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Oocyte maturation was assessed by germinal vesicle (GV), metaphase I (MI), or metaphase II (MII) stages. Gene expression of <jats:italic>FSHR<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>LHCGR<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>AMH<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>CYP19 A1<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>INHA<\/jats:italic> in cumulus cells was analyzed by RT-qPCR, and GDF9, AMH, inhibin-B, inhibin-A, and total inhibin were measured in the spent media by ELISA.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Increased FSH concentrations downregulated <jats:italic>FSHR<\/jats:italic> expression and upregulated <jats:italic>LHCGR<\/jats:italic>, which correlated with MII transition. GDF9 concentrations in the spent medium significantly decreased with higher FSH, as did GDF9, AMH, and inhibin-B in MII oocytes. Inhibin-A levels tended to be higher in the media of MII oocytes. <jats:italic>FSHR<\/jats:italic> expression was positively associated with inhibin-B and negatively with inhibin-A, while <jats:italic>LHCGR<\/jats:italic> showed the opposite pattern and was also negatively linked to GDF9 concentration.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>FSH-induced <jats:italic>LHCGR<\/jats:italic> expression, along with <jats:italic>FSHR<\/jats:italic> downregulation, is closely linked to oocyte maturation. Reduced GDF9 secretion from oocytes facilitates <jats:italic>LHCGR<\/jats:italic> expression on cumulus cells, while FSH and LH collectively induced hormones like inhibin-A, which likely support oocyte maturation.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-025-03483-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]],"date-time":"2025-04-22T03:37:50Z","timestamp":1745293070000},"page":"1461-1472","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Regulating human oocyte maturation in vitro: a hypothesis based on oocytes retrieved from small antral follicles during ovarian tissue cryopreservation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8164-3697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Cadenas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina Subiran","family":"Adrados","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ajay","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bhanu","family":"Kalra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linn Salto","family":"Mamsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claus Yding","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"3483_CR1","first-page":"1","volume":"38","author":"J Viana","year":"2020","unstructured":"Viana J. 2019 statistics of embryo production and transfer in domestic animals. 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