{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T13:47:23Z","timestamp":1792158443443,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792108800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DP 190100162"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP 190100162"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Autism Dev Disord"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Previous research has produced mixed findings on the question of whether autism or the degree of autistic traits influence the prevalence of cybercrime. Our objective was to resolve some of these inconsistencies by investigating the relationships between autism diagnosis, autistic traits, advanced computer skills and different types of cybercrime in adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Autistic (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009138) and non-autistic (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009206) adults completed (a) the 50-item Autism Spectrum Quotient to assess degree of autistic traits, (b) the Cyber-Dependent Crime Questionnaire and the Cyber Crime Index to measure the prevalence of cyber-dependent and cyber-enabled crime, and (c) the LiES and the BIDR-16 to permit control for any tendency of participants to lie and provide socially desirable responses. Participants who endorsed any engagement in cybercrime also described the activity to ensure that any disclosure of cybercrime was in fact criminal activity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Autism diagnosis, but not autistic traits, was a significant predictor of cyber-dependent crime. However, this relationship was not mediated by advanced digital skills or theory of mind. Furthermore, neither autism diagnosis nor autistic traits predicted engagement in cybercrime more broadly.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Contrary to the view that autistic individuals are no more likely to become involved in criminal activity than non-autistic adults, our study indicates that autism may be a risk factor for involvement in cybercrime. However, whether autism diagnosis is the driving factor in this relationship, or there are other individual and socio-environmental factors that might be critical enabling factors, awaits further investigation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-026-07580-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T12:57:31Z","timestamp":1792155451000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cyber Dependent Crime May Be Predicted by Autism Diagnosis but Not Autistic Traits"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7451-6112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alliyza","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3465-9244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neil","family":"Brewer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"7580_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003212195","volume-title":"Autism spectrum disorder in the criminal justice system: A guide to understanding suspects, defendants and offenders with autism","author":"C Allely","year":"2022","unstructured":"Allely, C. (2022). Autism spectrum disorder in the criminal justice system: A guide to understanding suspects, defendants and offenders with autism. Routledge. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781003212195"},{"issue":"12","key":"7580_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2595","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291716001082","volume":"46","author":"KL Ashwood","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ashwood, K. L., Gillan, N., Horder, J., Hayward, H., Woodhouse, E., McEwen, F. S., Findon, J., Eklund, H., Spain, D., Wilson, C. E., Cadman, T., Young, S., Stoencheva, V., Murphy, C. M., Robertson, D., Charman, T., Bolton, P., Glaser, K., Asherson, P., \u2026 Murphy, D. G. (2016). Predicting the diagnosis of autism in adults using the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ) questionnaire. Psychological Medicine, 46(12), 2595\u20132604. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291716001082","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"7580_CR3","volume-title":"Spot the word","author":"A Baddeley","year":"2012","unstructured":"Baddeley, A., & Crawford, J. (2012). Spot the word. Pearson Assessment."},{"issue":"1","key":"7580_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8260.1993.tb01027.x","volume":"32","author":"A Baddeley","year":"1993","unstructured":"Baddeley, A., Emslie, H., & Nimmo-Smith, I. (1993). The Spot-The-Word Test: A robust estimate of verbal intelligence based on lexical decision. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 32(1), 55\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.2044-8260.1993.tb01027.x","journal-title":"British Journal of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"7580_CR5","unstructured":"Badshah, N. (2023, December 22). British teenager behind GTA 6 hack receives indefinite hospital order. The Guardian. https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/uk-news\/2023\/dec\/21\/british-teenager-behind-gta-6-hack-receives-indefinite-hospital-order"},{"issue":"3","key":"7580_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613231183911","volume":"28","author":"R Bagnall","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bagnall, R., Russell, A., Brosnan, M., & Maras, K. (2024). Autistic adults\u2019 inclination to lie in everyday situations. Autism, 28(3), 718\u2013731. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13623613231183911","journal-title":"Autism"},{"issue":"1","key":"7580_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1005653411471","volume":"31","author":"S Baron-Cohen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Skinner, R., Martin, J., & Clubley, E. (2001). The Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ): Evidence from Asperger syndrome\/ high-functioning autism, males and females, scientists and mathematicians. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 31(1), 5\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/a:1005653411471","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"7580_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361397011010","volume":"1","author":"S Baron-Cohen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Stott, C., Bolton, P., & Goodyer, I. (1997). Is there a link between engineering and autism? Autism, 1(1), 101\u2013109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1362361397011010","journal-title":"Autism"},{"issue":"4","key":"7580_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613221125564","volume":"27","author":"N Brewer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Brewer, N., Lucas, C. A., Lim, A., & Young, R. L. (2023). Detecting dodgy behaviour: The role of autism, autistic traits and theory of mind. Autism, 27(4), 1026\u20131035. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13623613221125564","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"7580_CR9","volume-title":"Crime and autism spectrum disorder: Myths and mechanisms","author":"N Brewer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brewer, N., & Young, R. L. (2015). Crime and autism spectrum disorder: Myths and mechanisms. Jessica Kingsley Publishers."