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Finally, we tested conditions to drive differentiation of bESCs towards the intermediate mesoderm and bipotential gonad fate.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Primary follicles grew over the 10-day culture period in PEG hydrogels compared to 2D control. Early secondary follicles maintained a similar diameter within the PEG while control follicles decreased in size. Follicles lost viability after co-encapsulation with BOCs; BOCs lost stromal cell signature over the culture period within hydrogels. Induction of bESCs towards gonadal somatic fate under WNT signaling was sufficient to upregulate intermediate mesoderm (\n                      <jats:italic>LHX1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) and early coelomic epithelium\/bipotential gonad markers (\n                      <jats:italic>OSR1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>GATA4<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>WT1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ). Higher BMP4 concentrations upregulated the lateral plate mesoderm marker\n                      <jats:italic>FOXF1<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>PAX3<\/jats:italic>\n                      expression was not induced, indicating absence of the paraxial mesoderm lineage.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Culture of primary stage preantral follicles in PEG hydrogels promoted growth compared to controls; BOCs did not maintain identity in the PEG hydrogels. Collectively, we demonstrate that PEG hydrogels can be a potential culture system for early preantral follicles pending refinements, which could include addition of ESC-derived ovarian somatic cells using the protocol described here.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-025-03497-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T09:27:20Z","timestamp":1747733240000},"page":"1509-1523","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Three-dimensional culture in a bioengineered matrix and somatic cell complementation to improve growth and survival of bovine preantral follicles"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Juliana I.","family":"Candelaria","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramon C.","family":"Botigelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carly","family":"Guiltinan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariella","family":"Shikanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2528-4874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna C.","family":"Denicol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"3497_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2019.05.017","volume":"207","author":"A Bus","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bus A, Langbeen A, Martin B, Leroy JLMR, Bols PEJ. 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