{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T23:58:13Z","timestamp":1793836693224,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736294400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Autism Dev Disord"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The prevalence of autistic students in schools is continuously increasing. Typically, the social and sensory differences associated with autism can make the school environment difficult to manage. Autistic students are more likely to experience mental health difficulties than their non-autistic peers. It is therefore important to listen to autistic people about their educational experiences and explore ways that the environment could be changed to reduce anxiety.\n                    <jats:italic>Purpose.<\/jats:italic>\n                    The current research explores whether the relationship between school belonging and anxiety in secondary-aged autistic students is mediated by camouflaging.\n                    <jats:italic>Methods.<\/jats:italic>\n                    An anonymous online survey was completed by 72 autistic students attending mainstream schools in the UK and Ireland. The survey included questionnaires about school belonging (simple sense of belonging scale), anxiety (ASC-ASD) and camouflaging traits (CAT-Q). Further, the survey included open-ended questions about environmental factors related to school belonging and camouflaging. Qualitative content analysis was used to interpret answers to open ended questions.\n                    <jats:italic>Results.<\/jats:italic>\n                    The results found that, as predicted, camouflaging did mediate the relationship between school belonging and anxiety. Categories were created for each question, for example, \u2018the school environment\u2019 and \u2018acceptance and understanding\u2019.\n                    <jats:italic>Conclusion. S<\/jats:italic>\n                    ocial relationships; individual factors; the environment and adaptations, and acceptance and understanding, influence students\u2019 sense of belonging.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-024-06668-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T04:21:27Z","timestamp":1736310087000},"page":"2231-2245","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["\u201cDo My Friends Only Like the School Me or the True Me?\u201d: School Belonging, Camouflaging, and Anxiety in Autistic Students"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5152-0964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Atkinson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6500-370X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4965-7778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henry","family":"Wood-Downie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"6668_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3353","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-021-05211-5","volume":"52","author":"D Adams","year":"2022","unstructured":"Adams, D. (2022). Child and parental mental health as correlates of school non-attendance and school refusal in children on the autism spectrum. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 52(8), 3353\u20133365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-021-05211-5","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"10","key":"6668_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2155","volume":"12","author":"D Adams","year":"2019","unstructured":"Adams, D., Clark, M., & Keen, D. (2019). Using self-report to explore the relationship between anxiety and quality of life in children on the autism spectrum. Autism Research, 12(10), 1505\u20131515. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aur.2155","journal-title":"Autism Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"6668_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2246","volume":"13","author":"D Adams","year":"2020","unstructured":"Adams, D., Simpson, K., & Keen, D. (2020). Exploring anxiety at home, school, and in the community through self-report from children on the autism spectrum. Autism Research, 13(4), 603\u2013614. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aur.2246","journal-title":"Autism Research"},{"key":"6668_CR4","unstructured":"All Party Parliamentary Group on Autism (2019). The Autism Act, 10 years on.https:\/\/pearsfoundation.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/APPGA-Autism-Act-Inquiry-Report.pdf"},{"key":"6668_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allen, K-A., & Kern, M. (2017). School belonging in adolescents: Theory, research and practice. Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-5996-4"},{"key":"6668_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Allen, K. A., Slaten, C. D., Arslan, G., Roffey, S., Craig, H., & Vella-Brodrick, D. A. (2021). School belonging: The importance of student and teacher relationships. In M. L. Kern & M. L. Wehmeyer (Eds.), The Palgrave handbook of positive education (pp. 525\u2013550). Springer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-64537-3_21","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-64537-3_21"},{"issue":"2","key":"6668_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2011.11.003","volume":"51","author":"C Allison","year":"2012","unstructured":"Allison, C., Auyeung, B., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2012). Toward brief red flags for autism screening: The short Autism Spectrum Quotient and the short quantitative checklist in 1,000 cases and 3,000 controls. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 51(2), 202\u2013212e7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2011.11.003","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"6668_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2020.101601","volume":"76","author":"K Ambrose","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ambrose, K., Adams, D., Simpson, K., & Keen, D. (2020). Exploring profiles of anxiety symptoms in male and female children on the autism spectrum. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 76, 101601. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rasd.2020.101601","journal-title":"Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders"},{"issue":"5","key":"6668_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1007\/s12187-020-09721-z","volume":"13","author":"G Arslan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Arslan, G., Allen, K. A., & Ryan, T. (2020). Exploring the impacts of school belonging on youth wellbeing and mental health among Turkish adolescents. Child Indicators Research, 13(5), 1619\u20131635. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12187-020-09721-z","journal-title":"Child Indicators Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"6668_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.117.3.497","volume":"117","author":"RF Baumeister","year":"1995","unstructured":"Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.117.3.497","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"4","key":"6668_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361320912147","volume":"24","author":"JS Beck","year":"2020","unstructured":"Beck, J. S., Lundwall, R. A., Gabrielsen, T., Cox, J. C., & South, M. (2020). Looking good but feeling bad: Camouflaging behaviors and mental health in women with autistic traits. Autism, 24(4), 809\u2013821. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1362361320912147","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"6668_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.npls.2016.01.001","volume":"2","author":"M Bengtsson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bengtsson, M. (2016). How to plan and perform a qualitative study using content analysis. NursingPlus Open, 2, 8\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.npls.2016.01.001","journal-title":"NursingPlus Open"},{"issue":"10","key":"6668_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-017-0716-2","volume":"46","author":"AD Benner","year":"2017","unstructured":"Benner, A. D., Boyle, A. E., & Bakhtiari, F. (2017). Understanding students\u2019 transition to high school: Demographic variation and the role of supportive relationships. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 46(10), 2129\u20132142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10964-017-0716-2","journal-title":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence"},{"issue":"12","key":"6668_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2997","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-013-1844-5","volume":"43","author":"T Booth","year":"2013","unstructured":"Booth, T., Murray, A. L., McKenzie, K., Kuenssberg, R., O\u2019Donnell, M., & Burnett, H. (2013). Brief report: An evaluation of the AQ-10 as a brief screening instrument for ASD in adults. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(12), 2997\u20133000. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-013-1844-5","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"key":"6668_CR15","unstructured":"Bornstein, M. S. W. (2022). N. \u2018There is no cause, there is no effect\u2019: Experiences at the intersection of transgender and neurodivergent identities. All Student Scholarship. 412. https:\/\/digitalcommons.usm.maine.edu\/etd\/412\/"},{"key":"6668_CR16","unstructured":"Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss, Vol. 1: Attachment. Attachment and loss. Basic Books."},{"issue":"2","key":"6668_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","volume":"3","author":"V Braun","year":"2006","unstructured":"Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","journal-title":"Qualitative Research in Psychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"6668_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-018-03878-x","volume":"49","author":"E Cage","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cage, E., & Troxell-Whitman, Z. (2019). Understanding the reasons, contexts and costs of camouflaging for autistic adults. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49(5), 1899\u20131911. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-018-03878-x","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"4","key":"6668_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1089\/aut.2020.0016","volume":"2","author":"E Cage","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cage, E., & Troxell-Whitman, Z. (2020). Understanding the relationships between autistic identity, disclosure, and camouflaging. LawAutism in Adulthood, 2(4), 334\u2013338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/aut.2020.0016","journal-title":"LawAutism in Adulthood"},{"issue":"3","key":"6668_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1089\/aut.2021.0096","volume":"4","author":"E Cage","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cage, E., Cranney, R., & Botha, M. (2022). Brief report: Does autistic community connectedness moderate the relationship between masking and wellbeing? Autism in Adulthood, 4(3), 247\u2013253. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/aut.2021.0096","journal-title":"Autism in Adulthood"},{"issue":"1","key":"6668_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-018-0226-4","volume":"9","author":"S Cassidy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cassidy, S., Bradley, L., Shaw, R., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2018). Risk markers for suicidality in autistic adults. Molecular Autism, 9(1), 42. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13229-018-0226-4","journal-title":"Molecular Autism"},{"issue":"10","key":"6668_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3638","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-019-04323-3","volume":"50","author":"SA Cassidy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cassidy, S. A., Gould, K., Townsend, E., Pelton, M., Robertson, A. E., & Rodgers, J. (2020). Is camouflaging autistic traits associated with suicidal thoughts and behaviours? Expanding the interpersonal psychological theory of suicide in an undergraduate student sample. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(10), 3638\u20133648. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-019-04323-3","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"3","key":"6668_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1080\/08856257.2017.1312797","volume":"33","author":"A Cook","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cook, A., Ogden, J., & Winstone, N. (2018). Friendship motivations, challenges and the role of masking for girls with autism in contrasting school settings. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 33(3), 302\u2013315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08856257.2017.1312797","journal-title":"European Journal of Special Needs Education"},{"key":"6668_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2021.102080","volume":"89","author":"J Cook","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cook, J., Hull, L., Crane, L., & Mandy, W. (2021). Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 89, 102080. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2021.102080","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"6668_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2013.09.017","volume":"53","author":"WE Copeland","year":"2014","unstructured":"Copeland, W. E., Angold, A., Shanahan, L., & Costello, E. J. (2014). Longitudinal patterns of anxiety from childhood to adulthood: The Great Smoky mountains study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 53(1), 21\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2013.09.017","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"6668_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci11110726","volume":"11","author":"D Costley","year":"2021","unstructured":"Costley, D., Emerson, A., Ropar, D., & Sheppard, E. (2021). The anxiety caused by secondary schools for autistic adolescents: In their own words. Education Sciences, 11, 726. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/educsci11110726","journal-title":"Education Sciences"},{"issue":"10","key":"6668_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1080\/13676261.2018.1477125","volume":"21","author":"H Craggs","year":"2018","unstructured":"Craggs, H., & Kelly, C. (2018). Adolescents\u2019 experiences of school belonging: A qualitative meta-synthesis. Journal of Youth Studies, 21(10), 1411\u20131425. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13676261.2018.1477125","journal-title":"Journal of Youth Studies"},{"issue":"6","key":"6668_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852921000808","volume":"27","author":"L Dell\u2019Osso","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dell\u2019Osso, L., Cremone, I. M., Chiarantini, I., Arone, A., Massimetti, G., Carmassi, C., & Carpita, B. (2022). Autistic traits and camouflaging behaviors: A cross-sectional investigation in a University student population. CNS Spectrums, 27(6), 740\u2013746. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1092852921000808","journal-title":"CNS Spectrums"},{"issue":"2","key":"6668_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1080\/1034912X.2020.1727420","volume":"69","author":"J den Houting","year":"2022","unstructured":"den Houting, J., Adams, D., Roberts, J., & Keen, D. (2022). Brief report: Investigating the impact of anxious symptomatology in autistic children. International Journal of Disability Development and Education, 69(2), 523\u2013532. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1034912X.2020.1727420","journal-title":"International Journal of Disability Development and Education"},{"key":"6668_CR33","unstructured":"Department of Health (2018). Estimating prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) in the Irish population. https:\/\/www.gov.ie\/pdf\/?file=https:\/\/assets.gov.ie\/10707\/ce1ca48714424c0ba4bb4c0ae2e510b2.pdf#page=null"},{"key":"6668_CR32","unstructured":"Department for Education (2024). Schools, pupils and their characteristics.https:\/\/explore-education-statistics.service.gov.uk\/find-statistics\/school-pupils-and-their-characteristics"},{"key":"6668_CR31","unstructured":"Department for Education (2022). Academic year 2021\/2022: Special education needs in England.https:\/\/explore-education-statistics.service.gov.uk\/find-statistics\/special-educational-needs-in-england\/2021-22"},{"issue":"1","key":"6668_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2007.04569.x","volume":"62","author":"S Elo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Elo, S., & Kyng\u00e4s, H. (2008). The qualitative content analysis process. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 62(1), 107\u2013115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2007.04569.x","journal-title":"Journal of Advanced Nursing"},{"issue":"3","key":"6668_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2017.08.001","volume":"7","author":"C Erlingsson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Erlingsson, C., & Brysiewicz, P. (2017). A hands-on guide to doing content analysis. African Journal of Emergency Medicine, 7(3), 93\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.afjem.2017.08.001","journal-title":"African Journal of Emergency Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"6668_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1080\/08856257.2017.1314111","volume":"33","author":"R Fayette","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fayette, R., & Bond, C. (2018). A systematic literature review of qualitative research methods for eliciting the views of young people with ASD about their educational experiences. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 33(3), 349\u2013365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08856257.2017.1314111","journal-title":"European Journal of Special Needs Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"6668_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2007.01882.x","volume":"18","author":"MS Fritz","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fritz, M. S., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2007). Required sample size to detect the mediated effect. Psychological Science, 18(3), 233\u2013239. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2007.01882.x","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"6668_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1521\/bumc.2023.87.2.162","volume":"87","author":"KA Gallagher","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gallagher, K. A., & Axelrad, M. E. (2023). Psychological disorders and positive mental health in gender-diverse youth. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 87(2), 162\u2013188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1521\/bumc.2023.87.2.162","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic"},{"key":"6668_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00220973.1993.9943831","author":"C Goodenow","year":"2010","unstructured":"Goodenow, C., & Grady, K. E. (2010). The relationship of school belonging and friends\u2019 values to academic motivation among urban adolescent students. The Journal of Experimental Education. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00220973.1993.9943831. https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/","journal-title":"The Journal of Experimental Education"},{"key":"6668_CR40","unstructured":"Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1994). Competing paradigms in qualitative research. In N. K. Denzin, & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (pp. 105\u2013117). Sage."},{"key":"6668_CR41","unstructured":"Hair, J., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis (7th ed.). Pearson. https:\/\/digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu\/facpubs\/2925"},{"issue":"7","key":"6668_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2074","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613211012819","volume":"25","author":"J Halsall","year":"2021","unstructured":"Halsall, J., Clarke, C., & Crane, L. (2021). Camouflaging by adolescent autistic girls who attend both mainstream and specialist resource classes: Perspectives of girls, their mothers and their educators. Autism: The International Journal of Research and Practice, 25(7), 2074\u20132086. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13623613211012819","journal-title":"Autism: The International Journal of Research and Practice"},{"issue":"4","key":"6668_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361318785172","volume":"23","author":"B Heasman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Heasman, B., & Gillespie, A. (2019). Neurodivergent intersubjectivity: Distinctive features of how autistic people create shared understanding. Autism, 23(4), 910\u2013921. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1362361318785172","journal-title":"Autism"},{"issue":"3","key":"6668_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1111\/bjep.12190","volume":"88","author":"JS Hebron","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hebron, J. S. (2018). School connectedness and the primary to secondary school transition for young people with autism spectrum conditions. The British Journal of Educational Psychology, 88(3), 396\u2013409. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjep.12190","journal-title":"The British Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"6668_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-3802.2012.01246.x","volume":"14","author":"J Hebron","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hebron, J., & Humphrey, N. (2014). Mental health difficulties among young people on the autistic spectrum in mainstream secondary schools: A comparative study. Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs, 14(1), 22\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1471-3802.2012.01246.x","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs"},{"issue":"4","key":"6668_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.89.4.687","volume":"89","author":"A Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez, A., Drasgow, F., & Gonz\u00e1lez-Rom\u00e1, V. (2004). Investigating the functioning of a middle category by means of a mixed-measurement model. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(4), 687\u2013699. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0021-9010.89.4.687","journal-title":"The Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"key":"6668_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Horgan, F., Kenny, N., & Flynn, P. (2022). A systematic review of the experiences of autistic young people enrolled in mainstream second-level (post-primary) schools. Autism: The International Journal of Research and Practice, 13623613221105088. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13623613221105089","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613221105089"},{"issue":"8","key":"6668_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2519","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-017-3166-5","volume":"47","author":"L Hull","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hull, L., Petrides, K. V., Allison, C., Smith, P., Baron-Cohen, S., Lai, M. C., & Mandy, W. (2017). Putting on my best normal: Social camouflaging in adults with autism spectrum conditions. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(8), 2519\u20132534. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-017-3166-5","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"3","key":"6668_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-018-3792-6","volume":"49","author":"L Hull","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hull, L., Mandy, W., Lai, M. C., Baron-Cohen, S., Allison, C., Smith, P., & Petrides, K. V. (2019). Development and validation of the camouflaging autistic traits questionnaire (CAT-Q). Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49(3), 819\u2013833. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-018-3792-6","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"4","key":"6668_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2670","volume":"15","author":"AV Kirby","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kirby, A. V., Bilder, D. A., Wiggins, L. D., Hughes, M. M., Davis, J., Hall-Lande, J. A., Lee, L. C., McMahon, W. M., & Bakian, A. V. (2022). Sensory features in autism: Findings from a large population-based surveillance system. Autism Research, 15(4), 751\u2013760. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aur.2670","journal-title":"Autism Research"},{"key":"6668_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Krippendorff, K. (2019). Content Analysis: An introduction to its methodology (4th ed.). SAGE. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4135\/9781071878781","DOI":"10.4135\/9781071878781"},{"issue":"11","key":"6668_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(15)00277-1","volume":"2","author":"MC Lai","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lai, M. C., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2015). Identifying the lost generation of adults with autism spectrum conditions. The Lancet Psychiatry, 2(11), 1013\u20131027. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2215-0366(15)00277-1","journal-title":"The Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"6668_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lai, M. C., Hull, L., Mandy, W., Chakrabarti, B., Nordahl, C. W., Lombardo, M. V., Ameis, S. H., Szatmari, P., Baron-Cohen, S., Happ\u00e9, F., & Livingston, L. A. (2021). Commentary: \u2018Camouflaging\u2019 in autistic people\u2013 reflection on Fombonne (2020). Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 62(8). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.13344","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13344"},{"key":"6668_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1037\/qup0000030","volume":"2","author":"B Landrum","year":"2015","unstructured":"Landrum, B., & Garza, G. (2015). Mending fences: Defining the domains and approaches of quantitative and qualitative research. Qualitative Psychology, 2, 199\u2013209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/qup0000030","journal-title":"Qualitative Psychology"},{"key":"6668_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.6000\/2292-2598.2020.08.03.29","volume":"8","author":"W Lawson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lawson, W. (2020). Adaptive morphing and coping with social threat in autism: An autistic perspective. Journal of Intellectual Disability - Diagnosis and Treatment, 8, 519\u2013526. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6000\/2292-2598.2020.08.03.29","journal-title":"Journal of Intellectual Disability - Diagnosis and Treatment"},{"key":"6668_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lewinsohn, P. M., Gotlib, I. H., Lewinsohn, M., Seeley, J. R., & Allen, N. B. (1998). Gender differences in anxiety disorders and anxiety symptoms in adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 109\u2013117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0021-843X.107.1.109","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.107.1.109"},{"issue":"8","key":"6668_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361319878559","volume":"23","author":"W Mandy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mandy, W. (2019). Social camouflaging in autism: Is it time to lose the mask? Autism, 23(8), 1879\u20131881. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1362361319878559","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"6668_CR58","unstructured":"Maslow, A. H. (1968). Toward a psychology of being (2nd ed.). D. Van Nostrand."},{"issue":"1","key":"6668_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1177\/1744987106060192","volume":"11","author":"P McEvoy","year":"2006","unstructured":"McEvoy, P., & Richards, D. (2006). A critical realist rationale for using a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. Journal of Research in Nursing, 11(1), 66\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1744987106060192","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Nursing"},{"key":"6668_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"McQuaid, G. A., Lee, N. R., & Wallace, G. L. (2022). Camouflaging in autism spectrum disorder: Examining the roles of sex, gender identity, and diagnostic timing. Autism, 26(2), 552\u2013559. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13623613211042131","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613211042131"},{"key":"6668_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mesa, S., & Hamilton, L. (2022). School transitions for autistic pupils in mainstream settings. Institute for Social Justice, York. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13140\/RG.2.2.11712.40965","DOI":"10.13140\/RG.2.2.11712.40965"},{"issue":"6","key":"6668_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1080\/09687599.2012.710008","volume":"27","author":"DEM Milton","year":"2012","unstructured":"Milton, D. E. M. (2012). On the ontological status of autism: The \u2018double empathy problem. \u2019 Disability & Society, 27(6), 883\u2013887. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09687599.2012.710008","journal-title":"\u2019 Disability & Society"},{"issue":"2","key":"6668_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sapharm.2021.03.009","volume":"18","author":"A Mirzaei","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mirzaei, A., Carter, S. R., Patanwala, A. E., & Schneider, C. R. (2022). Missing data in surveys: Key concepts, approaches, and applications. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 18(2), 2308\u20132316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sapharm.2021.03.009","journal-title":"Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy"},{"key":"6668_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.53841\/bpsecp.2019.36.4.8","volume":"36","author":"O Myles","year":"2019","unstructured":"Myles, O., Boyle, C., & Richards, A. (2019). The social experiences and sense of belonging in adolescent females with autism in mainstream school. Educational and Child Psychology, 36, 8\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53841\/bpsecp.2019.36.4.8","journal-title":"Educational and Child Psychology"},{"key":"6668_CR64","unstructured":"NASEN. (2016). Girls and autism: Flying under the radar. Author."},{"key":"6668_CR65","unstructured":"National Autistic Society (2021). School report 2021. https:\/\/www.autism.org.uk\/what-we-do\/news\/school-report-2021"},{"key":"6668_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"OECD (2019). PISA 2018 Results (Volume III): What school life means for students\u2019 lives. OECD. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/acd78851-en","DOI":"10.1787\/acd78851-en"},{"key":"6668_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Parra, J. D., Said-Hung, E., & Montoya-Vargas, J. (2021). (Re)introducing critical realism as a paradigm to inform qualitative content analysis in causal educational research. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 34(2), 168\u2013182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09518398.2020.1735555","DOI":"10.1080\/09518398.2020.1735555"},{"issue":"2","key":"6668_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-021-04987-w","volume":"52","author":"E Perry","year":"2022","unstructured":"Perry, E., Mandy, W., Hull, L., & Cage, E. (2022). Understanding camouflaging as a response to autism-related stigma: A social identity theory approach. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 52(2), 800\u2013810. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-021-04987-w","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"6668_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1080\/13632752.2021.1900999","volume":"26","author":"J Porter","year":"2021","unstructured":"Porter, J., & Ingram, J. (2021). Changing the exclusionary practices of mainstream secondary schools: The experience of girls with SEND. \u2018I have some quirky bits about me that I mostly hide from the world. \u2019 Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties, 26(1), 60\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13632752.2021.1900999","journal-title":"\u2019 Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties"},{"issue":"11","key":"6668_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2778","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-014-2139-1","volume":"44","author":"NJ Ranson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ranson, N. J., & Byrne, M. K. (2014). Promoting peer acceptance of females with higher-functioning autism in a mainstream education setting: A replication and extension of the effects of an autism anti-stigma program. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(11), 2778\u20132796. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-014-2139-1","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"7","key":"6668_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1080\/13603116.2017.1412505","volume":"22","author":"J Ravet","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ravet, J. (2018). But how do I teach them?\u2019: Autism & initial teacher education (ITE). International Journal of Inclusive Education, 22(7), 714\u2013733. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13603116.2017.1412505","journal-title":"International Journal of Inclusive Education"},{"issue":"11","key":"6668_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1603","volume":"9","author":"J Rodgers","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rodgers, J., Wigham, S., McConachie, H., Freeston, M., Honey, E., & Parr, J. R. (2016). Development of the anxiety scale for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASC-ASD). Autism Research, 9(11), 1205\u20131215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aur.1603","journal-title":"Autism Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"6668_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2859","volume":"16","author":"A Ross","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ross, A., Grove, R., & McAloon, J. (2023). The relationship between camouflaging and mental health in autistic children and adolescents. Autism Research, 16(1), 190\u2013199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aur.2859","journal-title":"Autism Research"},{"key":"6668_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schreier, M. (2012). Qualitative content analysis in practice. Sage.