{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T15:17:37Z","timestamp":1787843857748,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787788800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Assist Reprod Genet"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-026-04015-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T14:21:18Z","timestamp":1787840478000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Distinct metabolomic profiles in lean and non-lean polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Stylianos","family":"Vagios","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alana","family":"Mermin-Bunnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher K.","family":"Arkfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexa M.","family":"Sassin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaitlyn","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Souter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frida","family":"Polli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2046-6708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Pepin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"4015_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39 e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.04.010","volume":"229","author":"O Yu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yu O, Christ JP, Schulze-Rath R, Covey J, Kelley A, Grafton J, et al. Incidence, prevalence, and trends in polycystic ovary syndrome diagnosis: a United States population-based study from 2006 to 2019. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;229(1):39 e1-e12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.04.010.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"10545","key":"4015_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2329","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(26)00717-8","volume":"407","author":"HJ Teede","year":"2026","unstructured":"Teede HJ, Khomami MB, Morman R, Laven JSE, Joham AE, Costello MF, et al. Polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome, the new name for polycystic ovary syndrome: a multistep global consensus process. Lancet. 2026;407(10545):2329\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(26)00717-8.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4015_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rotterdam EA-SPcwg. Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Hum Reprod. 2004;19(1):41\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humrep\/deh098.","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deh098"},{"issue":"3","key":"4015_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2010.12.027","volume":"95","author":"RA Wild","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wild RA, Rizzo M, Clifton S, Carmina E. Lipid levels in polycystic ovary syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertil Steril. 2011;95(3):1073-9 e1-11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2010.12.027.","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"6","key":"4015_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2011-1034","volume":"33","author":"E Diamanti-Kandarakis","year":"2012","unstructured":"Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Dunaif A. Insulin resistance and the polycystic ovary syndrome revisited: an update on mechanisms and implications. Endocr Rev. 2012;33(6):981\u20131030. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/er.2011-1034.","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"4015_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmq001","volume":"16","author":"LJ Moran","year":"2010","unstructured":"Moran LJ, Misso ML, Wild RA, Norman RJ. Impaired glucose tolerance, type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update. 2010;16(4):347\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humupd\/dmq001.","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"4015_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rotterdam EA-SPCWG. Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril. 2004;81(1):19\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2003.10.004.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2003.10.004"},{"issue":"2","key":"4015_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2008.06.035","volume":"91","author":"R Azziz","year":"2009","unstructured":"Azziz R, Carmina E, Dewailly D, Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Escobar-Morreale HF, Futterweit W, et al. The Androgen Excess and PCOS Society criteria for the polycystic ovary syndrome: the complete task force report. Fertil Steril. 2009;91(2):456\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2008.06.035.","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"2","key":"4015_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G43","DOI":"10.1093\/ejendo\/lvad096","volume":"189","author":"HJ Teede","year":"2023","unstructured":"Teede HJ, Tay CT, Laven JJE, Dokras A, Moran LJ, Piltonen TT, et al. Recommendations from the 2023 international evidence-based guideline for the assessment and management of polycystic ovary syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol. 2023;189(2):G43\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ejendo\/lvad096.","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4015_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgad664","volume":"109","author":"MI Stamou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Stamou MI, Smith KT, Kim H, Balasubramanian R, Gray KJ, Udler MS. Polycystic ovary syndrome physiologic pathways implicated through clustering of genetic loci. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2024;109(4):968\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgad664.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"4015_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003132","volume":"17","author":"M Dapas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dapas M, Lin FTJ, Nadkarni GN, Sisk R, Legro RS, Urbanek M, et al. Distinct subtypes of polycystic ovary syndrome with novel genetic associations: an unsupervised, phenotypic clustering analysis. PLoS Med. 2020;17(6):e1003132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003132.