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It is associated with functional decline, new onset psychopathology, and increased support needs. DSRD is often associated with catatonia, for which electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an effective treatment. However, there are scant studies to guide best practice in this area.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We report a case series of 5 patients who have received ECT at Vanderbilt University Medical Center. A systematic review and analysis were conducted, combining this case series with previously reported data in the literature.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This analysis included data from 27 patients, 5 from the VUMC case series and a further 22 from 14 studies. Combining all patients from case series and the systematic review, there were 17 pre-ECT and 15 post-ECT Bush Francis Catatonia Rating Scale (BFCRS) scores reported from 7 sites\/studies. The mean pre-ECT BFCRS score from all patients was 17.40 (SD\u2009=\u20095.72) and the mean post-ECT BFCRS score was 4.40 (SD\u2009=\u20095.26). A generalized estimating equations analysis revealed that there was a significant difference in the expected BFCRS score before and after receiving ECT treatment (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      = -13.00 with 95%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), suggesting that the ECT treatment had a significant effect on reducing the BFCRS scores. No severe adverse events were reported.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ECT is associated with clinical improvement in patients with catatonia in the context of DSRD in this systematic review and analysis. More research is needed to provide a more robust evidence base.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-026-07500-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T05:56:19Z","timestamp":1787896579000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Use of Electroconvulsive Therapy for Catatonia in Down Syndrome Regression Disorder: A Systematic Review, Case Series, and Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Seri","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0922-5727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaidi","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8612-2640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Oey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4172-0288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie","family":"Santoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9011-1606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine","family":"Franklin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1606-3917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Luccarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Tamargo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8724-946X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Courtney","family":"Hamilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8663-357X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Marler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8147-8011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy","family":"Adegoke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2565-8012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo Ellen","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7008-165X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua Ryan","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"7500_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. 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JL receives funding from Harvard Medical School, the Rappaport Foundation, the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and the Foundation for Prader-Willi Research. He holds equity and has received consulting income from Revival Therapeutics, Inc. SLS has received research funding from LuMind IDSC Down Syndrome Foundation to conduct clinical trials for people with DS, the National Institutes of Health, and the NewVenture Fund within the past two years. She serves in a non-paid capacity on the Medical and Scientific Advisory Council of the Massachusetts Down Syndrome Congress, the Board of Directors of the Down Syndrome Medical Interest Group (DSMIG-USA), and the Executive Committee of the American Academy of Pediatrics Council on Genetics. CF has conducted clinical trials in Rett syndrome funded by CNS Therapeutics, and in autism funded by Maplight Therapeutics in the last three years. CF has received research grant funding from the Mater Foundation, Australian Government National Health and Medical Research Council and Department of Social Services in the last three years. She has received funding from the National Down Syndrome Society to produce written work in the area of Down syndrome mental health. JEW is supported by the Department of Veterans Affairs Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC) at the Tennessee Valley Healthcare System and has received research funding from AC-Immune and IONIS Therapeutics.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}