title":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"6034_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2005.12.001","volume":"16","author":"JA Lachance","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lachance, J. A., & Mazzocco, M. M. M. (2006). A longitudinal analysis of sex differences in math and spatial skills in primary school age children. Learning and Individual Differences, 16(3), 195\u2013216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lindif.2005.12.001","journal-title":"Learning and Individual Differences"},{"issue":"2","key":"6034_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acn.2005.09.001","volume":"21","author":"R Lajiness-O\u2019Neill","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lajiness-O\u2019Neill, R., Beaulieu, I., Asamoah, A., Titus, J. B., Bawle, E., Ahmad, S., Kirk, J. W., & Pollack, R. (2006). The neuropsychological phenotype of velocardiofacial syndrome (VCFS): Relationship to psychopathology. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 21(2), 175\u2013184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.acn.2005.09.001","journal-title":"Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"6034_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1080\/13554794.2010.536954","volume":"17","author":"AC Lepach","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lepach, A. C., & Petermann, F. (2011). Nonverbal and verbal learning: A comparative study of children and adolescents with 22q11 deletion syndrome, non-syndromal Nonverbal Learning Disorder and memory disorder. Neurocase, 17(6), 480\u2013490. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13554794.2010.536954","journal-title":"Neurocase"},{"issue":"9","key":"6034_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12197","volume":"59","author":"ST Lo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lo, S. T., Collin, P. J., & Hokken-Koelega, A. C. (2015). Visual-motor integration in children with Prader-Willi syndrome. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 59(9), 827\u2013834. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jir.12197","journal-title":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"6034_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1348\/026151007X185329","volume":"25","author":"Z Luo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Luo, Z., Jose, P. E., Huntsinger, C. S., & Pigott, T. D. (2007). Fine motor skills and mathematics achievement in East Asian American and European American kindergartners and first graders. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 25(4), 595\u2013614. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1348\/026151007X185329","journal-title":"British Journal of Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"6034_CR34","unstructured":"Maccoby, E. E., & Jacklin, C. N. (1972). Sex differences in intellectual functioning. Proceedings of the invitational conference on testing problems"},{"issue":"2","key":"6034_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1080\/01688638808408229","volume":"10","author":"GW MacDonald","year":"1988","unstructured":"MacDonald, G. W., & Roy, D. (1988). Williams syndrome: A neuropsychological profile. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 10(2), 125\u2013131.","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"6034_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2013.796920","volume":"20","author":"IC Mammarella","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mammarella, I. C., & Cornoldi, C. (2014). An analysis of the criteria used to diagnose children with Nonverbal Learning Disability (NLD). Child Neuropsychology, 20(3), 255\u2013280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09297049.2013.796920","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychology"},{"key":"6034_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Marshall, C. R., Howrigan, D. P., Merico, D., Thiruvahindrapuram, B., Wu, W., Greer, D. S., Antaki, D., Shetty, A., Holmans, P. A., Pinto, D., Gujral, M., Brandler, W. M., Malhotra, D., Wang, Z., Fajarado, K. V. F., Maile, M. S., Ripke, S., Agartz, I., Albus, M., Alexander, M., \u2026 Schizophrenia Working Groups of the Psychiatric Genomics, C. (2017). Contribution of copy number variants to schizophrenia from a genome-wide study of 41,321 subjects. Nature Genetics, 49(1), 27\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ng.3725","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3725"},{"issue":"9","key":"6034_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2015.76","volume":"20","author":"JG Mulle","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mulle, J. G. (2015a). The 3q29 deletion confers >40-fold increase in risk for schizophrenia. Molecular Psychiatry, 20(9), 1028\u20131029. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/mp.2015.76","journal-title":"Molecular Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"6034_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2010.07.013","volume":"87","author":"JG Mulle","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mulle, J. G., Dodd, A. F., McGrath, J. A., Wolyniec, P. S., Mitchell, A. A., Shetty, A. C., Sobreira, N. L., Valle, D., Rudd, M. K., Satten, G., Cutler, D. J., Pulver, A. E., & Warren, S. T. (2010). Microdeletions of 3q29 confer high risk for schizophrenia. American Journal of Human Genetics, 87(2), 229\u2013236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajhg.2010.07.013","journal-title":"American Journal of Human Genetics"},{"issue":"6","key":"6034_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1080\/13825585.2012.690366","volume":"19","author":"CA Munro","year":"2012","unstructured":"Munro, C. A., Winicki, J. M., Schretlen, D. J., Gower, E. W., Turano, K. A., Mu\u00f1oz, B., Keay, L., Bandeen-Roche, K., & West, S. K. (2012). Sex differences in cognition in healthy elderly individuals. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 19(6), 759\u2013768. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13825585.2012.690366","journal-title":"Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition"},{"issue":"1","key":"6034_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-018-1760-5","volume":"18","author":"MM Murphy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Murphy, M. M., Lindsey Burrell, T., Cubells, J. F., Espana, R. A., Gambello, M. J., Goines, K. C. B., Klaiman, C., Li, L., Novacek, D. M., Papetti, A., Sanchez Russo, R. L., Saulnier, C. A., Shultz, S., Walker, E., & Mulle, J. G. (2018). Study protocol for The Emory 3q29 Project: evaluation of neurodevelopmental, psychiatric, and medical symptoms in 3q29 deletion syndrome. BMC Psychiatry, 18(1), 183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-018-1760-5","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"6034_CR42","volume-title":"Nonverbal learning disabilities: Assessment and intervention. In Progress in learning disabilities","author":"HR Myklebust","year":"1975","unstructured":"Myklebust, H. R. (1975). Nonverbal learning disabilities: Assessment and intervention. In Progress in learning disabilities. Grune & Stratton."},{"issue":"1","key":"6034_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2009.09.001","volume":"31","author":"L Niklasson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Niklasson, L., & Gillberg, C. (2010). The neuropsychology of 22q11 deletion syndrome. A neuropsychiatric study of 100 individuals. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 31(1), 185\u2013194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ridd.2009.09.001","journal-title":"Research in Developmental Disabilities"},{"issue":"1","key":"6034_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1097\/00125817-200101000-00017","volume":"3","author":"L Niklasson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Niklasson, L., Rasmussen, P., \u00d3skarsd\u00f3ttir, S., & Gillberg, C. (2001). Neuropsychiatric disorders in the 22q11 deletion syndrome. Genetics in Medicine, 3(1), 79\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00125817-200101000-00017","journal-title":"Genetics in Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"6034_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.80.1.85","volume":"80","author":"RA Pagon","year":"1987","unstructured":"Pagon, R. A., Bennett, F. C., LaVeck, B., Stewart, K. B., & Johnson, J. (1987). Williams syndrome: Features in late childhood and adolescence. Pediatrics, 80(1), 85\u201391.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"6034_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1080\/87565649909540742","volume":"15","author":"G Pezzini","year":"1999","unstructured":"Pezzini, G., Vicari, S., Volterra, V., Milani, L., & Ossella, M. T. (1999). Children with Williams syndrome: Is there a single neuropsychological profile? Developmental Neuropsychology, 15(1), 141\u2013155.","journal-title":"Developmental Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"6034_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-019-0281-5","volume":"10","author":"RM Pollak","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pollak, R. M., Murphy, M. M., Epstein, M. P., Zwick, M. E., Klaiman, C., Saulnier, C. A., & Mulle, J. G. (2019). Neuropsychiatric phenotypes and a distinct constellation of ASD features in 3q29 deletion syndrome: results from the 3q29 registry. Molecular Autism, 10(1), 30. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13229-019-0281-5","journal-title":"Molecular Autism"},{"key":"6034_CR48","unstructured":"R Core Team. (2008). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https:\/\/www.r-project.org\/"},{"issue":"4","key":"6034_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.61.4.399","volume":"61","author":"NZ Ratzon","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ratzon, N. Z., Efraim, D., & Bart, O. (2007). A short-term graphomotor program for improving writing readiness skills of first-grade students. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 61(4), 399\u2013405. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5014\/ajot.61.4.399","journal-title":"The American Journal of Occupational Therapy"},{"issue":"1","key":"6034_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2009.03356.x","volume":"52","author":"T Rihtman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rihtman, T., Tekuzener, E., Parush, S., Tenenbaum, A., Bachrach, S. J., & Ornoy, A. (2010). Are the cognitive functions of children with Down syndrome related to their participation? Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 52(1), 72\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2009.03356.x","journal-title":"Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"6034_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2010.04.073","volume":"157","author":"NJ Roizen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Roizen, N. J., Higgins, A. M., Antshel, K. M., Fremont, W., Shprintzen, R., & Kates, W. R. (2010). 22q11.2 Deletion syndrome: Are motor deficits more than expected for IQ level? The Journal of Pediatrics, 157(4), 658\u2013661. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpeds.2010.04.073","journal-title":"The Journal of Pediatrics"},{"key":"6034_CR52","volume-title":"Behavior rating inventory of executive function\u2013adult version","author":"RM Roth","year":"2005","unstructured":"Roth, R. M., & Gioia, G. A. (2005). Behavior rating inventory of executive function\u2013adult version. Psychological Assessment Resources Lutz."},{"issue":"4","key":"6034_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1080\/13854048808403271","volume":"2","author":"BP Rourke","year":"1988","unstructured":"Rourke, B. P. (1988). The syndrome of nonverbal learning disabilities: Developmental manifestations in neurological disease, disorder, and dysfunction. Clinical Neuropsychologist, 2(4), 293\u2013330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854048808403271","journal-title":"Clinical Neuropsychologist"},{"key":"6034_CR54","volume-title":"Syndrome of nonverbal learning disabilities: Neurodevelopmental manifestations","author":"BP Rourke","year":"1995","unstructured":"Rourke, B. P. (1995). Syndrome of nonverbal learning disabilities: Neurodevelopmental manifestations. Guilford Press."},{"issue":"1","key":"6034_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.53.100901.135204","volume":"53","author":"BP Rourke","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rourke, B. P., Ahmad, S. A., Collins, D. W., Hayman-Abello, B. A., Hayman-Abello, S. E., & Warriner, E. M. (2002). Child clinical\/pediatric neuropsychology: Some recent advances. Annual Review of Psychology, 53(1), 309\u2013339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.psych.53.100901.135204","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"6034_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1038\/s41436-020-01053-1","volume":"23","author":"R Sanchez Russo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sanchez Russo, R., Gambello, M. J., Murphy, M. M., Aberizk, K., Black, E., Burrell, T. L., Carlock, G., Cubells, J. F., Epstein, M. T., Espana, R., Goines, K., Guest, R. M., Klaiman, C., Koh, S., Leslie, E. J., Li, L., Novacek, D. M., Saulnier, C. A., Sefik, E., \u2026 Mulle, J. G. (2021). Deep phenotyping in 3q29 deletion syndrome: recommendations for clinical care. Genetics in Medicine, 23(5), 872\u2013880. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41436-020-01053-1","journal-title":"Genetics in Medicine"},{"key":"6034_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sanders, S. J., He, X., Willsey, A. J., Ercan-Sencicek, A. G., Samocha, K. E., Cicek, A. E., Murtha, M. T., Bal, V. H., Bishop, S. L., Dong, S., Goldberg, A. P., Jinlu, C., Keaney, J. F., 3rd, Klei, L., Mandell, J. D., Moreno-De-Luca, D., Poultney, C. S., Robinson, E. B., \u2026State, M. W. (2015b). Insights into autism spectrum disorder genomic architecture and biology from 71 risk loci. Neuron, 87(6), 1215\u20131233. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.09.016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.09.016"},{"key":"6034_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.03.01.22271659","author":"E Sefik","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sefik, E., Li, Y., Sholar, B., Evans, L., Pincus, J., Ammar, Z., Murphy, M. M., Klaiman, C., Saulnier, C. A., White, S. P., Goldman-Yassen, A. E., Guo, Y., Walker, E. F., Li, L., Shultz, S., & Mulle, J. G. (2022). Structural deviations of the posterior fossa and the cerebellum and their cognitive links in a neurodevelopmental deletion syndrome. medRxiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2022.03.01.22271659","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"issue":"1","key":"6034_CR59","first-page":"56","volume":"15","author":"RJ Shprintzen","year":"1978","unstructured":"Shprintzen, R. J., Goldberg, R. B., Lewin, M. L., Sidoti, E. J., Berkman, M. D., Argamaso, R. V., & Young, D. (1978). A new syndrome involving cleft palate, cardiac anomalies, typical facies, and learning disabilities: Velo-cardio-facial syndrome. The Cleft Palate Journal, 15(1), 56\u201362.","journal-title":"The Cleft Palate Journal"},{"key":"6034_CR60","unstructured":"Sievert, C., Parmer, C., Hocking, T., Chamberlain, S., Ram, K., Corvellec, M., & Despouy, P. (2017). plotly: Create Interactive Web Graphics via \u2018plotly.js\u2019. R package version 4.6.0. https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=plotly"},{"issue":"11","key":"6034_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200311000-00013","volume":"80","author":"JM Sortor","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sortor, J. M., & Kulp, M. T. (2003). Are the results of the Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration and its subtests related to achievement test scores? Optometry and Vision Science, 80(11), 758\u2013763. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00006324-200311000-00013","journal-title":"Optometry and Vision Science"},{"key":"6034_CR62","volume-title":"Vineland adaptive behavior scales\u2013Third edition (Vineland-3)","author":"S Sparrow","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sparrow, S., Cicchetti, D., & Saulnier, C. (2016). Vineland adaptive behavior scales\u2013Third edition (Vineland-3). American Guidance Service."},{"key":"6034_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stefansson, H., Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Steinberg, S., Magnusdottir, B., Morgen, K., Arnarsdottir, S., Bjornsdottir, G., Walters, G. B., Jonsdottir, G. A., Doyle, O. M., Tost, H., Grimm, O., Kristjansdottir, S., Snorrason, H., Davidsdottir, S. R., Gudmundsson, L. J., Jonsson, G. F., Stefansdottir, B., \u2026 Stefansson, K. (2014). CNVs conferring risk of autism or schizophrenia affect cognition in controls. Nature, 505(7483), 361\u2013366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature12818","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12818"},{"key":"6034_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2015.07.012","volume":"141","author":"S Suggate","year":"2016","unstructured":"Suggate, S., Pufke, E., & Stoeger, H. (2016). The effect of fine and grapho-motor skill demands on preschoolers\u2019 decoding skill. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 141, 34\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jecp.2015.07.012","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"6034_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9817.12081","volume":"41","author":"S Suggate","year":"2018","unstructured":"Suggate, S., Pufke, E., & Stoeger, H. (2018). Do fine motor skills contribute to early reading development? Journal of Research in Reading, 41(1), 1\u201319.","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Reading"},{"issue":"3","key":"6034_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1037\/a0023370","volume":"23","author":"GP Sutton","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sutton, G. P., Barchard, K. A., Bello, D. T., Thaler, N. S., Ringdahl, E., Mayfield, J., & Allen, D. N. (2011). Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration performance in children with traumatic brain injury and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder. Psychological Assessment, 23(3), 805\u2013809. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0023370","journal-title":"Psychological Assessment"},{"issue":"6","key":"6034_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.34.6.453","volume":"34","author":"A Swillen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Swillen, A., Devriendt, K., Legius, E., Eyskens, B., Dumoulin, M., Gewillig, M., & Fryns, J. P. (1997). Intelligence and psychosocial adjustment in velocardiofacial syndrome: A study of 37 children and adolescents with VCFS. Journal of Medical Genetics, 34(6), 453\u2013458. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jmg.34.6.453","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Genetics"},{"issue":"4","key":"6034_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1076\/0929-7049(199912)05:04;1-R;FT230","volume":"5","author":"A Swillen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Swillen, A., Vandeputte, L., Cracco, J., Maes, B., Ghesqui\u00e8re, P., Devriendt, K., & Fryns, J.-P. (1999). Neuropsychological, learning and psychosocial profile of primary school aged children with the Velo-Cardio-Facial Syndrome (22q11 Deletion): Evidence for a nonverbal learning disability? Child Neuropsychology, 5(4), 230\u2013241.","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychology"},{"key":"6034_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2014.40","volume":"19","author":"JP Szatkiewicz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Szatkiewicz, J. P., O\u2019Dushlaine, C., Chen, G., Chambert, K., Moran, J. L., Neale, B. M., Fromer, M., Ruderfer, D., Akterin, S., Bergen, S. E., K\u00e4hler, A., Magnusson, P. K. E., Kim, Y., Crowley, J. J., Rees, E., Kirov, G., O\u2019Donovan, M. C., Owen, M. J., Walters, J., \u2026 Sullivan, P. F. (2014). Copy number variation in schizophrenia in Sweden [Immediate Communication]. Molecular Psychiatry, 19, 762. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/mp.2014.40","journal-title":"Molecular Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"6034_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949502800202","volume":"28","author":"VG Tsur","year":"1995","unstructured":"Tsur, V. G., Shalev, R. S., Manor, O., & Amir, N. (1995). Developmental right-hemisphere syndrome: Clinical spectrum of the nonverbal learning disability. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 28(2), 80\u201386.","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"issue":"6","key":"6034_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1080\/09297040902740678","volume":"15","author":"K Van Aken","year":"2009","unstructured":"Van Aken, K., Caeyenberghs, K., Smits-Engelsman, B., & Swillen, A. (2009). The Motor profile of primary school-age children with a 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) and an age- and IQ-matched control group. Child Neuropsychology, 15(6), 532\u2013542. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09297040902740678","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"6034_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.60.4.451","volume":"60","author":"M Volman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Volman, M., van Schendel, B. M., & Jongmans, M. J. (2006). Handwriting difficulties in primary school children: A search for underlying mechanisms. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 60(4), 451\u2013460.","journal-title":"The American Journal of Occupational Therapy"},{"issue":"1","key":"6034_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1006\/brcg.1995.1267","volume":"29","author":"PP Wang","year":"1995","unstructured":"Wang, P. P., Doherty, S., Rourke, S. B., & Bellugi, U. (1995). Unique profile of visuo-perceptual skills in a genetic syndrome. Brain and Cognition, 29(1), 54\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/brcg.1995.1267","journal-title":"Brain and Cognition"},{"key":"6034_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wechsler, D. (1999). Wechsler abbreviated scale of intelligence.","DOI":"10.1037\/t15170-000"},{"issue":"11","key":"6034_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.48.11.982","volume":"48","author":"MJ Weil","year":"1994","unstructured":"Weil, M. J., & Amundson, S. J. (1994). Relationship between visuomotor and handwriting skills of children in kindergarten. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 48(11), 982\u2013988. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5014\/ajot.48.11.982","journal-title":"The American Journal of Occupational Therapy"},{"key":"6034_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-98141-3","volume-title":"ggplot2: Elegant graphics for data analysis","author":"H Wickham","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wickham, H. (2009). ggplot2: Elegant graphics for data analysis. Springer."},{"issue":"1","key":"6034_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1086\/431653","volume":"77","author":"L Willatt","year":"2005","unstructured":"Willatt, L., Cox, J., Barber, J., Cabanas, E. D., Collins, A., Donnai, D., FitzPatrick, D. R., Maher, E., Martin, H., Parnau, J., Pindar, L., Ramsay, J., Shaw-Smith, C., Sistermans, E. A., Tettenborn, M., Trump, D., de Vries, B. B. A., Walker, K., & Raymond, F. L. (2005). 3q29 microdeletion syndrome: clinical and molecular characterization of a new syndrome. American Journal of Human Genetics, 77(1), 154\u2013160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/431653","journal-title":"American Journal of Human Genetics"},{"key":"6034_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ziviani, J., & Wallen, M. (2006). The development of graphomotor skills.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-032303186-8.50014-9"}],"container-title":["Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10803-023-06034-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10803-023-06034-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10803-023-06034-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T05:10:27Z","timestamp":1722834627000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10803-023-06034-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,24]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["6034"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-023-06034-2","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2022.09.15.508134","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0162-3257","1573-3432"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0162-3257","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-3432","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 May 2023","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 June 2023","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"CAS reports receiving royalties from Pearson Assessments for the Vineland-3. All other authors report no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}},{"value":"This study was approved by Emory University\u2019s Institutional Review Board (IRB00064133) and Rutgers University\u2019s Institutional Review Board (PRO2021001360).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"All study subjects gave informed consent prior to participating in this study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Publish"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Welfare of Animals"}}]}}