},{"key":"7580_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-017-3080-x","volume":"47","author":"N Brewer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brewer, N., Young, R. L., & Barnett, E. (2017). Measuring theory of mind in adults with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47, 1927\u20131941. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-017-3080-x","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"6","key":"7580_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2479","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-021-05166-7","volume":"52","author":"N Brewer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Brewer, N., Young, R. L., Norris, J. E., Maras, K., Michael, Z., & Barnett, E. (2022). A quick measure of theory of mind in autistic adults: Decision accuracy, latency and self-awareness. Journal of Autism and Developmenal Disorders, 52(6), 2479\u20132496. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-021-05166-7","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmenal Disorders"},{"key":"7580_CR11","unstructured":"Cohen, M. R., & Candio, R. (2023). Autism, online offending and victimization. Autism Spectrum News. Preprint retrieved from https:\/\/autismspectrumnews.org\/autism-online-offending-and-victimization"},{"issue":"10","key":"7580_CR12","first-page":"744","volume":"27","author":"U Frith","year":"2014","unstructured":"Frith, U. (2014). Autism: Are we any closer to explaining the enigma? The Psychologist, 27(10), 744\u2013745.","journal-title":"The Psychologist"},{"issue":"2","key":"7580_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171931","volume":"12","author":"MA Gernsbacher","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gernsbacher, M. A., Stevenson, J. L., & Dern, S. (2017). Specificity, contexts, and reference groups matter when assessing autistic traits. PLoS One, 12(2), Article e0171931. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0171931","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"7580_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1177\/1948550619865057","volume":"11","author":"MA Gernsbacher","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gernsbacher, M. A., Stevenson, J. L., & Dern, S. (2020). Autistic people do enhance their selves. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 11(5), 605\u2013615. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1948550619865057","journal-title":"Social Psychological and Personality Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"7580_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.5406\/amerjpsyc.132.3.0343","volume":"132","author":"CL Hart","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hart, C. L., Jones, J. M., Yerrizzi, J. A., & Curtis, D. A. (2019). Development of the lying in everyday situations scale. American Journal of Psychology, 132(3), 343\u2013352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5406\/amerjpsyc.132.3.0343","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"7580_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2158244015621113","author":"CM Hart","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hart, C. M., Ritchie, T. D., Hepper, E. G., & Gebauer, J. E. (2015). The balanced inventory of desirable responding short form (BIDR-16). SAGE Open. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2158244015621113","journal-title":"SAGE Open"},{"key":"7580_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00229","volume":"10","author":"I Harvey","year":"2016","unstructured":"Harvey, I., Bolgan, S., Mosca, D., McLean, C., & Rusconi, E. (2016). Systemizers are better code-breakers: Self-reported systemizing predicts code-breaking performance in expert hackers and na\u00efve participants. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 10, Article 229. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00229","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"7580_CR17","volume-title":"Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach","author":"AF Hayes","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hayes, A. F. (2022). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (3rd ed.). The Guilford Press.","edition":"3rd ed."},{"issue":"6","key":"7580_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2017.03.011","volume":"56","author":"R Heeramun","year":"2017","unstructured":"Heeramun, R., Magnusson, C., Gumpert, C. H., Granath, S., Lundberg, M., Dalman, C., & Rai, D. (2017). Autism and convictions for violent crimes: Population-based cohort study in Sweden. Journal of American of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 56(6), 491\u2013497. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2017.03.011","journal-title":"Journal of American of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"7580_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1108\/aia-05-2015-0003","volume":"1","author":"R Ledingham","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ledingham, R., & Mills, R. (2015). A preliminary study of autism and cybercrime in the context of international law enforcement. Advances in Autism, 1(1), 2\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/aia-05-2015-0003","journal-title":"Advances in Autism"},{"key":"7580_CR21","unstructured":"Levine, M. (2026, April 14). \u2018Addicted to hacking\u2019: Young hacker behind historic breach speaks out for 1st time, before reporting to prison. ABC News. https:\/\/abcnews.com\/US\/addicted-hacking-young-hacker-historic-breach-speaks-1st\/story?id=131855776"},{"issue":"4","key":"7580_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-021-05207-1","volume":"53","author":"A Lim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lim, A., Brewer, N., & Young, R. Y. (2023). Revisiting the relationship between cybercrime, autistic traits, and autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 53(4), 1319\u20131330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-021-05207-1","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"7","key":"7580_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2080","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-017-3128-y","volume":"47","author":"LO Lundqvist","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lundqvist, L. O., & Lindner, H. (2017). Is the Autism-Spectrum Quotient a valid measure of traits associated with the autism spectrum? A Rasch validation in adults with and without autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(7), 2080\u20132091. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-017-3128-y","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"11","key":"7580_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2707","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-013-1873-0","volume":"44","author":"S Lundstrom","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lundstrom, S., Forsman, M., Larsson, H., Kerekes, N., Serlachius, E., Langstrom, N., & Lichtenstein, P. (2014). Childhood neurodevelopmental disorders and violent criminality: A sibling control study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(11), 2707\u20132716. