{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T12:48:47Z","timestamp":1792673327922,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792627200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DC018289"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DC018289"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5U54HD086984"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5U54HD086984"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Allerton Foundation","award":["Allerton Foundation"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Allerton Foundation"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Autism Dev Disord"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Examine how task structure and participant sex influence social-word production in verbally fluent autistic and non-autistic youth during two ADOS\u20112 Module 3 tasks (Picture Description and Telling a Story From a Book).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One hundred eleven verbally fluent autistic and non-autistic youth (ages 6\u201315) completed ADOS\u20112 Module 3. Groups were matched on age and IQ. Transcripts of Picture Description and Telling a Story From a Book were processed with LIWC\u201122 to quantify social words. Generalized linear models predicted social word production in each task using age, IQ, sex, and diagnostic group as predictors, including sex-by-diagnosis interactions. Associations between social-word use in each task and ADOS\u20112 Social Affect scores were examined within the autistic group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the Picture Description task, there was a significant interactive effect of sex and diagnosis. This was driven by non-autistic girls using more social words than any other subgroup. Autistic girls and boys did not differ. In the Telling a Story From a Book task, there were no significant effects of sex or diagnosis. Within the autistic group, participants who used fewer social words during Picture Description task were rated as having greater social difficulties by expert clinicians.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Task structure impacts detection of diagnostic and sex-related differences in social language: less structured contexts reveal diagnostic group differences, while structured narrative elicitation attenuates them. Social word production in unstructured settings relates to clinician-rated social difficulties, particularly for autistic girls, highlighting the importance of task selection when assessing pragmatic language.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-026-07562-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T12:35:13Z","timestamp":1792672513000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Context Matters: Assessing Sex and Diagnostic Differences in Autistic Children\u2019s Language Across Tasks With Differing Levels of Structure"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6737-6828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meredith","family":"Cola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret","family":"Lyons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Schillinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Calliana","family":"Faulk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lizzy","family":"Fulop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azia","family":"Knox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nasya","family":"Howard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Franke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5498-8795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandria","family":"Mulqueen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunghye","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark Y.","family":"Liberman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashlee Yates","family":"Flanagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juhi","family":"Pandey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert T.","family":"Schultz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon Lee","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Parish-Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"7562_CR1","unstructured":"American Psychological Association. (2025). Bias-Free Language. American Psychological Association. https:\/\/apastyle.apa.org\/style-grammar-guidelines\/bias-free-language\/gender Https:\/\/Apastyle.Apa.Org."},{"key":"7562_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition: DSM-5","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2013","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition: DSM-5 (Fifth Edition). American Psychiatric Publishing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","edition":"Fifth Edition"},{"issue":"1","key":"7562_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-89083-0","volume":"15","author":"M Baer","year":"2025","unstructured":"Baer, M., Cola, M., Knox, A., Lyons, M., Schillinger, S., Lee, A., Worth, B. F., Parish-Morris, J., & Grossman, R. B. (2025). Social first impressions and perceived gender in autistic and non-autistic youth. Scientific Reports, 15(1), Article 5240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-89083-0","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"7562_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2016.09.007","volume":"59","author":"I Baixauli","year":"2016","unstructured":"Baixauli, I., Colomer, C., Rosell\u00f3, B., & Miranda, A. (2016). Narratives of children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder: A meta-analysis. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 59, 234\u2013254. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ridd.2016.09.007","journal-title":"Research in Developmental Disabilities"},{"issue":"15","key":"7562_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12154923","volume":"12","author":"J Barsotti","year":"2023","unstructured":"Barsotti, J., Mangani, G., Nencioli, R., Narzisi, A., Pfanner, L., Chilosi, A. M., Cipriani, P., Mancini, A., Cosenza, A., Tancredi, R., & Calderoni, S. (2023). Sex\/gender differences in the language profiles of Italian children with autism spectrum disorder: A retrospective study. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 12(15), Article Article 15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12154923","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"7562_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1715","volume":"10","author":"A Beggiato","year":"2017","unstructured":"Beggiato, A., Peyre, H., Maruani, A., Scheid, I., Rastam, M., Amsellem, F., Gillberg, C. I., Leboyer, M., Bourgeron, T., Gillberg, C., & Delorme, R. (2017). Gender differences in autism spectrum disorders: Divergence among specific core symptoms. Autism Research, 10(4), 680\u2013689. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aur.1715","journal-title":"Autism Research"},{"key":"7562_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reia.2025.202589","volume":"124","author":"M Belenger","year":"2025","unstructured":"Belenger, M., Dumont, C., Geelhand, P., & Kissine, M. (2025). Investigating sex differences in narrative production of autistic pre-adolescents and adolescents. Research in Autism, 124, Article 202589. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.reia.2025.202589","journal-title":"Research in Autism"},{"key":"7562_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Black, M. P., Bone, D., Williams, M. E., Gorrindo, P., Levitt, P., & Narayanan, S. (2011). The USC CARE corpus: Child-psychologist interactions of children with autism spectrum disorders. Interspeech Conference Preceedings, 4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21437\/Interspeech.2011-314","DOI":"10.21437\/Interspeech.2011-314"},{"key":"7562_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21437\/Interspeech.2016-1073","author":"D Bone","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bone, D., Bishop, S., Gupta, R., Lee, S., & Narayanan, S. S. (2016). Acoustic-prosodic and turn-taking features in interactions with children with neurodevelopmental disorders. Interspeech 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21437\/Interspeech.2016-1073","journal-title":"Interspeech 2016"},{"key":"7562_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bone, D., Black, M. P., Lee, C. C., Williams, M. E., Levitt, P., Lee, S., & Narayanan, S. (2012). Spontaneous-speech acoustic-prosodic features of children with autism and the interacting psychologist. Interspeech Conference Preceedings, 1043\u20131046. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21437\/Interspeech.2012-307","DOI":"10.21437\/Interspeech.2012-307"},{"key":"7562_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2014_JSLHR-S-13-0062","author":"D Bone","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bone, D., Lee, C.-C., Black, M. P., Williams, M. E., Lee, S., Levitt, P., & Narayanan, S. (2014). The psychologist as an interlocutor in autism spectrum disorder assessment: Insights from a study of spontaneous prosody. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research\u202f: JSLHR. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1044\/2014_JSLHR-S-13-0062","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research : JSLHR"},{"key":"7562_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-019-0268-2","author":"J Boorse","year":"2019","unstructured":"Boorse, J., Cola, M., Plate, S., Yankowitz, L., Pandey, J., Schultz, R. T., & Parish-Morris, J. (2019). Linguistic markers of autism in girls: Evidence of a \u201cblended phenotype\u201d during storytelling. Molecular Autism. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13229-019-0268-2","journal-title":"Molecular Autism"},{"key":"7562_CR13","volume-title":"The development and psychometric properties of LIWC-22","author":"RL Boyd","year":"2022","unstructured":"Boyd, R. L., Ashokkumar, A., Seraj, S., & Pennebaker, J. (2022). The development and psychometric properties of LIWC-22. University of Texas at Austin."},{"key":"7562_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.035","author":"CA Burrows","year":"2025","unstructured":"Burrows, C. A., Elison, J. T., & Piven, J. (2025). Mitigating sex-related biases to elucidate the autism phenotype. Biological Psychiatry. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.06.035","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"7562_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2525887","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.25887","volume":"8","author":"CA Burrows","year":"2025","unstructured":"Burrows, C. A., Sung, S., Zheng, S., Young, G. S., Charman, T., Klaiman, C., Klin, A., Marrus, N., Ozonoff, S., Piven, J., Robins, D. L., Schmidt, R. J., Schwichtenberg, A. J., Webb, S. J., Zwaigenbaum, L., Carver, L. J., Chawarska, K., Curtin, S., Jeste, S. S., & Elison, J. T. (2025b). Sex-related measurement bias in autism spectrum disorder symptoms in the baby siblings research consortium. JAMA Network Open, 8(8), e2525887. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.25887","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"key":"7562_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.718572","volume":"12","author":"L Bush","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bush, L., Martin, G. E., Landau, E., & Losh, M. (2021). A longitudinal study of parent-child interactions and language outcomes in fragile X syndrome and other neurodevelopmental disorders. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, Article 718572. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.718572","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychiatry"},{"key":"7562_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2023.103918","volume":"236","author":"T Bylemans","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bylemans, T., Heleven, E., Asselman, E., Baetens, K., Deroost, N., Baeken, C., & Van Overwalle, F. (2023). Sex differences in autistic adults: A preliminary study showing differences in mentalizing, but not in narrative coherence. Acta Psychologica, 236, 103918. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actpsy.2023.103918","journal-title":"Acta Psychologica"},{"issue":"5","key":"7562_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1479","volume":"8","author":"C Chevallier","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chevallier, C., Parish-Morris, J., McVey, A., Rump, K., Sasson, N., Herrington, J., & Schultz, R. (2015). Measuring social attention and motivation in autism spectrum disorder using eye-tracking: Stimulus type matters: Stimulus matters. Autism Research, 8(5), 620\u2013628. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aur.1479","journal-title":"Autism Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"7562_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-023-00545-6","volume":"14","author":"S Cho","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cho, S., Cola, M., Knox, A., Pelella, M. R., Russell, A., Hauptmann, A., Covello, M., Cieri, C., Liberman, M., Schultz, R. T., & Parish-Morris, J. (2023). Sex differences in the temporal dynamics of autistic children\u2019s natural conversations. Molecular Autism, 14(1), 13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13229-023-00545-6","journal-title":"Molecular Autism"},{"issue":"3","key":"7562_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0229985","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0229985","volume":"15","author":"I Chojnicka","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chojnicka, I., & Wawer, A. (2020). Social language in autism spectrum disorder: A computational analysis of sentiment and linguistic abstraction. PLoS One, 15(3), e0229985. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0229985. https:\/\/doi.org\/http:\/\/dx.doi.org.proxy.library.upenn.edu\/","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"7562_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-020-00336-3","volume":"11","author":"M Cola","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cola, M., Plate, S., Yankowitz, L., Petrulla, V., Bateman, L., Zampella, C. J., de Marchena, A., Pandey, J., Schultz, R. T., & Parish-Morris, J. (2020). Sex differences in the first impressions made by girls and boys with autism. Molecular Autism, 11(1), 49. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13229-020-00336-3","journal-title":"Molecular Autism"},{"key":"7562_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613261417535","author":"M Cola","year":"2026","unstructured":"Cola, M., Schillinger, S., Lyons, M., Lee, A., Faulk, C., Covello, M., Howard, N., Franke, H., Mulqueen, A., Fulop, L., Knox, A., Cho, S., Liberman, M. Y., Pandey, J., Yates Flanagan, A., Donaher, J., Schultz, R. T., & Parish-Morris, J. (2026). Sex-specific metrics for success: Gaps in social word use are bigger for autistic girls than boys. Autism. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13623613261417535","journal-title":"Autism"},{"issue":"1","key":"7562_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-021-00483-1","volume":"13","author":"M Cola","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cola, M., Yankowitz, L. D., Tena, K., Russell, A., Bateman, L., Knox, A., Plate, S., Cubit, L. S., Zampella, C. J., Pandey, J., Schultz, R. T., & Parish-Morris, J. (2022). Friend matters: Sex differences in social language during autism diagnostic interviews. Molecular Autism, 13(1), 5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13229-021-00483-1","journal-title":"Molecular Autism"},{"issue":"5","key":"7562_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-018-03873-2","volume":"49","author":"O Conlon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Conlon, O., Volden, J., Smith, I. M., Duku, E., Zwaigenbaum, L., Waddell, C., Szatmari, P., Mirenda, P., Vaillancourt, T., Bennett, T., Georgiades, S., Elsabbagh, M., Ungar, W. J., The Pathways in ASD Study Team. (2019). Gender differences in pragmatic communication in school-aged children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49(5), 1937\u20131948. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-018-03873-2","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"key":"7562_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S372723","volume":"20","author":"J Cook","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cook, J., Hull, L., & Mandy, W. (2024). Improving diagnostic procedures in autism for girls and women: A narrative review. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 20, 505\u2013514. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/NDT.S372723","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment"},{"key":"7562_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2023.102229","volume":"108","author":"A den Hartog","year":"2023","unstructured":"den Hartog, A., de la Roche, L., Derby, B., Psaradellis, E., & Kelley, E. (2023). A scoping review of sex\/gender differences in pragmatic language and friendship characteristics in autistic children and adolescents. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 108, 102229. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rasd.2023.102229","journal-title":"Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders"},{"key":"7562_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dideriksen, C., Fusaroli, R., Tyl\u00e9n, K., Dingemanse, M., & Christiansen, M. H. (2019). Contextualizing Conversational Strategies: Backchannel, Repair and Linguistic Alignment in Spontaneous and Task-Oriented Conversations. The 41st Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 261\u2013267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31234\/osf.io\/fd8y9","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/fd8y9"},{"key":"7562_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1037\/15964-010","volume-title":"Innovative investigations of language in autism spectrum disorder","author":"I-M Eigsti","year":"2017","unstructured":"Eigsti, I.-M., & Schuh, J. M. (2017). Language acquisition in ASD: Beyond standardized language measures. Innovative investigations of language in autism spectrum disorder (pp. 183\u2013200). American Psychological Association. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/15964-010"},{"key":"7562_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elliott, C. D. (2007). Differential Ability Scales (DAS-II) (Second). Harcourt Assessment. http:\/\/www.pearsonclinical.com\/education\/products\/100000468\/differential-ability-scales-ii-das-ii.html","DOI":"10.1037\/t15074-000"},{"issue":"10","key":"7562_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4294","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-019-04147-1","volume":"49","author":"L Friedman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Friedman, L., Sterling, A., DaWalt, L. S., & Mailick, M. R. (2019). Conversational language is a predictor of vocational independence and friendships in adults with ASD. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49(10), 4294\u20134305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-019-04147-1","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"key":"7562_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Goodkind, A., Lee, M., Martin, G., Losh, M., & Bicknell, K. (2018). Detecting language impairments in autism: A computational analysis of semi-structured conversations with vector semantics. Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics, 1(1), 12\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7275\/R56W988P","DOI":"10.7275\/R56W988P"},{"key":"7562_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2022.102092","volume":"101","author":"G Greco","year":"2023","unstructured":"Greco, G., Choi, B., Michel, K., & Faja, S. (2023). Here\u2019s the story: Narrative ability and executive function in autism spectrum disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 101, 102092. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rasd.2022.102092","journal-title":"Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"7562_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-016-0072-1","volume":"7","author":"R Grzadzinski","year":"2016","unstructured":"Grzadzinski, R., Dick, C., Lord, C., & Bishop, S. (2016). Parent-reported and clinician-observed autism spectrum disorder (ASD) symptoms in children with attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Implications for practice under DSM-5. Molecular Autism, 7(1), 1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13229-016-0072-1","journal-title":"Molecular Autism"},{"key":"7562_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17455057231163761","author":"Y Hamdani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hamdani, Y., Kassee, C., Walker, M., Lunsky, Y., Gladstone, B., Sawyer, A., Ameis, S., Desarkar, P., Szatmari, P., & Lai, M. C. (2023). Roadblocks and detours on pathways to a clinical diagnosis of autism for girls and women: A qualitative secondary analysis. Women\u2019s Health. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/17455057231163761","journal-title":"Women\u2019s Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"7562_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2245","volume":"13","author":"C Harrop","year":"2020","unstructured":"Harrop, C., Jones, D. R., Sasson, N. J., Zheng, S., Nowell, S. W., & Parish-Morris, J. (2020). Social and object attention Is influenced by biological sex and toy gender-congruence in children with and without autism. Autism Research: Official Journal of the International Society for Autism Research, 13(5), 763\u2013776. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aur.2245","journal-title":"Autism Research: Official Journal of the International Society for Autism Research"},{"key":"7562_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239694152091211","DOI":"10.1177\/2396941520912118","volume":"5","author":"E Hilvert","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hilvert, E., Sterling, A., Haebig, E., & Friedman, L. (2020). Expressive language abilities of boys with idiopathic autism spectrum disorder and boys with fragile X syndrome\u2009+\u2009autism spectrum disorder: Cross-context comparisons. Autism & Developmental Language Impairments, 5, 2396941520912118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2396941520912118","journal-title":"Autism & Developmental Language Impairments"},{"issue":"10","key":"7562_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2400","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-012-1719-1","volume":"44","author":"V Hus","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hus, V., Gotham, K., & Lord, C. (2014). Standardizing ADOS domain scores: Separating severity of social affect and restricted and repetitive behaviors. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(10), 2400\u201324121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-012-1719-1","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"key":"7562_CR37","unstructured":"Kanner, L. (1943). Autistic disturbances of affective contact. 2(3), 217\u2013250."},{"issue":"3","key":"7562_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-015-2620-5","volume":"46","author":"C Kauschke","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kauschke, C., van der Beek, B., & Kamp-Becker, I. (2016). Narratives of girls and boys with autism spectrum disorders: Gender differences in narrative competence and internal state language. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(3), 840\u2013852. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-015-2620-5","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"7","key":"7562_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00671","volume":"41","author":"A Klin","year":"2000","unstructured":"Klin, A. (2000). Attributing social meaning to ambiguous visual stimuli in higher-functioning autism and Asperger syndrome: The social attribution task. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry & Allied Disciplines, 41(7), 831. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1469-7610.00671","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry & Allied Disciplines"},{"issue":"6","key":"7562_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1044\/2014_JSLHR-L-13-0330","volume":"57","author":"ST Kover","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kover, S. T., Davidson, M. M., Sindberg, H. A., & Weismer, S. E. (2014). Use of the ADOS for assessing spontaneous expressive language in young children With ASD: A comparison of sampling contexts. Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, 57(6), 2221\u20132233. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1044\/2014_JSLHR-L-13-0330","journal-title":"Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"7562_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2011\/11-0075)","volume":"55","author":"ST Kover","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kover, S. T., McDuffie, A., Abbeduto, L., & Brown, W. T. (2012). Effects of sampling context on spontaneous expressive language in males with fragile X syndrome or Down syndrome. Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, 55(4), 1022\u20131038. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1044\/1092-4388(2011\/11-0075). https:\/\/doi.org\/http:\/\/dx.doi.org.proxy.library.upenn.edu\/","journal-title":"Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research"},{"key":"7562_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21437\/Interspeech.2016-563","author":"M Kumar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kumar, M., Gupta, R., Bone, D., Malandrakis, N., Bishop, S., & Narayanan, S. S. (2016). Objective language feature analysis in children with neurodevelopmental disorders during autism assessment. INTERSPEECH. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21437\/Interspeech.2016-563","journal-title":"INTERSPEECH"},{"issue":"12","key":"7562_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(23)00221-3","volume":"7","author":"MC Lai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lai, M. C., Amestoy, A., Bishop, S., Brown, H. M., Giwa Onaiwu, M., Halladay, A., Harrop, C., Hotez, E., Huerta, M., Kelly, A., Miller, D., Nordahl, C. W., Ratto, A. B., Saulnier, C., Siper, P. M., Sohl, K., Zwaigenbaum, L., & Goldman, S. (2023). Improving autism identification and support for individuals assigned female at birth: Clinical suggestions and research priorities. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 7(12), 897\u2013908. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2352-4642(23)00221-3","journal-title":"The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health"},{"key":"7562_CR44","unstructured":"Landa, R. (2000). Social language use in Asperger syndrome and high-functioning autism. In A. Klin, F. R. Volkmar, & S. S. Sparrow (Eds.), Asperger syndrome (pp. 125\u2013155). The Guilford Press. Chapter xvii, 489 Pages)."},{"key":"7562_CR45","unstructured":"Landau, E. (2025). A Multi Method Study to Define the Female Pragmatic Profile of Autism [Northwestern University]. https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/docview\/3245357197?accountid=14707&parentSessionId=18DuuJ0IEfXEm6bVCE8wqYGWMzyVN9GndUqjKr65gMo%3D&pq-origsite=summon&sourcetype=Dissertations%20&%20Theses"},{"key":"7562_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1588429","author":"E Landau","year":"2025","unstructured":"Landau, E., Nayar, K., Martin, G. E., Stevens, C., Xing, J., Guilfoyle, J., Lau, J. C. Y., & Losh, M. (2025). Context effects: Discourse structure influences narrative ability in autism and first-degree relatives. Frontiers in Psychiatry. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1588429","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychiatry"},{"key":"7562_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.09.10.25335495","author":"C Larson","year":"2025","unstructured":"Larson, C., Taverna, E., Mohan, A., Girolamo, T., Fein, D., & Eigsti, I. M. (2025). The role of language in social-emotional, educational, and vocational outcomes in autism and in individuals who have lost the diagnosis (p. 2025.09.10.25335495). medRxiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2025.09.10.25335495","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"issue":"6","key":"7562_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-011-1339-1","volume":"42","author":"EA Laugeson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Laugeson, E. A., Frankel, F., Gantman, A., Dillon, A. R., & Mogil, C. (2012). Evidence-based social skills training for adolescents with autism spectrum disorders: The UCLA PEERS program. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(6), 1025\u20131036. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-011-1339-1","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"6","key":"7562_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2017.03.013","volume":"56","author":"R Loomes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Loomes, R., Hull, L., & Mandy, W. P. L. (2017). What is the male-to-female ratio in autism spectrum disorder? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 56(6), 466\u2013474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2017.03.013","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"7562_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.148","volume":"69","author":"C Lord","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lord, C., Petkova, E., Hus, V., Gan, W., Lu, F., Martin, D. M., Ousley, O., Guy, L., Bernier, R., Gerdts, J., Algermissen, M., Whitaker, A., Sutcliffe, J. S., Warren, Z., Klin, A., Saulnier, C., Hanson, E., Hundley, R., Piggot, J., & Risi, S. (2012a). A multisite study of the clinical diagnosis of different autism spectrum disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 69(3), 306\u2013313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.148","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"7562_CR51","volume-title":"Autism diagnostic observation schedule, second edition (ADOS-2)","author":"C Lord","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lord, C., Rutter, M., DiLavore, P. S., Gotham, K., & Bishop, S. (2012b). Autism diagnostic observation schedule, second edition (ADOS-2). Western Psychological Services."},{"issue":"3","key":"7562_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024446215446","volume":"33","author":"M Losh","year":"2003","unstructured":"Losh, M., & Capps, L. (2003). Narrative ability in high-functioning children with autism or asperger\u2019s syndrome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 33(3), 239\u2013251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1024446215446","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"12","key":"7562_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3016","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-014-2158-y","volume":"44","author":"M Losh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Losh, M., & Gordon, P. C. (2014). Quantifying narrative ability in autism spectrum disorder: A computational linguistic analysis of narrative coherence. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(12), 3016\u20133025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-014-2158-y","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"8","key":"7562_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1581","volume":"9","author":"SX Luo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Luo, S. X., Shinall, J. A., Peterson, B. S., & Gerber, A. J. (2016). Semantic mapping reveals distinct patterns in descriptions of social relations in adults with autism spectrum disorder. Autism Research, 9(8), 846\u2013853. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aur.1581","journal-title":"Autism Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"7562_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-023-00541-w","volume":"14","author":"H Mattern","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mattern, H., Cola, M., Tena, K. G., Knox, A., Russell, A., Pelella, M. R., Hauptmann, A., Covello, M., Parish-Morris, J., & McCleery, J. P. (2023). Sex differences in social and emotional insight in youth with and without autism. Molecular Autism, 14(1), Article 10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13229-023-00541-w","journal-title":"Molecular Autism"},{"key":"7562_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40474-023-00270-y","author":"TC McFayden","year":"2023","unstructured":"McFayden, T. C., Putnam, O., Grzadzinski, R., & Harrop, C. (2023). Sex differences in the developmental trajectories of autism spectrum disorder. Current Developmental Disorders Reports. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40474-023-00270-y","journal-title":"Current Developmental Disorders Reports"},{"key":"7562_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2023.102143","volume":"103","author":"A Miranda","year":"2023","unstructured":"Miranda, A., Berenguer, C., Baixauli, I., & Rosell\u00f3, B. (2023). Childhood language skills as predictors of social, adaptive and behavior outcomes of adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 103, Article 102143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rasd.2023.102143","journal-title":"Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders"},{"key":"7562_CR58","volume-title":"Sex differences and similarities in communication","author":"A Mulac","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mulac, A. (2006). The gender-linked language effect: Do language differences really make a difference? Sex differences and similarities in communication (2nd ed.). Routledge.","edition":"2nd ed."},{"key":"7562_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-024-06424-0","author":"K Nayar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nayar, K., Landau, E., Martin, G. E., Stevens, C. J., Xing, J., Sophia, P., Guilfoyle, J., Gordon, P. C., & Losh, M. (2024). Narrative Ability in Autism and First-Degree Relatives. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-024-06424-0","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"3","key":"7562_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1080\/01638530802073712","volume":"45","author":"ML Newman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Newman, M. L., Groom, C. J., Handelman, L. D., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2008). Gender differences in language use: An analysis of 14,000 text samples. Discourse Processes, 45(3), 211\u2013236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01638530802073712","journal-title":"Discourse Processes"},{"key":"7562_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613221151095","author":"M Oates","year":"2023","unstructured":"Oates, M., & Bean, A. (2023). Intersecting effects of sex\/gender and autism on structural language: A scoping review. Autism. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13623613221151095","journal-title":"Autism"},{"issue":"8","key":"7562_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2443","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-015-2409-6","volume":"45","author":"AJ Orinstein","year":"2015","unstructured":"Orinstein, A. J., Suh, J., Porter, K., De Yoe, K. A., Tyson, K. E., Troyb, E., Barton, M. L., Eigsti, I.-M., Stevens, M. C., & Fein, D. A. (2015). Social function and communication in optimal outcome children and adolescents with an autism history on structured test measures. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(8), 2443\u20132463. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-015-2409-6","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"7562_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-017-0164-6","volume":"8","author":"J Parish-Morris","year":"2017","unstructured":"Parish-Morris, J., Liberman, M. Y., Cieri, C., Herrington, J. D., Yerys, B. E., Bateman, L., Donaher, J., Ferguson, E., Pandey, J., & Schultz, R. T. (2017). Linguistic camouflage in girls with autism spectrum disorder. Molecular Autism, 8(1), 48. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13229-017-0164-6","journal-title":"Molecular Autism"},{"key":"7562_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Parish-Morris, J., Sariyanidi, E., Zampella, C., Bartley, G. K., Ferguson, E., Pallathra, A. A., Bateman, L., Plate, S., Cola, M., Pandey, J., Brodkin, E. S., Schultz, R. T., & Tun\u00e7, B. (2018). Oral-Motor and Lexical Diversity During Naturalistic Conversations in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology: From Keyboard to Clinic, 147\u2013157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/W18-0616","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W18-0616"},{"issue":"2","key":"7562_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000126","volume":"23","author":"J Pek","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pek, J., & Flora, D. B. (2018). Reporting effect sizes in original psychological research: A discussion and tutorial. Psychological Methods, 23(2), 208\u2013225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/met0000126","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"key":"7562_CR66","unstructured":"Rinker, T. (2018). Qdap [R]. CRAN."},{"key":"7562_CR67","volume-title":"Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition","author":"GH Roid","year":"2003","unstructured":"Roid, G. H. (2003). Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition. Western Psychological Services."},{"issue":"5","key":"7562_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12284","volume":"60","author":"V Rose","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rose, V., Trembath, D., Keen, D., & Paynter, J. (2016). The proportion of minimally verbal children with autism spectrum disorder in a community-based early intervention programme. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 60(5), 464\u2013477. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jir.12284","journal-title":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research"},{"key":"7562_CR69","volume-title":"SCQ: The Social Communication Questionnaire","author":"M Rutter","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rutter, M., Bailey, A., & Lord, C. (2003). SCQ: The Social Communication Questionnaire. Western Psychological Services."