{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T09:07:25Z","timestamp":1784192845785,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784160000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Autism Dev Disord"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-026-07439-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T08:55:45Z","timestamp":1784192145000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Investigating the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule \u2018Gold Standard\u2019 Origin Myth"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8505-8625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Larry","family":"Cashion","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philomena K.","family":"Holdforth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"7439_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-020-03028-7","volume":"21","author":"M Adamou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Adamou, M., Jones, S. L., & Wetherhill, S. (2021). Predicting diagnostic outcome in adult autism spectrum disorder using the autism diagnostic observation schedule, second edition. BMC Psychiatry, 21, Article Article 24. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-020-03028-7","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"7439_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1002\/pits.20341","volume":"45","author":"RA Allen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Allen, R. A., Robins, D. L., & Decker, S. L. (2008). Autism spectrum disorders: Neurobiology and current assessment practices. Psychology in the Schools, 45(10), 905\u2013917. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pits.20341","journal-title":"Psychology in the Schools"},{"key":"7439_CR3","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed, text rev; DSM-IV-TR). Washington, DC: Author"},{"key":"7439_CR4","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed, text rev.; DSM-5-TR). Arlington, VA: Author"},{"issue":"12","key":"7439_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2022.3605","volume":"176","author":"W Barbaresi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Barbaresi, W., Cacia, J., Friedman, S., Fussell, F., Hansen, R., Hofer, J., & Sideridis, G. (2022). Clinician diagnostic certainty and the role of the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule in Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis in young children. JAMA Pediatrics, 176(12), 1233\u20131241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2022.3605","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatrics"},{"key":"7439_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00562","volume":"11","author":"SL Brodsky","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brodsky, S. L., & Lichtenstein, B. (2020). The gold standard and the pyrite principle: Toward a supplemental frame of reference. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, Article Article 562. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00562","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"7439_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-019-00899-0","volume":"50","author":"A Camodeca","year":"2019","unstructured":"Camodeca, A. (2019). Description of criterion validity of the Autism Spectrum Rating Scales 6\u201318 Parent Report: Initial exploration in a large community sample. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 50, 987\u20131001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10578-019-00899-0","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry & Human Development"},{"key":"7439_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2449","volume":"14","author":"S Carruthers","year":"2021","unstructured":"Carruthers, S., Charman, C., El Hawi, N., Kim, Y. A., Randle, R., Lord, C., & PACT Consortium. (2021). Utility of the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule and the Brief Observation of Social and Communication Change for measuring outcomes for a parent-mediated early autism intervention. Autism Research, 14, 411\u2013425. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aur.2449","journal-title":"Autism Research"},{"key":"7439_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470939345.ch8","volume-title":"Handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disorders: Diagnosis, development, neurobiology, and behavior","author":"K Chawarska","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chawarska, K., & Volkmar, F. R. (2005). Autism in infancy and early childhood. In F. R. Volkmar, R. Paul, A. Klin, & D. Cohen (Eds.), Handbook of Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders: Diagnosis, development, neurobiology, and behavior (3rd ed, pp. 223\u2013246). John Wiley & Sons.","edition":"3rd ed"},{"issue":"5","key":"7439_CR10","first-page":"781","volume":"46","author":"I Chojnicka","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chojnicka, I., & P\u0142oski, R. (2012). Polska wersja narz\u0119dzia obserwacyjnego do diagnozowania autyzmu ADOS (Polish version of the ADOS [Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Generic]). Psychiatria Polska, 46(5), 781\u2013789.","journal-title":"Psychiatria Polska"},{"key":"7439_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.330.7500.1121","volume":"330","author":"JAHR Claassen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Claassen, J. A. H. R. (2005). The gold standard: Not a golden standard. BMJ, 330, Article 1121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.330.7500.1121","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"7439_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-006-0205-z","volume":"37","author":"S Clifford","year":"2007","unstructured":"Clifford, S., Dissanayake, C., Bui, Q. M., Huggins, R., Taylor, A. K., & Loesch, D. Z. (2007). Autism spectrum phenotype in males and females with fragile X full mutation and premutation. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37, 738\u2013747. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-006-0205-z","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"key":"7439_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2795","volume":"15","author":"AM D\u2019Mello","year":"2022","unstructured":"D\u2019Mello, A. M., Frosch, I. R., Li, C. E., Cardinaux, A. L., & Gabriel, J. D. E. (2022). Exclusion of females in autism research: Empirical evidence for a leaky recruitment-to-research pipeline. Autism Research, 15, 1929\u20131940. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aur.2795","journal-title":"Autism Research"},{"key":"7439_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2022.104415","volume":"134","author":"C Davidson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Davidson, C., Turner, F., Gillberg, C., Campbell, S. L., Boyd, S., & Minnis, H. (2023). Using the live assessment to discriminate between autism spectrum disorder and disinhibited social engagement disorder. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 134, Article 104415. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ridd.2022.104415","journal-title":"Research in Developmental Disabilities"},{"key":"7439_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1023\/b:jadd.0000022604.22374.5f","volume":"34","author":"A De Bildt","year":"2004","unstructured":"De Bildt, A., Sytema, S., Ketelaars, C., Kraijer, D., Mulder, E., Volkmar, F., & Minderaa, R. (2004). Interrelationship between Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule - Generic (ADOS-G), Autism Diagnostic Interview - Revised (ADI-R), and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) classification in children and adolescents with mental retardation. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34, 129\u2013137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/b:jadd.0000022604.22374.5f","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"key":"7439_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.304.6841.1568-b","volume":"304","author":"PF Duggan","year":"1992","unstructured":"Duggan, P. F. (1992). Time to abolish gold standard. British Medical Journal, 304, 1568\u20131569. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.304.6841.1568-b","journal-title":"British Medical Journal"},{"issue":"6","key":"7439_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-013-0375-0","volume":"22","author":"T Falkmer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Falkmer, T., Anderson, K., Falkmer, M., & Horlin, C. (2013). Diagnostic procedures in autism spectrum disorders: A systematic literature review. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 22(6), 329\u2013340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-013-0375-0","journal-title":"European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"7439_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2019.126409","volume":"57","author":"M Fiore","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fiore, M., Barone, R., Copat, C., Grasso, A., Cristaldi, A., Rizzob, R., & Ferrante, M. (2020). Metal and essential element levels in hair and association with autism severity. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine & Biology, 57, 99\u2013103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtemb.2019.126409","journal-title":"Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine & Biology"},{"key":"7439_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470939345.ch2","volume-title":"Handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disorders: Diagnosis, development, neurobiology, and behavior","author":"E Fombonne","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fombonne, E. (2005). Epidemiological studies of pervasive developmental disorders. In F. R. Volkmar, R. Paul, A. Klin, & D. Cohen (Eds.), Handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disorders: Diagnosis, development, neurobiology, and behavior (3rd ed, pp. 42\u201369). John Wiley & Sons.","edition":"3rd ed"},{"issue":"4","key":"7439_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0093533","volume":"9","author":"VA Fusaro","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fusaro, V. A., Daniels, J., Duda, M., DeLuca, T. F., D\u2019Angelo, O., Tamburello, J., & Wall, W. P. (2014). The potential of accelerating early detection of autism through content analysis of YouTube videos. PLoS One, 9(4), Article e9353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0093533","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"7","key":"7439_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361320924906","volume":"24","author":"JE Granieri","year":"2020","unstructured":"Granieri, J. E., McNair, M. L., Gerber, A. H., Reifler, R. F., & Lerner, M. D. (2020). Atypical social communication is associated with positive initial impressions among peers with autism spectrum disorder. Autism, 24(7), 1841\u20131848. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1362361320924906","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"7439_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-007-0432-y","volume":"38","author":"KM Gray","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gray, K. M., Tonge, B. J., & Sweeney, D. J. (2008). Using the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule with young children with developmental delay: Evaluating diagnostic validity. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders, 38, 657\u2013667. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-007-0432-y","journal-title":"Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders"},{"key":"7439_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-008-9072-z","volume":"18","author":"SM Kanne","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kanne, S. M., Randolph, J. K., & Farmer, J. E. (2008). Diagnostic and assessment findings: A bridge to academic planning for children with autism spectrum disorders. Neuropsychology Review, 18, 367\u2013384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11065-008-9072-z","journal-title":"Neuropsychology Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"7439_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1080\/21622965.2020.1809414","volume":"11","author":"NK Kaufman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kaufman, N. K. (2022). Rethinking gold standards and best practices in the assessment of autism. Applied Neuropsychology: Child, 11(3), 529\u2013540. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21622965.2020.1809414","journal-title":"Applied Neuropsychology: Child"},{"key":"7439_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2011.02458.x","volume":"53","author":"SH Kim","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kim, S. H., & Lord, C. (2012). Combining information from multiple sources for the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders for toddlers and young preschoolers from 12 to 47 months of age. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 53, 143\u2013151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2011.02458.x","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"7439_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000512","volume":"30","author":"M Kuhfeld","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kuhfeld, M., & Sturm, A. (2018). An examination of the precision of the autism diagnostic observation schedule using item response theory. Psychological Assessment, 30(5), 656\u2013668. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/pas0000512","journal-title":"Psychological Assessment"},{"key":"7439_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2016.11.012","volume":"34","author":"A Langmann","year":"2017","unstructured":"Langmann, A., Becker, J., Poustka, L., Becker, K., & Kamp-Becker, I. (2017). Diagnostic utility of the autism diagnostic observation schedule in a clinical sample of adolescents and adults. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 34, 34\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rasd.2016.11.012","journal-title":"Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders"},{"issue":"2","key":"7439_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-007-0403-3","volume":"38","author":"A Le Couteur","year":"2008","unstructured":"Le Couteur, A., Haden, G., Hammal, D., & McComachie, H. (2008). Diagnosing autism spectrum disorders in pre-school children using two standardised assessment instruments: The ADI-R and the ADOS. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders, 38(2), 362\u2013372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-007-0403-3","journal-title":"Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders"},{"key":"7439_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.01100","volume":"6","author":"SO Lilienfeld","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lilienfeld, S. O., Sauvigne, K. C., Lynn, S. J., Cautin, R. L., Latzman, R. D., & Waldman, I. D. (2015). Fifty psychological and psychiatric terms to avoid: A list of inaccurate, misleading, misused, and logically confused words and phrases. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, Article 100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.01100","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"7439_CR30","unstructured":"Loesch, D. Z., Bui, Q. M., Dissanayake, C., Clifford, S., Gould, E., Bulhak-Paterson, Tassone, F., & Huggins, R. M. (2005). Autism spectrum behaviours Fragile X: Gold standard assessment, and phenotypic and genetic predictors. Journal of Developmental & Behavioural Paediatrics [unpublished]."},{"key":"7439_CR31","volume-title":"Autism diagnostic observation schedule toddler module (ADOS-2)","author":"C Lord","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lord, C., Luyster, R. J., Gotham, K., & Guthrie, W. (2012a). Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule Toddler Module (ADOS-2). Western Psychological Services."},{"key":"7439_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005592401947","volume":"30","author":"C Lord","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lord, C., Risi, S., Lambrecht, L., Cook, E. H., Leventhal, B. L., DiLavore, P. C., & Rutter, M. (2000). The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule\u2014Generic: A standard measure of social and communication deficits associated with the spectrum of autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 30, 205\u2013223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1005592401947","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"5","key":"7439_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02172145","volume":"24","author":"C Lord","year":"1994","unstructured":"Lord, C., Rutter, M., & Le Couteur, A. (1994). Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised: A revised version of a diagnostic interview for caregivers of individuals with possible pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders, 24(5), 659\u2013685. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02172145","journal-title":"Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders"},{"key":"7439_CR34","volume-title":"Autism diagnostic observation schedule (ADOS): Manual","author":"C Lord","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lord, C., Rutter, M., DiLavore, P. C., & Risi, S. (1999). Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS): Manual. Western Psychological Services."},{"key":"7439_CR35","volume-title":"Autism diagnostic observation schedule modules 1\u20134 (ADOS-2)","author":"C Lord","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lord, C., Rutter, M., DiLavore, P. C., Risi, S., Gotham, K., & Bishop, S. (2012b). Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule Modules 1\u20134 (ADOS-2). Western Psychological Services."},{"key":"7439_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02211841","volume":"19","author":"C Lord","year":"1989","unstructured":"Lord, C., Rutter, M., Goode, S., Heemsbergen, J., Jordan, H., Mawhood, L., & Schopler, E. (1989). Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule: A standardized observation of communicative and social behavior. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders, 19, 185\u2013212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02211841","journal-title":"Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"6","key":"7439_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1080\/1354750X.2022.2093399","volume":"27","author":"DP Lovell","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lovell, D. P. (2022). Commentary: Statistical analysis of 2 \u00d7 2 tables in biomarker studies 1) the four \u2018indices of test validity.\u2019 Biomarkers, 27(6), 503\u2013511. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1354750X.2022.2093399","journal-title":"Biomarkers"},{"issue":"4","key":"7439_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2019.1567345","volume":"49","author":"BB Maddox","year":"2020","unstructured":"Maddox, B. B., Rump, K. M., Stahmer, A. C., Suhrheinrich, J., Rieth, S. R., Nahmias, A. S., & Mandell, D. S. (2020). Concordance between a U.S. educational autism classification and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 49(4), 469\u2013475. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15374416.2019.1567345","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology"},{"key":"7439_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spen.2020.100831","volume":"35","author":"P McCarty","year":"2020","unstructured":"McCarty, P., & Frye, R. E. (2020). Early detection and diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder: Why is it so difficult? Seminars in Pediatric Neurology, 35, Article 100831. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.spen.2020.100831","journal-title":"Seminars in Pediatric Neurology"},{"key":"7439_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3739","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-016-2911-5","volume":"46","author":"AJ McVey","year":"2016","unstructured":"McVey, A. J., Dolan, B. K., Willar, K. S., Pleiss, S., Karst, J. S., Casnar, C. L., & Van Hecke, A. V. (2016). A Replication and extension of the PEERS\u00ae for young adults social skills intervention: Examining effects on social skills and social anxiety in young adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders, 46, 3739\u20133754. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-016-2911-5","journal-title":"Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders"},{"key":"7439_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470939345.ch25","volume-title":"Handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disorders: Diagnosis, development, neurobiology, and behavior","author":"P Mundy","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mundy, P., & Burnette, C. (2005). Joint attention and neurodevelopmental models of autism. In F. R. Volkmar, R. Paul, A. Klin, & D. Cohen (Eds.), Handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disorders: Diagnosis, development, neurobiology, and behavior (3rd ed, pp. 650\u2013681). John Wiley & Sons.","edition":"3rd ed"},{"issue":"2","key":"7439_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1097\/JNN.0000000000000641","volume":"54","author":"DM Olson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Olson, D. M. (2022). There are no gold standards, and nothing gold about a standard. Journal of Neuroscience Nursing, 54(2), 53.","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience Nursing"},{"key":"7439_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-009-0915-0","volume":"40","author":"I Oosterling","year":"2010","unstructured":"Oosterling, I., Roos, S., de Bildt, A., Rommelse, N., de Jonge, M., Visser, J., & Buitelaar, J. (2010). Improved diagnostic validity of the ADOS revised algorithms: A replication study in an independent sample. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders, 40, 689\u2013703. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-009-0915-0","journal-title":"Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders"},{"key":"7439_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1207\/s15374424jccp3403_8","volume":"34","author":"S Ozonoff","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ozonoff, S., Goodlin-Jones, B. L., & Solomon, M. (2005). Evidence-based assessment of autism spectrum disorders in children and adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 34, 523\u2013540. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15374424jccp3403_8","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology"},{"key":"7439_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315117317","volume-title":"Medical statistics","author":"F Periera-Maxwell","year":"2018","unstructured":"Periera-Maxwell, F. (2018). Medical statistics (2nd ed.). CRC Press.","edition":"2nd ed."},{"key":"7439_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-021-01006-7","volume":"47","author":"J Pruccoli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pruccoli, J., Solari, A., Terenzi, L., Malaspina, E., Angotti, E., Pignataro, V., & Parmeggiani, A. (2021). Autism spectrum disorder and anorexia nervosa: An Italian prospective study. Italian Journal of Pediatrics, 47, Article 59. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13052-021-01006-7","journal-title":"Italian Journal of Pediatrics"},{"issue":"9","key":"7439_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1097\/01.chi.0000227880.42780.0e","volume":"45","author":"S Risi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Risi, S., Lord, C., Gotham, K., Corsello, C., Chrysler, C., Szatmari, P., & Pickles, A. (2006). Combining information from multiple sources in the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 45(9), 1094\u20131103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.chi.0000227880.42780.0e","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"7439_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613211047070","volume":"26","author":"E Ronkin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ronkin, E., Tully, E. C., Branum-Martin, L., Cohen, L. L., Hall, C., Dilly, L., & Tone, E. B. (2022). Sex differences in social communication behaviors in toddlers with suspected autism spectrum disorder as assessed by the ADOS-2 toddler module. Autism, 26(5), 1282\u20131295. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13623613211047070","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"7439_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781439800102","volume-title":"Bayesian thinking in biostatistics","author":"GL Rosner","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rosner, G. L., Laud, P. W., & Johnson, W. O. (2021). Bayesian thinking in biostatistics. Chapman and Hall."},{"key":"7439_CR50","volume-title":"ADI-R: Autism diagnostic interview\u2013revised","author":"M Rutter","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rutter, M., Le Couteur, A., & Lord, C. (2003). ADI-R: Autism Diagnostic Interview\u2013Revised. Western Psychological Services."},{"issue":"6","key":"7439_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.03.014","volume":"54","author":"LAR Sacrey","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sacrey, L. A. R., Zwaigenbaum, L., Bryson, S., Brian, J., Smith, I. M., Roberts, W., & Armstrong, V. (2015). Can parents\u2019 concerns predict Autism Spectrum Disorder? A prospective study of high-risk siblings from 6 to 36 months of age. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 54(6), 470\u2013478. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.03.014","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"7439_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00548","volume":"11","author":"DA Trevisan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Trevisan, D. A., Foss-Feig, J. H., Naples, A. J., Srihari, V., Anticevic, A., & McPartland, J. C. (2020). Autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia are better differentiated by positive symptoms than negative symptoms. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, Article 548. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00548","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychiatry"},{"key":"7439_CR53","volume-title":"Handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disorders: Diagnosis, development, neurobiology, and behavior","year":"2005","unstructured":"Volkmar, F. R., Paul, R., Klin, A., & Cohen, D. J. (Eds.). (2005). Handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disorders: Diagnosis, development, neurobiology, and behavior (3rd ed). John Wiley & Sons.","edition":"3rd ed"},{"key":"7439_CR54","volume-title":"A national guideline for the assessment and diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders in Australia \u2013 Evidence tables","author":"A Whitehouse","year":"2018","unstructured":"Whitehouse, A., Evans, K., Eapen, V., & Wray, J. (2018). A national guideline for the assessment and diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders in Australia \u2013 Evidence tables. Cooperative Research Centre for Living with Autism."},{"key":"7439_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2011.06.008","volume":"6","author":"S Woolfenden","year":"2012","unstructured":"Woolfenden, S., Sarkozy, V., Ridley, G., & Williams, K. (2012). A systematic review of the diagnostic stability of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 6, 345\u2013354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rasd.2011.06.008","journal-title":"Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"7439_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1007\/s11055-023-01388-7","volume":"53","author":"M Zappella","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zappella, M. (2023). Autism: A diagnostic dilemma. Neuroscience & Behavioral Physiology, 53(1), 34\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11055-023-01388-7","journal-title":"Neuroscience & Behavioral Physiology"}],"container-title":["Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10803-026-07439-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10803-026-07439-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10803-026-07439-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T08:55:48Z","timestamp":1784192148000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10803-026-07439-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"references-count":56,"alternative-id":["7439"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-026-07439-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0162-3257","1573-3432"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0162-3257","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-3432","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflicts of interest in conducting or documenting this.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}