{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T06:20:39Z","timestamp":1791699639424,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736208000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Autism Dev Disord"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Much of the current autism and gender literature has been based within a medical deficiency model; where both are seen as deficiencies rather than differences. However, there is currently minimal knowledge about the experiences of being an autistic adolescent who is both assigned female at birth and has gender dysphoria (GD), whilst even less is known about their experiences of social identity, self-concept and resilience. This study aims to explore experiences of GD with a particular focus on identity and resilience to promote parent and healthcare staff understanding; particularly around gender-affirming care, to foster positive mental health outcomes. Five assigned female at birth autistic adolescents, who identify as trans men\/boys, took part in one-to-one semi-structured interviews, which were analysed using an Interpretative Phenomenological Approach. Five subordinate themes arose;\n                    <jats:italic>\u201cHaving both autism and GD\u201d<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>\u201cFinding where I belong\u201d<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>\u201cBeing more than labels\u201d<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>\u201cTrying to cope\u201d<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>\u201cMaking support successful\u201d<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Our findings build on current literature and theory regarding the experience of concurrent autism and GD; highlighting its legitimacy, the ways in which autism impacts upon GD and how healthcare approaches and policy can increase accessibility and suitability of gender-affirming care.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-024-06688-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T23:22:12Z","timestamp":1736205732000},"page":"1934-1951","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["\u201cJust Listen to Me. Help Me Explore it.\u201d An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis Exploring Experiences of Gender Dysphoria, Identity And Resilience in Autistic Adolescents Assigned Female at Birth"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1317-3317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle","family":"Oliver","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zoe","family":"Poysden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eimear","family":"Crowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flo","family":"Parkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ally Pax Arcari","family":"Mair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil","family":"Hendry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Macey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karri","family":"Gillespie-Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"6688_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2016.04.001","volume":"55","author":"M Aitken","year":"2016","unstructured":"Aitken, M., VanderLaan, D. P., Wasserman, L., Stojanovski, S., & Zucker, K. J. (2016). Self-Harm and Suicidality in Children Referred for Gender Dysphoria. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 55(6), 513\u2013520. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2016.04.001","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"6688_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Association.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"issue":"6","key":"6688_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361320913668","volume":"24","author":"J Anderson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Anderson, J., Marley, C., Gillespie-Smith, K., Carter, L., & MacMahon, K. (2020). When the mask comes off: Mothers\u2019 experiences of parenting a daughter with autism spectrum condition. Autism, 24(6), 1546\u20131556. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1362361320913668","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"6688_CR5","unstructured":"Autistic Self Advocacy Network (2021, July 7). Autism research: Nothing about us, without us! ASAN. https:\/\/autisticadvocacy.org\/2021\/07\/autism-research-nothing-about-us-without-us\/"},{"key":"6688_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Baio, J., Wiggins, L., Christensen, D. L., Maenner, M. J., Daniels, J., Warren, Z., Kurzius-Spencer, M., Zahorodny, W., Rosenberg, C. R., White, T., Durkin, M. S., Imm, P., Nikolaou, L., Yeargin-Allsopp, M., Lee, L-C., Harrington, R., Lopez, M., Fitzgerald, R. T., Hewitt, A., & Dowling, N. F. (2018). Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years \u2014 Autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 sites, United States, 2014. Morbidity and mortality weekly report: Surveillance summaries, 67(SS-6), 1\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.ss6706a1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6706a1"},{"key":"6688_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bowlby, J. (1985). The role of childhood experience in cognitive disturbance. In M. J. Mahoney & A. Freeman (Eds.), Cognition and psychotherapy (pp. 181\u2013200). Springer US. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4684-7562-3_6","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-7562-3_6"},{"key":"6688_CR8","unstructured":"Burnham, J. (2012). Developments in social GRRRAAACCEEESSS: Visible\u2013invisible and voiced\u2013unvoiced. In I. Krause (Ed.), Culture and reflexivity in systemic psychotherapy: Mutual perspectives. Taylor & Francis Group."