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781529682571"},{"issue":"2","key":"6668_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1207\/s15374424jccp3502_1","volume":"53","author":"IM Shochet","year":"2006","unstructured":"Shochet, I. M., Dadds, M. R., Ham, D., & Montague, R. (2006). School connectedness is an underemphasized parameter in adolescent mental health: Results of a community prediction study. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 53(2), 170\u2013179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15374424jccp3502_1. 35.","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"6668_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1007\/s41252-019-00142-w","volume":"4","author":"O Shtayermman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shtayermman, O. (2020). A brief report on suicidal ideation in adolescents diagnosed with Asperger syndrome. Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 4(1), 46\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41252-019-00142-w","journal-title":"Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders"},{"issue":"8","key":"6668_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2026","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613211072593","volume":"26","author":"JR Steinbrenner","year":"2022","unstructured":"Steinbrenner, J. R., McIntyre, N., Rentschler, L. F., Pearson, J. N., Luelmo, P., Jaramillo, M. E., Boyd, B. A., Wong, C., Nowell, S. W., Odom, S. L., & Hume, K. A. (2022). Patterns in reporting and participant inclusion related to race and ethnicity in autism intervention literature: Data from a large-scale systematic review of evidence-based practices. Autism, 26(8), 2026\u20132040. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13623613211072593","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"6668_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2015.11.013","volume":"23","author":"S Tierney","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tierney, S., Burns, J., & Kilbey, E. (2016). Looking behind the mask: Social coping strategies of girls on the autistic spectrum. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 23, 73\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rasd.2015.11.013","journal-title":"Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders"},{"issue":"2","key":"6668_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1080\/19361653.2018.1544532","volume":"16","author":"A Toft","year":"2019","unstructured":"Toft, A., Franklin, A., & Langley, E. (2019). Young disabled and LGBT+: Negotiating identity. Journal of LGBT Youth, 16(2), 157\u2013172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19361653.2018.1544532","journal-title":"Journal of LGBT Youth"},{"issue":"3","key":"6668_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1007\/s10567-011-0097-0","volume":"14","author":"FJA van Steensel","year":"2011","unstructured":"van Steensel, F. J. A., B\u00f6gels, S. M., & Perrin, S. (2011). Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents with autistic spectrum disorders: A meta-analysis. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 14(3), 302\u2013317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10567-011-0097-0","journal-title":"Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"6668_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1080\/07481756.2017.1358057","volume":"51","author":"EF Whiting","year":"2018","unstructured":"Whiting, E. F., Everson, K. C., & Feinauer, E. (2018). The simple school belonging scale: Working toward a unidimensional measure of student belonging. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 51(3), 163\u2013178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07481756.2017.1358057","journal-title":"Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development"},{"issue":"4","key":"6668_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-020-04615-z","volume":"51","author":"H Wood-Downie","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wood-Downie, H., Wong, B., Kovshoff, H., Mandy, W., Hull, L., & Hadwin, J. A. (2021). Sex\/gender differences in camouflaging in children and adolescents with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 51(4), 1353\u20131364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-020-04615-z","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"}],"container-title":["Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10803-024-06668-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10803-024-06668-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10803-024-06668-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T08:34:37Z","timestamp":1780130077000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10803-024-06668-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["6668"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-024-06668-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["0162-3257","1573-3432"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0162-3257","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-3432","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 November 2024","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 January 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional\/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent and assent was gained from all parents\/carers and children and young people that took part in this study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed Consent"}},{"value":"The authors declare they have no conflict of interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}]}}