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-013-1873-0","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"4","key":"7580_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.19.4.459","volume":"19","author":"A Mackinnon","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mackinnon, A., & Christensen, H. (2007). An investigation of the measurement properties of the Spot-the-Word Test in a community sample. Psychological Assessment, 19(4), 459\u2013468. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1040-3590.19.4.459","journal-title":"Psychological Assessment"},{"key":"7580_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2023.108011","volume":"151","author":"K Maras","year":"2024","unstructured":"Maras, K., Sweiry, A., Villadsen, A., & Fitzsimons, E. (2024). Cyber offending predictors and pathways in middle adolescence: Evidence from the UK Millennium Cohort Study. Computers in Human Behavior, 151, Article Article 108011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2023.108011","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"1","key":"7580_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1037\/lhb0000575","volume":"49","author":"Z Michael","year":"2025","unstructured":"Michael, Z., & Brewer, N. (2025). Detecting criminal intent in social interactions: The influence of autism and theory of mind. Law and Human Behaviour, 49(1), 89\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/lhb0000575","journal-title":"Law and Human Behaviour"},{"issue":"12","key":"7580_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3178","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-020-0748-y","volume":"25","author":"L Mottron","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mottron, L., & Bzdok, D. (2020). Autism spectrum heterogeneity: Fact or artifact? Molecular Psychiatry, 25(12), 3178\u20133185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41380-020-0748-y","journal-title":"Molecular Psychiatry"},{"key":"7580_CR28","unstructured":"National Crime Agency. (2017). Pathways into cyber crime. https:\/\/www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk\/who-we-are\/publications\/6-pathways-into-cyber-crime-1\/file"},{"issue":"10","key":"7580_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4159","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-019-04119-5","volume":"49","author":"KL Payne","year":"2019","unstructured":"Payne, K. L., Russell, A., Mills, R., Maras, K., Rai, D., & Brosnan, M. (2019). Is there a relationship between cyber-dependent crime, autistic-like traits and autism? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49(10), 4159\u20134169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-019-04119-5","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"key":"7580_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2017.01.006","volume":"70","author":"E Peer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Peer, E., Brandimarte, L., Samat, S., & Acquisti, A. (2017). Beyond the Turk: Alternative platforms for crowdsourcing behavioral research. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 70, 153\u2013163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jesp.2017.01.006","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology"},{"key":"7580_CR31","unstructured":"Police Professional. (2017). Experts probe link between autism and cybercrime. Retrieved from https:\/\/policeprofessional.com\/news\/experts-probe-link-between-autism-and-cybercrime-2"},{"issue":"1","key":"7580_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.4766607","volume":"17","author":"CE Rightley","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rightley, C. E., Seigfried-Spellar, K. C., & Rogers, M. K. (2023). Revisiting the computer crime index-revised (CCI-R): Assessing individual differences and cyber-deviant behavior two decades later. International Journal of Cyber Criminology, 17(1), 102\u2013127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.4766607","journal-title":"International Journal of Cyber Criminology"},{"key":"7580_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diin.2006.06.002","volume":"3","author":"MK Rogers","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rogers, M. K., Seigfried, K., & Tidke, K. (2006). Self-reported computer criminal behavior: A psychological analysis. Digital Investigation, 3, 116\u2013120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diin.2006.06.002","journal-title":"Digital Investigation"},{"issue":"5","key":"7580_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1080\/0144929x.2014.978377","volume":"34","author":"KC Seigfried-Spellar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Seigfried-Spellar, K. C., O\u2019Quinn, C. L., & Treadway, K. N. (2015). Assessing the relationship between autistic traits and cyberdeviancy in a sample of college students. Behaviour & Information Technology, 34(5), 533\u2013542. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0144929x.2014.978377","journal-title":"Behaviour & Information Technology"},{"key":"7580_CR36","unstructured":"The Independent. (2019). Gangs targeting autistic gamers in bid to recruit new cyber-criminals, police warn. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/news\/uk\/home-news\/cyber-crime-hacking-teenagers-recruited-video-games-autism-cheating-online-a8866101.html"},{"issue":"4","key":"7580_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-6177(99)00020-7","volume":"15","author":"Yuspeh","year":"2000","unstructured":"Yuspeh, & Vanderploeg, R. D. (2000). Spot-the-Word: A measure for estimating premorbid intellectual functioning. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 15(4), 319\u2013326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0887-6177(99)00020-7","journal-title":"Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology"}],"container-title":["Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10803-026-07580-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10803-026-07580-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10803-026-07580-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T12:57:33Z","timestamp":1792155453000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10803-026-07580-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["7580"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-026-07580-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0162-3257","1573-3432"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0162-3257","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-3432","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 October 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 October 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Flinders University Human Research Ethics Committee. All procedures used in this study adhere to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki (1964).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical Approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Informed Consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Informed Consent","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}