{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T17:20:53Z","timestamp":1787505653362,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Autism Dev Disord"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-025-07103-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T14:23:27Z","timestamp":1762007007000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Caregiver Burden and Psychological Distress in Parents of Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders: The Mediating Roles of Rumination and Hopelessness"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Ayesha","family":"Jaffar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wusqa","family":"Waqar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3831-8340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sumara Masood Ul","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amna","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maha","family":"Asim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahnoor","family":"Zubair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"7103_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.96.2.358","volume":"96","author":"LY Abramson","year":"1989","unstructured":"Abramson, L. Y., Metalsky, G. I., & Alloy, L. B. (1989). Hopelessness depression: A theory-based subtype of depression. Psychological Review, 96(2), 358.","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"7103_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"issue":"1","key":"7103_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.48.1.74","volume":"48","author":"KJ Aronson","year":"1997","unstructured":"Aronson, K. J. (1997). Quality of life among persons with multiple sclerosis and their caregivers. Neurology, 48(1), 74\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/wnl.48.1.74","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"7103_CR5","unstructured":"Beck, A. T., & Alford, B. A. (2009). Depression: Causes and treatment (2nd ed.). University of Pennsylvania."},{"issue":"6","key":"7103_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1037\/h0037562","volume":"42","author":"AT Beck","year":"1974","unstructured":"Beck, A. T., Weissman, A., Lester, D., & Trexler, L. (1974). The measurement of pessimism: The hopelessness scale. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42(6), 861\u2013865. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0037562","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"7103_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.05.016","volume":"242","author":"F Craig","year":"2016","unstructured":"Craig, F., Operto, F. F., De Giacomo, A., Margari, L., Frolli, A., Conson, M., Ivagnes, S., Monaco, M., & Margari, F. (2016). Parenting stress among parents of children with neurodevelopmental disorders. Psychiatry Research, 242, 121\u2013129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.05.016","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"7103_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.10.029","volume":"35","author":"LA Dardas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dardas, L. A., & Ahmad, M. M. (2014). Quality of life among parents of children with autistic disorder: A sample from the Arab world. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 35(2), 278\u2013287. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.10.029","journal-title":"Research in Developmental Disabilities"},{"key":"7103_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Drapeau, A., Marchand, A., & Beaulieu-Pr\u00e9vost, D. (2012). Epidemiology of Psychological Distress. In Mental Illnesses - Understanding, Prediction and Control: IntechOpen. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5772\/30872","DOI":"10.5772\/30872"},{"issue":"4","key":"7103_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1177\/0193945913507634","volume":"36","author":"SL Dunn","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dunn, S. L., Olamijulo, G. B., Fuglseth, H. L., Holden, T. P., Swieringa, L. L., Sit, M. J., Rieth, N. P., & Tintle, N. L. (2014). The state-trait hopelessness scale: Development and testing. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 36(4), 552\u2013570. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0193945913507634","journal-title":"Western Journal of Nursing Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"7103_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1097\/jcn.0000000000000647","volume":"35","author":"SL Dunn","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dunn, S. L., DeVon, H. A., Buursma, M. P., Boven, E., & Tintle, N. L. (2020). Reliability and validity of the state-trait hopelessness scale in patients with heart disease and moderate to severe hopelessness. Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 35(2), 126\u2013130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/jcn.0000000000000647","journal-title":"Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing"},{"issue":"1","key":"7103_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2788.2003.00464.x","volume":"47","author":"E Emerson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Emerson, E. (2003). Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents with and without intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 47(1), 51\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-2788.2003.00464.x","journal-title":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research"},{"key":"7103_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2010.07.433","volume":"5","author":"\u00d6 Erdur-Baker","year":"2010","unstructured":"Erdur-Baker, \u00d6., & Bugay, A. (2010). The short version of ruminative response scale: Reliability, validity and its relation to psychological symptoms. Procedia - Social And Behavioral Sciences, 5, 2178\u20132181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sbspro.2010.07.433","journal-title":"Procedia - Social And Behavioral Sciences"},{"key":"7103_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fabrigar, L. R., & Wegener, D. T. (2012). Exploratory factor analysis. Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:osobl\/9780199734177.001.0001"},{"issue":"3","key":"7103_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.4.3.272","volume":"4","author":"LR Fabrigar","year":"1999","unstructured":"Fabrigar, L. R., Wegener, D. T., MacCallum, R. C., & Strahan, E. J. (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological Methods, 4(3), 272\u2013299. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1082-989X.4.3.272","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"key":"7103_CR19","unstructured":"Field, A. (2018). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (5th ed.). Sage."},{"issue":"1","key":"7103_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2214.1998.00057.x","volume":"24","author":"CL Foster","year":"1998","unstructured":"Foster, C. L., Bryon, M., & Eiser, C. (1998). Correlates of well-being in mothers of children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis. Child: Care Health and Development, 24(1), 41\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-2214.1998.00057.x","journal-title":"Child: Care Health and Development"},{"key":"7103_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Funder, D. C., & Ozer, D. J. (2019). Evaluating effect size in psychological research: Sense and nonsense. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 2(2):156\u2013168.","DOI":"10.1177\/2515245919847202"},{"key":"7103_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ghafoor, S., Sitwat, A., & Kausar, A. (2016). Translation of Kessler psychological distress scale-K10. (unpublished master\u2019s thesis). Centre for Clinical Psychology, University of the Punjab, Lahore Pakistan. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.55737\/qjssh.775135370","DOI":"10.55737\/qjssh.775135370"},{"key":"7103_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Grassia, M., & Gibb, B. E. (2008). Rumination and prospectivechanges in depressive symptoms. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 27(9), 931\u2013948. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1521\/jscp.2008.27.9.931","DOI":"10.1521\/jscp.2008.27.9.931"},{"key":"7103_CR23","unstructured":"Hair, J. F. (2009). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Pearson Prentice Hall."},{"key":"7103_CR25","unstructured":"Hayes, A. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Press."},{"issue":"3","key":"7103_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-012-1604-y","volume":"43","author":"SA Hayes","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hayes, S. A., & Watson, S. L. (2013). The impact of parenting stress: A meta-analysis of studies comparing the experience of parenting stress in parents of children with and without autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(3), 629\u2013642. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-012-1604-y","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"key":"7103_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2017.05.035","volume":"133","author":"JP Hiseman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hiseman, J. P., & Fackrell, R. (2017). Caregiver burden and the nonmotor symptoms of parkinson\u2019s disease. International Review of Neurobiology, 133, 479\u2013497. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/bs.irn.2017.05.035","journal-title":"International Review of Neurobiology"},{"key":"7103_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ibrahim, S. H., & Bhutta, Z. A. (2013). Prevalence of earlychildhood disability in a rural district of Sind, Pakistan. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 55(4), 357\u2013363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dmcn.12103","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12103"},{"key":"7103_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ingram, R. E., & Luxton, D. D. (2005). Vulnerability-Stress models. In B. L. Hankin, & J. R. Z. Abela (Eds.), Development of psychopathology: A vulnerability-stress perspective (pp. 32\u201346). Sage Publications, Inc. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4135\/9781452231655.n2","DOI":"10.4135\/9781452231655.n2"},{"issue":"1","key":"7103_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.87.1.132","volume":"87","author":"TB Kashdan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kashdan, T. B., & Roberts, J. E. (2004). State and trait hopelessness: A case for the inclusion of state hopelessness in the study of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(1), 132\u2013145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.87.1.132","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"7103_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291702006074","volume":"32","author":"RC Kessler","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kessler, R. C., Andrews, G., Colpe, L. J., Hiripi, E., Mroczek, D. K., Normand, S. L., Walters, E. E., & Zaslavsky, A. M. (2002). Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress. Psychological Medicine, 32(6), 959\u2013976. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0033291702006074","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"7103_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.60.2.184","volume":"60","author":"RC Kessler","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kessler, R. C., Barker, P. R., Colpe, L. J., Epstein, J. F., Gfroerer, J. C., Hiripi, E., Howes, M. J., Normand, S. T., Manderscheid, R. W., Walters, E. E., & Zaslavsky, A. M. (2003). Screening for serious mental illness in the general population. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60(2), 184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archpsyc.60.2.184","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"7103_CR32","unstructured":"Kline, P. (2010). Handbook of psychological testing (2nd ed.). Routledge."},{"issue":"7","key":"7103_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361317704420","volume":"22","author":"KA Kuhlthau","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kuhlthau, K. A., McDonnell, E., Coury, D. L., Payakachat, N., & Macklin, E. (2018). Associations of quality of life with health-related characteristics among children with autism. Autism: The International Journal of Research and Practice, 22(7), 804\u2013813. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1362361317704420","journal-title":"Autism: The International Journal of Research and Practice"},{"issue":"20","key":"7103_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e39221","volume":"10","author":"A Lakhani","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lakhani, A., Ali, T. S., Kramer-Roy, D., & Ashraf, D. (2024). Informal social support for families with children with an intellectual disability in Karachi, Pakistan: A qualitative exploratory study design. Heliyon, 10(20), Article e39221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e39221","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"1","key":"7103_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327965pli0101_1","volume":"1","author":"RS Lazarus","year":"1990","unstructured":"Lazarus, R. S. (1990). Theory-based stress measurement. Psychological Inquiry, 1(1), 3\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15327965pli0101_1","journal-title":"Psychological Inquiry"},{"key":"7103_CR36","unstructured":"Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Coping and adaptations. In W. D. Gentry (Ed.), Handbook of behavioural medicine (pp. 282\u2013325). Guilford Press."},{"issue":"1","key":"7103_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327558ijbm0401_3","volume":"4","author":"SJ Lepore","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lepore, S. J., Miles, H. J., & Levy, J. S. (1997). Relation of chronic and episodic stressors to psychological distress, reactivity, and health. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4(1), 39\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15327558ijbm0401_3","journal-title":"International Journal of Behavioral Medicine"},{"key":"7103_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levere, D., Hoppmann, C., & DeLongis, A. (2022). Couples and Illness.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-818697-8.00069-8"},{"issue":"7","key":"7103_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2381","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-020-04720-z","volume":"51","author":"Y Lin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lin, Y., Iao, L., Lee, Y., & Wu, C. (2020). Parenting stress and child behavior problems in young children with autism spectrum disorder: Transactional relations across time. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 51(7), 2381\u20132391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-020-04720-z","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"4","key":"7103_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1111\/cpsp.12125","volume":"22","author":"RT Liu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Liu, R. T., Kleiman, E. M., Nestor, B. A., & Cheek, S. M. (2015). The hopelessness theory of depression: A quarter century in review. Clinical Psychology: Science And Practice, 22(4), 345\u2013365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cpsp.12125","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology: Science And Practice"},{"key":"7103_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lovino, E. A., Caemmerer, J., & Chafouleas, S. M. (2021). Psychological distress and burden among family caregivers of children with and without developmental disabilities six months into the COVID-19 pandemic. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ridd.2021.103983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2021.103983"},{"issue":"1","key":"7103_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.69.1.176","volume":"69","author":"S Lyubomirsky","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lyubomirsky, S., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1995). Effects of self-focused rumination on negative thinking and interpersonal problem solving. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(1), 176\u2013190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.69.1.176","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"7103_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.77.5.1041","volume":"77","author":"S Lyubomirsky","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lyubomirsky, S., Tucker, K. L., Caldwell, N. D., & Berg, K. (1999). Why ruminators are poor problem solvers: Clues from the phenomenology of dysphoric rumination. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(5), 1041\u20131060. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.77.5.1041","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"7103_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2011.615738","volume":"16","author":"BT Mausbach","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mausbach, B. T., Roepke, S. K., Chattillion, E. A., Harmell, A. L., Moore, R., Romero-Moreno, R., Bowie, C. R., & Grant, I. (2012). Multiple mediators of the relations between caregiving stress and depressive symptoms. Aging & Mental Health, 16(1), 27\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13607863.2011.615738","journal-title":"Aging & Mental Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"7103_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031994","volume":"122","author":"LC Michl","year":"2013","unstructured":"Michl, L. C., McLaughlin, K. A., Shepherd, K., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2013). Rumination as a mechanism linking stressful life events to symptoms of depression and anxiety: Longitudinal evidence in early adolescents and adults. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122(2), 339\u2013352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0031994","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"7103_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016355","volume":"24","author":"JK Monin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Monin, J. K., & Schulz, R. (2009). Interpersonal effects of suffering in older adult caregiving relationships. Psychology And Aging, 24(3), 681\u2013695. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0016355","journal-title":"Psychology And Aging"},{"issue":"1","key":"7103_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2214.2002.00245.x","volume":"28","author":"R Morton","year":"2002","unstructured":"Morton, R., Sharma, V., Nicholson, J., Broderick, M., & Poyser, J. (2002). Disability in children from different ethnic populations. Child: Care, Health and Development, 28(1), 87\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-2214.2002.00245.x","journal-title":"Child: Care, Health and Development"},{"key":"7103_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nolen-Hoeksama, S. (2004). The response styles theory. Depressive rumination: Nature, theory and treatment theories of rumination (pp. 107\u2013123). John Wiley & Sons Ltd.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470713853.ch6"},{"issue":"4","key":"7103_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843x.100.4.569","volume":"100","author":"S Nolen-Hoeksema","year":"1991","unstructured":"Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1991). Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes. Journal Of Abnormal Psychology, 100(4), 569\u2013582. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0021-843x.100.4.569","journal-title":"Journal Of Abnormal Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"7103_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.77.4.801","volume":"77","author":"S Nolen-Hoeksema","year":"1999","unstructured":"Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Davis, C. G. (1999). Thanks for sharing that: Ruminators and their social support networks. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(4), 801\u2013814. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.77.4.801","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"7103_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.x","volume":"3","author":"S Nolen-Hoeksema","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. E., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). Rethinking rumination. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(5), 400\u2013424. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.x","journal-title":"Perspectives on Psychological Science"},{"key":"7103_CR55","unstructured":"Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (2017). Household Integrated Economic Survey (HIES) 2015\u201316. https:\/\/www.pbs.gov.pk\/publication\/household-integrated-economic-survey-hies-2015-16"},{"key":"7103_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pallant, J. (2020). SPSS survival manual: A step-by-step guide to data analysis using IBM SPSS (7th ed.). Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003117452"},{"issue":"2","key":"7103_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/36.2.239","volume":"36","author":"LI Pearlin","year":"1996","unstructured":"Pearlin, L. I., & Skaff, M. M. (1996). Stress and the life course: A paradigmatic alliance. The Gerontologist, 36(2), 239\u2013247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/geront\/36.2.239","journal-title":"The Gerontologist"},{"issue":"5","key":"7103_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2012.01874.x","volume":"126","author":"DA Perlick","year":"2012","unstructured":"Perlick, D. A., Gonzalez, J., Michael, L., Huth, M., Culver, J., Kaczynski, R., Calabrese, J., & Miklowitz, D. J. (2012). Rumination, gender, and depressive symptoms associated with caregiving strain in bipolar disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 126(5), 356\u2013362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2012.01874.x","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica"},{"issue":"5","key":"7103_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2354.2011.01257.x","volume":"20","author":"J Perz","year":"2011","unstructured":"Perz, J., Ussher, J. M., Butow, P., & Wain, G. (2011). Gender differences in cancer carer psychological distress: An analysis of moderators and mediators. European Journal of Cancer Care, 20(5), 610\u2013619. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2354.2011.01257.x","journal-title":"European Journal of Cancer Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"7103_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.18.2.250","volume":"18","author":"M Pinquart","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pinquart, M., & S\u00f6rensen, S. (2003). Differences between caregivers and noncaregivers in psychological health and physical health: A meta-analysis. Psychology And Aging, 18(2), 250\u2013267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0882-7974.18.2.250","journal-title":"Psychology And Aging"},{"issue":"7","key":"7103_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11070875","volume":"11","author":"G Purpura","year":"2021","unstructured":"Purpura, G., Tagliabue, L., Petri, S., Cerroni, F., Mazzarini, A., & Nacinovich, R. (2021). Caregivers\u2019 burden of school-aged children with neurodevelopmental disorders: Implications for family-centred care. Brain Sciences, 11(7), Article 875. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci11070875","journal-title":"Brain Sciences"},{"issue":"11","key":"7103_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610216001009","volume":"28","author":"R Romero-Moreno","year":"2016","unstructured":"Romero-Moreno, R., Losada, A., M\u00e1rquez-Gonz\u00e1lez, M., & Mausbach, B. T. (2016). Stressors and anxiety in dementia caregiving: Multiple mediation analysis of rumination, experiential avoidance, and leisure. International Psychogeriatrics, 28(11), 1835\u20131844. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1041610216001009","journal-title":"International Psychogeriatrics"},{"issue":"9","key":"7103_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NAJ.0000336406.45248.4c","volume":"108","author":"R Schulz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schulz, R., & Sherwood, P. R. (2008). Physical and mental health effects of family caregiving. AJN, American Journal of Nursing, 108(9), 23\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.NAJ.0000336406.45248.4c","journal-title":"AJN, American Journal of Nursing"},{"key":"7103_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2019.101780","author":"ZA Shaw","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shaw, Z. A., Hilt, L. M., & Starr, L. R. (2019). The developmental origins of ruminative response style: An integrative review. Clinical Psychology Review. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2019.101780","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"7103_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1672-7347.2012.02.007","volume":"37","author":"J Shi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shi, J., Mo, X., & Sun, Z. (2012). [Content validity index in scale development]. PubMed, 37(2), 152\u2013155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3969\/j.issn.1672-7347.2012.02.007","journal-title":"PubMed"},{"issue":"3","key":"7103_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/ihaa044","volume":"13","author":"T Smythe","year":"2021","unstructured":"Smythe, T., Zuurmond, M., Tann, C. J., Gladstone, M., & Kuper, H. (2021). Early intervention for children with developmental disabilities in low and middle-income countries - The case for action. International Health, 13(3), 222\u2013231. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/inthealth\/ihaa044","journal-title":"International Health"},{"key":"7103_CR82","unstructured":"Social Protection Resource Centre. (2021). The Pakistan disability report 2021 [PDF]. https:\/\/www.sprc.org.pk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/Disability_Report_final_2021_chapters-section-added-2-1.pdf"},{"issue":"1","key":"7103_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1037\/1528-3542.1.1.25","volume":"1","author":"J Spasojevi\u0107","year":"2001","unstructured":"Spasojevi\u0107, J., & Alloy, L. B. (2001). Rumination as a common mechanism relating depressive risk factors to depression. Emotion (Washington, D C), 1(1), 25\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1528-3542.1.1.25","journal-title":"Emotion (Washington, D C)"},{"issue":"3","key":"7103_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2014.01.003","volume":"7","author":"A Thrush","year":"2014","unstructured":"Thrush, A., & Hyder, A. A. (2014). The neglected burden of caregiving in low- and middle-income countries. Disability and Health Journal, 7(3), 262\u2013272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dhjo.2014.01.003","journal-title":"Disability and Health Journal"},{"key":"7103_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023910315561","volume":"27","author":"W Treynor","year":"2003","unstructured":"Treynor, W., Gonzalez, R., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2003). Rumination reconsidered: A psychometric analysis. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27, 247\u2013259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1023910315561","journal-title":"Cognitive Therapy and Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"7103_CR70","first-page":"Article9","volume":"15","author":"Q u. a Khan","year":"2020","unstructured":"u. a. Khan, Q., et al. (2020). Assessment of dementia caregiver burden in Karachi, Pakistan using 10\/66 protocol. Pakistan Journal of Neurological Sciences (PJNS), 15(4), Article9. https:\/\/ecommons.aku.edu\/pjns\/vol15\/iss4\/9","journal-title":"Pakistan Journal of Neurological Sciences (PJNS)"},{"key":"7103_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0250309","author":"EE Udoh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Udoh, E. E., Omorere, D. E., Sunday, O., Osasu, O. S., & Amoo, B. A. (2021). Psychological distress and burden of care among family caregivers of patients with mental illness in a neuropsychiatric outpatient clinic in Nigeria. PLoS One. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0250309","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"7103_CR72","unstructured":"UNICEF. (2020). Producing Disability-Inclusive data: Why it matters and what it takes. United Nations Childrens Fund."},{"issue":"1","key":"7103_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2020.103573","volume":"127","author":"ER Watkins","year":"2020","unstructured":"Watkins, E. R., & Roberts, H. (2020). Reflecting on rumination: Consequences, causes, mechanisms and treatment of rumination. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 127(1), 103573. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brat.2020.103573","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"7103_CR74","first-page":"483","volume":"18","author":"KD Willis","year":"2016","unstructured":"Willis, K. D., & Burnett, H. (2016). The power of stress: Perceived stress and its relationship with rumination, self-concept clarity, and resilience. North American Journal of Psychology, 18, 483\u2013498.","journal-title":"North American Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"7103_CR75","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2019). Process of translation and adaptation of instruments. Secondary Process of translation and adaptation of instruments. Geneva. Retrieved November 11, 2021, from http:\/\/www.who.int\/substance_abuse\/research_tools\/translation\/en\/"},{"key":"7103_CR76","unstructured":"Zarit, S. H., Orr, N. K., & Zarit, J. M. (1985). The hidden victims of alzheimer\u2019s disease: Families under stress. New York University. 23, 2022, from Mapi Research Trust."}],"container-title":["Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10803-025-07103-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10803-025-07103-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10803-025-07103-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T14:23:34Z","timestamp":1762007014000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10803-025-07103-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"references-count":71,"alternative-id":["7103"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-025-07103-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0162-3257","1573-3432"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0162-3257","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-3432","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflicts to declare.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This study was conducted following the ethical guidelines provided by the American Psychological Association and the ethical committee of the University Putra Malaysia.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed Consent"}},{"value":"The authors have agreed upon the publication of this manuscript.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}}]}}