},{"issue":"4","key":"6688_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.2307\/3207893","volume":"40","author":"J Butler","year":"1988","unstructured":"Butler, J. (1988). Performative Acts and Gender Constitution: An Essay in Phenomenology and Feminist Theory. Theatre Journal, 40(4), 519\u2013531. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/3207893","journal-title":"Theatre Journal"},{"key":"6688_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Coleman-Smith, R. S., Smith, R., Milne, E., & Thompson, A. R. (2020). \u2018Conflict versus congruence\u2019: A qualitative study exploring the experience of gender dysphoria for adults with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(8), 2643\u20132657. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-019-04296-3","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-019-04296-3"},{"key":"6688_CR11","unstructured":"Cooley, C. H. (1922). Human nature and the social order. Charles Scribner\u2019s Sons."},{"key":"6688_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2020.101875","volume":"80","author":"K Cooper","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cooper, K., Russell, A., Mandy, W., & Butler, C. (2020). The phenomenology of gender dysphoria in adults: A systematic review and meta-synthesis. Clinical Psychology Review, 80, 101875. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2020.101875","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"key":"6688_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cooper, K., Butler, C., Russell, A., & Mandy, W. (2022a). The lived experience of gender dysphoria in autistic young people: a phenomenological study with young people and their parents [Advance online publication]. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-022-01979-8","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-022-01979-8"},{"issue":"4","key":"6688_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613211039113","volume":"26","author":"K Cooper","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cooper, K., Mandy, W., Butler, C., & Russell, A. (2022b). The lived experience of gender dysphoria in autistic adults: An interpretative phenomenological analysis. Autism: the International Journal of Research and Practice, 26(4), 963\u2013974. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13623613211039113","journal-title":"Autism: the International Journal of Research and Practice"},{"issue":"2","key":"6688_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13691","volume":"64","author":"K Cooper","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cooper, K., Mandy, W., Butler, C., & Russell, A. (2023). Phenomenology of gender dysphoria in autism: a multiperspective qualitative analysis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 64(2), 265\u2013276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.13691","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines"},{"key":"6688_CR16","unstructured":"Department of Health (2014). Think autism: Fulfilling and rewarding lives, the strategy for adults with autism in England: An update. London. Retrieved from https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/299866\/Autism_Strategy.pdf"},{"key":"6688_CR17","unstructured":"Ellis, R. (2006, 7 February). Mesa Police shoot, kill transgender man with Asperger\u2019s CNN. https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2016\/02\/06\/us\/transgender-man-with-aspergers-killed\/index.html"},{"issue":"2","key":"6688_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1037\/sah0000189","volume":"5","author":"M Galupo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Galupo, M., Pulice-Farrow, L., & Lindley, L. (2019). Every time I get gendered male, I feel a pain in my chest: Understanding the social context for gender dysphoria. Stigma and Health, 5(2), 199\u2013208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/sah0000189","journal-title":"Stigma and Health"},{"key":"6688_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2021.104081","volume":"118","author":"K Gillespie-Smith","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gillespie-Smith, K., Hendry, G., Anduuru, N., Laird, T., & Ballantyne, C. (2021). Using social media to be \u2018social\u2019: Perceptions of social media benefits and risk by autistic young people, and parents. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 118, 104081. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ridd.2021.104081","journal-title":"Research in Developmental Disabilities"},{"issue":"1","key":"6688_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sxmr.2015.10.003","volume":"4","author":"D Glidden","year":"2016","unstructured":"Glidden, D., Bouman, W. P., Jones, B. A., & Arcelus, J. (2016). Gender dysphoria and autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review of the literature. Sexual Medicine Reviews, 4(1), 3\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sxmr.2015.10.003","journal-title":"Sexual Medicine Reviews"},{"issue":"3","key":"6688_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2217\/fnl-2017-0006","volume":"12","author":"L Hull","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hull, L., & Mandy, W. (2017). Protective effect or missed diagnosis? Females with autism spectrum disorder. Future Neurology, 12(3), 159\u2013169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2217\/fnl-2017-0006","journal-title":"Future Neurology"},{"key":"6688_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jessen, R. S., Haraldsen, I. R. H., & St\u00e4nicke, E. (2021). Navigating in the dark: Meta-synthesis of subjective experiences of gender dysphoria amongst transgender and gender non-conforming youth. Social Science & Medicine, 281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114094"},{"key":"6688_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848282","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.848282","volume":"13","author":"M Karvonen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Karvonen, M., Goth, K., Eloranta, S. J., & Kaltiala, R. (2022). Identity integration in adolescents with features of gender dysphoria compared to adolescents in general population. