{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T05:29:17Z","timestamp":1774330157844,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,21]],"date-time":"2024-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734739200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,21]],"date-time":"2024-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Autism Dev Disord"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-024-06671-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,21]],"date-time":"2024-12-21T08:14:30Z","timestamp":1734768870000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Racial Disproportionality in Autism Over 20 Years: What It Means for Special Education Disability Classifications"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4635-9292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyejung","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0944-1024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica M.","family":"Reinartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jami","family":"Fabrizio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"6671_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5\u2122. (5th edition.). American Psychiatric Publishing, a division of American Psychiatric Association.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"issue":"1","key":"6671_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.2202\/2161-2412.1043","volume":"4","author":"H Becker","year":"2009","unstructured":"Becker, H., Seay, P., & Morrison, J. (2009). Differences in the prevalence of autism among black, hispanic, and White students. Multicultural Learning and Teaching, 4(1), 45\u201357.","journal-title":"Multicultural Learning and Teaching"},{"issue":"1","key":"6671_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/09362835.2016.1216847","volume":"26","author":"N Cooc","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cooc, N. (2018). Examining the underrepresentation of Asian americans in special education: New trends from California school districts. Exceptionality, 26(1), 1\u201319.","journal-title":"Exceptionality"},{"issue":"4","key":"6671_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361316650091","volume":"21","author":"AS Dickerson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dickerson, A. S., Rahbar, M. H., Pearson, D. A., Kirby, R. S., Bakian, A. V., Bilder, D. A., Harrington, R. A., Pettygrove, S., Zahorodny, W. M., Moy\u00e9, L. A., Durkin, M., & Slay Wingate, M. (2017). Autism spectrum disorder reporting in lower socioeconomic neighborhoods. Autism: The International Journal of Research and Practice, 21(4), 470\u2013480.","journal-title":"Autism: The International Journal of Research and Practice"},{"key":"6671_CR7","unstructured":"Donovan, M. S., & Cross, C. T. (2002). Minority students in special and gifted education (N. R. Council, Ed.). The National Academies Press. https:\/\/nap.nationalacademies.org\/catalog\/10128\/minority-students-in-special-and-gifted-education"},{"issue":"1","key":"6671_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/001440296803500101","volume":"35","author":"LM Dunn","year":"1968","unstructured":"Dunn, L. M. (1968). Special education for the mildly retarded\u2014Is much of it justifiable? Exceptional Children, 35(1), 5\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/001440296803500101","journal-title":"Exceptional Children"},{"issue":"11","key":"6671_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1818","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2017.304032","volume":"107","author":"MS Durkin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Durkin, M. S., Maenner, M. J., Baio, J., Christensen, D., Daniels, J., Fitzgerald, R., Imm, P., Lee, L. C., Schieve, L. A., Van Naarden Braun, K., Wingate, M. S., & Yeargin-Allsopp, M. (2017). Autism spectrum disorder among US children (2002\u20132010): Socioeconomic, racial, and ethnic disparities. American Journal of Public Health, 107(11), 1818\u20131826.","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"6671_CR10","unstructured":"Florian, L., & McLaughlin, M. J. (2008). Disability classification in education: Issues and perspectives. SAGE."},{"key":"6671_CR11","unstructured":"Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act [IDEA] of 2004, 20 U.S.C. \u00a7 1400 et seq (2004)."},{"issue":"5","key":"6671_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2492","volume":"14","author":"ET Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim, E. T., Franz, L., Fannin, D. K., Howard, J., & Maslow, G. (2021). Educational classifications of autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability among school-aged children in North Carolina: Associations with race, rurality, and resource availability. Autism Research, 14(5), 1046\u20131060. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aur.2492","journal-title":"Autism Research"},{"key":"6671_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kim, H., Baker, D., Kim, S., Liu, C., & Cook, K. L. (2024). The impact of educational and medical systems on autistic children from multilingual American homes: A systematic review. Autism, 28(11), 2707\u20132721. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13623613241242839","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613241242839"},{"key":"6671_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kim, H., Karakaya, M. F., Skinner, M., Baker, D. (2024). A systematic literature review of racial disproportionality in autism in the U.S. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-024-06247-z","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-024-06247-z"},{"issue":"1","key":"6671_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9604.2007.00443.x","volume":"22","author":"F Lauchlan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lauchlan, F., & Boyle, C. (2007). Is the use of labels in special education helpful? Support for Learning, 22(1), 36\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-9604.2007.00443.x","journal-title":"Support for Learning"},{"key":"6671_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Maenner, M. J. (2023). Prevalence and characteristics of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years\u2014Autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 sites, United States, 2020. MMWR. Surveillance Summaries, 72. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.ss7202a1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss7202a1"},{"issue":"3","key":"6671_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2007.131243","volume":"99","author":"DS Mandell","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mandell, D. S., Wiggins, L. D., Carpenter, L. A., Daniels, J., DiGuiseppi, C., Durkin, M. S., Giarelli, E., Morrier, M. J., Nicholas, J. S., Pinto-Martin, J. A., Shattuck, P. T., Thomas, K. C., Yeargin-Allsopp, M., & Kirby, R. S. (2009). Racial\/ethnic disparities in the identification of children with autism spectrum disorders. American Journal of Public Health, 99(3), 493\u2013498. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2007.131243","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"6671_CR21","unstructured":"Marks, S. U., & Kurth, J. (2013). Examination of disproportionality of autism in school-aged populations in the U.S. Journal of the International Association of Special Education, 14(1), 9\u201321."},{"issue":"1","key":"6671_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1177\/0022466910372137","volume":"46","author":"MJ Morrier","year":"2012","unstructured":"Morrier, M. J., & Hess, K. L. (2012). Ethnic differences in autism eligibility in the United States public schools. Journal of Special Education, 46(1), 49\u201363.","journal-title":"Journal of Special Education"},{"issue":"11","key":"6671_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4011","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-020-04460-0","volume":"50","author":"C Nevison","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nevison, C., & Parker, W. (2020). California autism prevalence by county and race\/ethnicity: Declining trends among wealthy whites. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders, 50(11), 4011\u20134021.","journal-title":"Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"4","key":"6671_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-1516","volume":"117","author":"PT Shattuck","year":"2006","unstructured":"Shattuck, P. T. (2006). The contribution of diagnostic substitution to the growing administrative prevalence of autism in US special education. Pediatrics, 117(4), 1028\u20131037. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2005-1516","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"6671_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1080\/02796015.2013.12087475","volume":"42","author":"AL Sullivan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sullivan, A. L. (2013). School-based autism identification: Prevalence, racial disparities, and systemic correlates. School Psychology Review, 42(3), 298\u2013316.","journal-title":"School Psychology Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"6671_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1177\/0014402918771337","volume":"84","author":"JC Travers","year":"2018","unstructured":"Travers, J. C., & Krezmien, M. (2018). Racial disparities in autism identification in the United States during 2014. Exceptional Children, 84(4), 403\u2013419.","journal-title":"Exceptional Children"}],"container-title":["Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10803-024-06671-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10803-024-06671-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10803-024-06671-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,21]],"date-time":"2024-12-21T09:04:02Z","timestamp":1734771842000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10803-024-06671-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,21]]},"references-count":21,"alternative-id":["6671"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-024-06671-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0162-3257","1573-3432"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0162-3257","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-3432","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 November 2024","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 December 2024","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"We have no known conflicts of interest to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of Interests"}}]}}