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Mechanisms by which supplementation may offer benefit are unclear. Inflammation may contribute to autism-related behaviors and features. This double-blind, randomized controlled trial evaluated inflammatory cytokines as biologic signatures of the effect of daily dietary supplementation with omega-3 and omega-6-rich fish and borage oil (\u201comega 3\u20136\u201d) versus placebo in children ages 2 - &lt; 7 years recently diagnosed with autism.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Children were randomized to omega 3\u20136 or placebo for 90 days. Cytokines were measured in plasma, and autism-related behaviors and features were assessed by caregiver report and direct assessment. Linear mixed models followed intent-to-treat and evaluated the effect of omega 3\u20136 supplementation on the change in cytokines. Pearson correlation coefficients estimated associations between change in cytokines and change in autism-related behaviors and features. Exploratory analyses examined moderation by sex, age, gastrointestinal symptoms, and overweight.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 98 children randomized, 96 were included in this analysis. Omega 3\u20136 had no overall effect on cytokines or autism-related behaviors and features (e.g., group difference in change for PDDBI autism composite\u2009=\u20090.1, 95% CI= -10.9, 11.1). Changes in cytokines were generally uncorrelated with changes in autism-related behaviors and features. Some sex-specific effects were observed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study offered little support for inflammation serving as a mechanism for the effect of omega 3\u20136 fatty acids on autism-related behaviors and features among young children. Suggestive sex-specific effects should be replicated in a larger trial.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Trial Registry<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Clinicaltrials.gov NCT04312932 registered March 16, 2020.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-026-07523-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T10:15:18Z","timestamp":1789208118000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Inflammatory Cytokines as Biologic Signatures of the Effect of Dietary Supplementation With Omega Fatty Acids on Autism-Related Behaviors and Features Among Young Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.1007","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct04312932","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3490-3649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah A.","family":"Keim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Rausch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel L.","family":"Coury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa M.","family":"Robinette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paige L.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly A.","family":"McNally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynette K.","family":"Rogers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"7523_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/532640","author":"JB Adams","year":"2009","unstructured":"Adams, J. 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