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, 848282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.848282","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"6688_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20181537","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-1537","volume":"142","author":"LL Kimberly","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kimberly, L. L., Folkers, K. M., Friesen, P., Sultan, D., Quinn, G. P., Bateman-House, A., Parent, B., Konnoth, C., Janssen, A., Shah, L. D., Bluebond-Langner, R., & Salas-Humara, C. (2018). Ethical Issues in Gender-Affirming Care for Youth. Paediatrics, 142(6), e20181537. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2018-1537","journal-title":"Paediatrics"},{"issue":"5","key":"6688_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.129.5.674","volume":"129","author":"IH Meyer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674\u2013697. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.129.5.674","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"6688_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1037\/sgd0000132","volume":"2","author":"IH Meyer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Meyer, I. H. (2015). Resilience in the study of minority stress and health of sexual and gender minorities. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 2, 209\u2013213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/sgd0000132","journal-title":"Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity"},{"key":"6688_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2019.101466","volume":"69","author":"J Murphy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Murphy, J., Prentice, F., Walsh, R., Catmur, C., & Bird, G. (2020). Autism and transgender identity: Implications for depression and anxiety. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 69, 101466. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rasd.2019.101466","journal-title":"Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders"},{"key":"6688_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nabbijohn, N., van der Miesen, A., Santarossa, A., Peragine, D., Vries, A., Popma, A., Lai, M-C., & Vanderlaan, D. (2019). Gender Variance and the Autism Spectrum: An Examination of Children Ages 6\u201312 Years. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-018-3843-z","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-018-3843-z"},{"key":"6688_CR29","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2012). Autism spectrum disorder in adults: diagnosis and management CG142. Retrieved from www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/cg142"},{"key":"6688_CR30","unstructured":"Newman, B. M., & Newman, P. R. (2017). Development through life: A psychosocial approach. Cengage Learning. https:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=lD2dDgAAQBAJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"6688_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-018-9459-y","volume":"19","author":"A Nobili","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nobili, A., Glazebrook, C., & Arcelus, J. (2018). Quality of life of treatment-seeking transgender adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders, 19(3), 199\u2013220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11154-018-9459-y","journal-title":"Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders"},{"key":"6688_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40489-024-00472-z","author":"Michelle Oliver","year":"2024","unstructured":"Oliver, M., Poysden, Z., & Gillespie-Smith, K. (2024). A qualitative systematic review and meta-synthesis of mothers\u2019 experiences of parenting autistic women and girls. Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40489-024-00472-z","journal-title":"Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"2","key":"6688_CR32","first-page":"361","volume":"18","author":"I Pietkiewicz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pietkiewicz, I., & Smith, J. A. (2012). A practical guide to using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis in qualitative research psychology [English Translation]. Czasopismo Psychologiczne, 18(2), 361\u2013369.","journal-title":"Czasopismo Psychologiczne"},{"key":"6688_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115632","volume":"333","author":"L Polidori","year":"2024","unstructured":"Polidori, L., Sarli, G., Berardelli, I., Pompili, M., & Baldessarini, R. J. (2024). Risk of suicide attempt with gender diversity and neurodiversity. Psychiatry Research, 333, 115632. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115632","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"6688_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1007\/s13178-019-00423-y","volume":"17","author":"L Pulice-Farrow","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pulice-Farrow, L., Cusack, C. E., & Galupo, M. P. (2020). Certain parts of my body don\u2019t belong to me: Trans individuals\u2019 descriptions of body-specific gender dysphoria. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 17(4), 654\u2013667. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13178-019-00423-y","journal-title":"Sexuality Research and Social Policy"},{"issue":"3","key":"6688_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2009.10.012","volume":"4","author":"A Rosbrook","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rosbrook, A., & Whittingham, K. (2010). Autistic traits in the general population: What mediates the link with depressive and anxious symptomatology? Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 4(3), 415\u2013424. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rasd.2009.10.012","journal-title":"Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders"},{"issue":"4","key":"6688_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1177\/0959353519850843","volume":"29","author":"S Shapira","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shapira, S., & Granek, L. (2019). Negotiating psychiatric cisgenderism-ableism in the transgender- autism nexus. Feminism & Psychology, 29(4), 494\u2013513. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0959353519850843","journal-title":"Feminism & Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"6688_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2013.07.019","volume":"53","author":"L Simons","year":"2014","unstructured":"Simons, L., Clark, M. S. S., Belzer, L. F., M., & Olson, J. (2014). Parental support and mental health among transgender adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53(6), 791\u2013793. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2013.07.019","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health"},{"key":"6688_CR39","unstructured":"Smith, J. A., Flowers, P., & Larkin, M. (2009). Interpretative phenomenological analysis: Theory, method, research. Sage."},{"issue":"12","key":"6688_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4039","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-018-3723-6","volume":"48","author":"JF Strang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Strang, J. F., Powers, M. D., Knauss, M., Sibarium, E., Leibowitz, S. F., Kenworthy, L., Sadikova, E., Wyss, S., Willing, L., Caplan, R., Pervez, N., Nowak, J., Gohari, D., Gomez-Lobo, V., Call, D., & Anthony, L. G. (2018). They Thought It Was an Obsession: Trajectories and Perspectives of Autistic Transgender and Gender-Diverse Adolescents. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(12), 4039\u20134055. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-018-3723-6","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"3","key":"6688_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361320913192","volume":"24","author":"JF Strang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Strang, J. F., van der Miesen, A. I. R., Caplan, R., Hughes, C., daVanport, S., & Lai, M. (2020). Both sex- and gender-related factors should be considered in autism research and clinical practice. Autism, 24(3), 539\u2013543. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1362361320913192","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"6688_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.03.005","volume":"137","author":"P Strauss","year":"2021","unstructured":"Strauss, P., Cook, A., Watson, V., Winter, S., Whitehouse, A., Albrecht, N., Toussaint, D. W., & Lin, A. (2021). Mental health difficulties among trans and gender diverse young people with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD): Findings from Trans Pathways. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 137, 360\u2013367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.03.005","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatric Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"6688_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-019-04298-1","volume":"50","author":"E Thrower","year":"2020","unstructured":"Thrower, E., Bretherton, I., Pang, K. C., Zajac, J. D., & Cheung, A. S. (2020). Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder amongst individuals with gender dysphoria: A systematic review. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(3), 695\u2013706. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-019-04298-1","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"key":"6688_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2015.11.013","volume":"23","author":"S Tierney","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tierney, S., Burns, J., & Kilbey, E. (2016). Looking behind the mask: Social coping strategies of girls on the autistic spectrum. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 23, 73\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rasd.2015.11.013","journal-title":"Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"6688_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2017.08.017","volume":"57","author":"JL Turban","year":"2018","unstructured":"Turban, J. L., & van Schalkwyk, G. I. (2018). Gender dysphoria and autism spectrum disorder: Is the link real? Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 57(1), 8\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2017.08.017","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"6688_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.04.022","volume":"57","author":"AIR van der Miesen","year":"2018","unstructured":"van der Miesen, A. I. R., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., & de Vries, A. L. C. (2018a). Is there a link between gender dysphoria and autism spectrum disorder? Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 57(11), 884\u2013885. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.04.022","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"6688_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-017-3417-5","volume":"48","author":"AIR van der Miesen","year":"2018","unstructured":"van der Miesen, A. I. R., de Vries, A. L. C., Steensma, T. D., & Hartman, C. A. (2018b). Autistic Symptoms in Children and Adolescents with Gender Dysphoria. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(5), 1537\u20131548. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-017-3417-5","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"6688_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3959","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17794-1","volume":"11","author":"V Warrier","year":"2020","unstructured":"Warrier, V., Greenberg, D. M., Weir, E., Buckingham, C., Smith, P., Lai, M. C., Allison, C., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2020). Elevated rates of autism, other neurodevelopmental and psychiatric diagnoses, and autistic traits in transgender and gender-diverse individuals. Nature Communications, 11(1), 3959. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-020-17794-1","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"issue":"4","key":"6688_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1080\/15532739.2019.1652130","volume":"20","author":"JJ Westwater","year":"2019","unstructured":"Westwater, J. J., Riley, E. A., & Peterson, G. M. (2019). What about the family in youth gender diversity? A literature review. International Journal of Transgenderism, 20(4), 351\u2013370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15532739.2019.1652130","journal-title":"International Journal of Transgenderism"},{"issue":"10042","key":"6688_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00683-8","volume":"388","author":"S Winter","year":"2016","unstructured":"Winter, S., Diamond, M., Green, J., Karasic, D., Reed, T., Whittle, S., & Wylie, K. (2016). Transgender people: health at the margins of society. The Lancet, 388(10042), 390\u2013400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00683-8","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"6688_CR51","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020). ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics. https:\/\/icd.who.int\/browse11\/l-m\/en#\/http%3a%2f%2fid.who.int%2ficd%2fentity%2f1321276661"},{"issue":"2","key":"6688_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1080\/08870440008400302","volume":"15","author":"L Yardley","year":"2000","unstructured":"Yardley, L. (2000). Dilemmas in qualitative health research. Psychology & Health, 15(2), 215\u2013228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08870440008400302","journal-title":"Psychology & Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"6688_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2696","volume":"15","author":"J Zeidan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zeidan, J., Fombonne, E., Scorah, J., Ibrahim, A., Durkin, M. S., Saxena, S., Yusuf, A., Shih, A., & Elsabbagh, M. (2022). Global prevalence of autism: A systematic review update. Autism Research, 15(5), 778\u2013790. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aur.2696","journal-title":"Autism Research"}],"container-title":["Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10803-024-06688-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10803-024-06688-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10803-024-06688-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T10:59:37Z","timestamp":1779274777000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10803-024-06688-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["6688"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-024-06688-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0162-3257","1573-3432"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0162-3257","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-3432","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 December 2024","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 January 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by The West of Scotland Research Ethics Service (WoSRES; 13th December 2021; study reference number 21\/WS\/0137).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}},{"value":"Written Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Parental assent was sought from all under 16s with capacity to consent. The participants have consented to the submission of the research project to a journal. Again, parental assent was sought from all under 16s with capacity to consent. Data will be deposited in the University of Edinburgh Data Repository for a minimum of 5 years, to allow for research transparency. The following authors contributed to the study conception and design; Dr Michelle Oliver, Dr. Eimear Crowe, Flo Parkin, Dr. Emma Macey & Dr. Karri Gillespie-Smith. Material preparation was carried out by Dr Michelle Oliver and Flo Parkin. Data collection was carried out by Dr Michelle Oliver. Analysis was performed by Dr Michelle Oliver and Dr Zoe Poysden with contribution from Flo Parkin & Dr. Karri Gillespie-Smith. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Dr Michelle Oliver with initial drafts being commented on by Ally Pax Arcari Mair & Dr. Karri Gillespie-Smith. All authors commented on and approved the final manuscript.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed Consent"}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article. The authors declare they have no other financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}]}}