},{"issue":"1","key":"7562_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-016-0073-0","volume":"7","author":"A Rynkiewicz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rynkiewicz, A., Schuller, B., Marchi, E., Piana, S., Camurri, A., Lassalle, A., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2016). An investigation of the \u2018female camouflage effect\u2019 in autism using a computerized ADOS-2 and a test of sex\/gender differences. Molecular Autism, 7(1), Article 10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13229-016-0073-0","journal-title":"Molecular Autism"},{"issue":"1","key":"7562_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-90304-5","volume":"11","author":"AC Salem","year":"2021","unstructured":"Salem, A. C., MacFarlane, H., Adams, J. R., Lawley, G. O., Dolata, J. K., Bedrick, S., & Fombonne, E. (2021). Evaluating atypical language in autism using automated language measures. Scientific Reports, 11(1), Article 10968. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-90304-5","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"8","key":"7562_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-011-1412-9","volume":"42","author":"GT Schanding","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schanding, G. T., Nowell, K. P., & Goin-Kochel, R. P. (2012). Utility of the social communication questionnaire-current and social responsiveness scale as teacher-report screening tools for autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(8), 1705\u20131716. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-011-1412-9","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"5","key":"7562_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361318794930","volume":"23","author":"F Sedgewick","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sedgewick, F., Hill, V., & Pellicano, E. (2019). \u2018It\u2019s different for girls\u2019: Gender differences in the friendships and conflict of autistic and neurotypical adolescents. Autism, 23(5), 1119\u20131132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1362361318794930","journal-title":"Autism"},{"issue":"4","key":"7562_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-015-2669-1","volume":"46","author":"F Sedgewick","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sedgewick, F., Hill, V., Yates, R., Pickering, L., & Pellicano, E. (2016). Gender differences in the social motivation and friendship experiences of autistic and non-autistic adolescents. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(4), 1297\u20131306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-015-2669-1","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"key":"7562_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss7402a1","author":"KA Shaw","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shaw, K. A., Williams, S., Patrick, M., Valencia-Prado, M., Durkin, M. S., Howerton, E., Ladd-Acosta, C., Pas, E., Bakian, A., Bartholomew, P., Nieves-Mu\u00f1oz, N., Sidwell, K., Alford, A., Bilder, D., DiRienzo, M., Fitzgerald, R. T., & Maenner, M. J. (2025). Prevalence and early identification of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 4 and 8 years\u2014Autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 16 sites, United States, 2022. MMWR. Surveillance Summaries. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.ss7402a1","journal-title":"MMWR. Surveillance Summaries"},{"key":"7562_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239694151880380","DOI":"10.1177\/2396941518803806","volume":"3","author":"C Sng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sng, C., Carter, M., & Stephenson, J. (2018). A systematic review of the comparative pragmatic differences in conversational skills of individuals with autism. Autism & Developmental Language Impairments, 3, 2396941518803806. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2396941518803806","journal-title":"Autism & Developmental Language Impairments"},{"issue":"8","key":"7562_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13348","volume":"62","author":"A Song","year":"2020","unstructured":"Song, A., Cola, M., Plate, S., Petrulla, V., Yankowitz, L., Pandey, J., Schultz, R. T., & Parish-Morris, J. (2020). Natural language markers of social phenotype in girls with autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 62(8), 949\u2013960. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.13348","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"7562_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361320913192","volume":"24","author":"JF Strang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Strang, J. F., van der Miesen, A. I., Caplan, R., Hughes, C., daVanport, S., & Lai, M.-C. (2020). Both sex- and gender-related factors should be considered in autism research and clinical practice. Autism, 24(3), 539\u2013543. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1362361320913192","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"7562_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.621742","author":"A Sturrock","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sturrock, A., Adams, C., & Freed, J. (2021). A subtle profile with a significant impact: Language and communication difficulties for autistic females without intellectual disability. Frontiers in Psychology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.621742","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"7562_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-019-04288-3","volume":"50","author":"A Sturrock","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sturrock, A., Marsden, A., Adams, C., & Freed, J. (2020). Observational and reported measures of language and pragmatics in young people with autism: A comparison of respondent data and gender profiles. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(3), 812\u2013830. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-019-04288-3","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"key":"7562_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-019-03920-6","author":"A Sturrock","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sturrock, A., Yau, N., Freed, J., & Adams, C. (2019). Speaking the same language? A preliminary investigation, comparing the language and communication skills of females and males with high-functioning autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-019-03920-6","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"7562_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-835X.1995.tb00663.x","volume":"13","author":"H Tager-Flusberg","year":"1995","unstructured":"Tager-Flusberg, H. (1995). Once upon a ribbit: Stories narrated by autistic children. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 13(1), 45\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.2044-835X.1995.tb00663.x","journal-title":"British Journal of Developmental Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"7562_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1329","volume":"6","author":"H Tager-Flusberg","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tager-Flusberg, H., & Kasari, C. (2013). Minimally verbal school-aged children with autism spectrum disorder: The neglected end of the spectrum. Autism Research, 6(6), 468\u2013478. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aur.1329","journal-title":"Autism Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"7562_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2408","volume":"14","author":"HR Thomas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Thomas, H. R., Rooney, T., Cohen, M., Bishop, S. L., Lord, C., & Kim, S. H. (2021). Spontaneous expressive language profiles in a clinically ascertained sample of children with autism spectrum disorder. Autism Research, 14(4), 720\u2013732. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aur.2408","journal-title":"Autism Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"7562_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361316669622","volume":"21","author":"T van Backer","year":"2017","unstructured":"van Backer, T., Koot, H. M., Scheeren, A. M., & Begeer, S. (2017). Sex differences in the reciprocal behaviour of children with autism. Autism, 21(6), 795\u2013803. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1362361316669622","journal-title":"Autism"},{"issue":"8","key":"7562_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2228","DOI":"10.1044\/2017_JSLHR-L-16-0168","volume":"60","author":"J Volden","year":"2017","unstructured":"Volden, J., Dodd, E., Engel, K., Smith, I. M., Szatmari, P., Fombonne, E., Zwaigenbaum, L., Mirenda, P., Bryson, S., Roberts, W., Vaillancourt, T., Waddell, C., Elsabbagh, M., Bennett, T., Georgiades, S., & Duku, E. (2017). Beyond sentences: Using the expression, reception, and recall of narratives instrument to assess communication in school-aged children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 60(8), 2228\u20132241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1044\/2017_JSLHR-L-16-0168","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"key":"7562_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wechsler, D. (2011). Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence\u00ae\u2014Second Edition (WASI\u00ae-II). Pearson Clinical.","DOI":"10.1037\/t15171-000"},{"key":"7562_CR88","volume-title":"Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children\u00ae-Fifth Edition (WISC\u00ae-V)","author":"D Wechsler","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wechsler, D. (2014). Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children\u00ae-Fifth Edition (WISC\u00ae-V). Pearson Clinical."},{"key":"7562_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-026-07253-z","author":"YY Yu","year":"2026","unstructured":"Yu, Y. Y., Wyman, A., Faulk, C. J., Fulop, L. J., Greenberg, R. L., Benecke, R. M., Steinbeck, L. K., Foy, J., Kim, C., Emory, G. O., Fox, E., Storch, E. A., Zampella, C. J., Yerys, B. E., Schultz, R. T., Parish-Morris, J., Herrington, J. D., & Clements, C. C. (2026). The under-identification of autism in females: A review and analysis of sex-based scoring differences observed in autism diagnostic observation schedule (ADOS) module 3. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-026-07253-z","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"key":"7562_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613241301113","author":"CJ Zampella","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zampella, C. J., Parish-Morris, J., Foy, J., Cola, M., Schultz, R. T., & Herrington, J. D. (2024). \u201cYou should smile more\u201d: Population-level sex differences in smiling also exist in autistic people. Autism(5). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13623613241301113","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"7562_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23969415241283378","volume":"9","author":"ER Zane","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zane, E. R., & Grossman, R. B. (2024). Normal but different: Autistic adolescents who score within normal ranges on standardized language tests produce frequent linguistic irregularities in spontaneous discourse. Autism & Developmental Language Impairments, 9, Article 23969415241283378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/23969415241283378","journal-title":"Autism & Developmental Language Impairments"},{"issue":"5","key":"7562_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2696","volume":"15","author":"J Zeidan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zeidan, J., Fombonne, E., Scorah, J., Ibrahim, A., Durkin, M. S., Saxena, S., Yusuf, A., Shih, A., & Elsabbagh, M. (2022). Global prevalence of autism: A systematic review update. Autism Research, 15(5), 778\u2013790. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/aur.2696","journal-title":"Autism Research"}],"container-title":["Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10803-026-07562-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10803-026-07562-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10803-026-07562-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T12:35:16Z","timestamp":1792672516000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10803-026-07562-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]]},"references-count":93,"alternative-id":["7562"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-026-07562-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0162-3257","1573-3432"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0162-3257","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-3432","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 September 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 October 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflicts of interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The Institutional Review Board of Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia provided approval and oversight for this study. All participants provided consent (parental consent for participants under age 18) and assent when possible.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical Approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}