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"4015_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1007813","volume":"14","author":"F Day","year":"2018","unstructured":"Day F, Karaderi T, Jones MR, Meun C, He C, Drong A, et al. Large-scale genome-wide meta-analysis of polycystic ovary syndrome suggests shared genetic architecture for different diagnosis criteria. PLoS Genet. 2018;14(12):e1007813. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgen.1007813.","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"issue":"6","key":"4015_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnac001","volume":"43","author":"M Dapas","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dapas M, Dunaif A. Deconstructing a syndrome: genomic insights into PCOS causal mechanisms and classification. Endocr Rev. 2022;43(6):927\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/endrev\/bnac001.","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"9","key":"4015_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2384","volume":"44","author":"Y Shi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shi Y, Zhao H, Shi Y, Cao Y, Yang D, Li Z, et al. Genome-wide association study identifies eight new risk loci for polycystic ovary syndrome. Nat Genet. 2012;44(9):1020\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ng.2384.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"5","key":"4015_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-026-02543-9","volume":"58","author":"LME Moolhuijsen","year":"2026","unstructured":"Moolhuijsen LME, Zhu J, Mullin BH, Pujol-Gualdo N, Actkins KV, Mack JA, et al. Genomic analyses implicate hormonal and metabolic dysregulation in polycystic ovary syndrome. Nat Genet. 2026;58(5):1040\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41588-026-02543-9.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"11","key":"4015_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2669","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-025-02393-x","volume":"57","author":"H Zhao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhao H, Xu Y, Xue B, Zhao S, Zhang M, Wu XK, et al. Multi-ancestry genome-wide association analyses of polycystic ovary syndrome. Nat Genet. 2025;57(11):2669\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41588-025-02393-x.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"12","key":"4015_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4214","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03984-1","volume":"31","author":"X Gao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gao X, Zhao S, Du Y, Yang Z, Tian Y, Zhao J, et al. Data-driven subtypes of polycystic ovary syndrome and their association with clinical outcomes. Nat Med. 2025;31(12):4214\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-025-03984-1.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"4015_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2008.09.018","volume":"92","author":"LJ Moran","year":"2009","unstructured":"Moran LJ, Pasquali R, Teede HJ, Hoeger KM, Norman RJ. Treatment of obesity in polycystic ovary syndrome: a position statement of the Androgen Excess and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Society. Fertil Steril. 2009;92(6):1966\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2008.09.018.","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"8","key":"4015_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2107","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a136243","volume":"10","author":"AH Balen","year":"1995","unstructured":"Balen AH, Conway GS, Kaltsas G, Techatrasak K, Manning PJ, West C, et al. Polycystic ovary syndrome: the spectrum of the disorder in 1741 patients. Hum Reprod. 1995;10(8):2107\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a136243.","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"2","key":"4015_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2006.02587.x","volume":"65","author":"TM Barber","year":"2006","unstructured":"Barber TM, McCarthy MI, Wass JA, Franks S. Obesity and polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2006;65(2):137\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2006.02587.x.","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"7","key":"4015_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801994","volume":"26","author":"A Gambineri","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gambineri A, Pelusi C, Vicennati V, Pagotto U, Pasquali R. Obesity and the polycystic ovary syndrome. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2002;26(7):883\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801994.","journal-title":"Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"4015_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-024-01057-w","volume":"21","author":"N Helvaci","year":"2025","unstructured":"Helvaci N, Yildiz BO. Polycystic ovary syndrome as a metabolic disease. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2025;21(4):230\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41574-024-01057-w.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4015_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v1.i3.76","volume":"1","author":"P Singla","year":"2010","unstructured":"Singla P, Bardoloi A, Parkash AA. Metabolic effects of obesity: a review. World J Diabetes. 2010;1(3):76\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4239\/wjd.v1.i3.76.","journal-title":"World J Diabetes"},{"issue":"8","key":"4015_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20213","volume":"21","author":"HJ Teede","year":"2013","unstructured":"Teede HJ, Joham AE, Paul E, Moran LJ, Loxton D, Jolley D, et al. Longitudinal weight gain in women identified with polycystic ovary syndrome: results of an observational study in young women. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2013;21(8):1526\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/oby.20213.","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"issue":"9","key":"4015_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2017.126","volume":"41","author":"A Couto Alves","year":"2017","unstructured":"Couto Alves A, Valcarcel B, Makinen VP, Morin-Papunen L, Sebert S, Kangas AJ, et al. Metabolic profiling of polycystic ovary syndrome reveals interactions with abdominal obesity. Int J Obes (Lond). 2017;41(9):1331\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ijo.2017.126.","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"4015_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Al Hariri M, Al-Sulaiti H, Anwardeen N, Naja K, M AE. Comparing the metabolic signatures of obesity defined by waist circumference, waist-hip ratio, or BMI. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2024;32(8):1494\u2013507. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/oby.24070.","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.24070"},{"key":"4015_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12102313","author":"E Carmina","year":"2022","unstructured":"Carmina E, Lobo RA. Comparing lean and obese PCOS in different PCOS phenotypes: evidence that the body weight is more important than the Rotterdam phenotype in influencing the metabolic status. Diagnostics (Basel). 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics12102313.","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"issue":"2","key":"4015_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/s40200-018-0371-5","volume":"17","author":"S Toosy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Toosy S, Sodi R, Pappachan JM. Lean polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): an evidence-based practical approach. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2018;17(2):277\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40200-018-0371-5.","journal-title":"J Diabetes Metab Disord"},{"key":"4015_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ozegowska K, Plewa S, Mantaj U, Pawelczyk L, Matysiak J. Serum metabolomics in PCOS women with different body mass index. J Clin Med. 2021;10(13). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10132811.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10132811"},{"key":"4015_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rajska A, Buszewska-Forajta M, Rachon D, Markuszewski MJ. Metabolomic insight into polycystic ovary syndrome-an overview. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(14). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms21144853.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21144853"},{"issue":"9","key":"4015_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx016","volume":"186","author":"P Wurtz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wurtz P, Kangas AJ, Soininen P, Lawlor DA, Davey Smith G, Ala-Korpela M. Quantitative serum nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomics in large-scale epidemiology: a primer on -omic technologies. Am J Epidemiol. 2017;186(9):1084\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwx016.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4015_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab613","volume":"107","author":"C Riestenberg","year":"2022","unstructured":"Riestenberg C, Jagasia A, Markovic D, Buyalos RP, Azziz R. Health care-related economic burden of polycystic ovary syndrome in the United States: pregnancy-related and long-term health consequences. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2022;107(2):575\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgab613.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"4015_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-10-153","volume":"10","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zhao Y, Fu L, Li R, Wang LN, Yang Y, Liu NN, et al. Metabolic profiles characterizing different phenotypes of polycystic ovary syndrome: plasma metabolomics analysis. BMC Med. 2012;10:153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1741-7015-10-153.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"4015_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-025-04120-z","volume":"23","author":"X Yan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yan X, Yang Z, Zhao H, Feng G, Li S, Li Y, et al. Unveiling lipoprotein subfractions signature in high-FNPO PCOS: implications for PCOM diagnosis and risk assessment using advanced machine learning models. BMC Med. 2025;23(1):289. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12916-025-04120-z.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"4015_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.14056","volume":"91","author":"L Tang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tang L, Yuan L, Yang G, Wang F, Fu M, Chen M, et al. Changes in whole metabolites after exenatide treatment in overweight\/obese polycystic ovary syndrome patients. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2019;91(4):508\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cen.14056.","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"4015_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2019.10.025","volume":"72","author":"K Kashani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kashani K, Rosner MH, Ostermann M. Creatinine: from physiology to clinical application. Eur J Intern Med. 2020;72:9\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejim.2019.10.025.","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"4015_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12399","volume":"10","author":"SP Stam","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stam SP, Eisenga MF, Gomes-Neto AW, van Londen M, de Meijer VE, van Beek AP, et al. Muscle mass determined from urinary creatinine excretion rate, and muscle performance in renal transplant recipients. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2019;10(3):621\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcsm.12399.","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"issue":"10","key":"4015_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0292623","volume":"18","author":"TM Fighera","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fighera TM, Dos Santos BR, Spritzer PM. Lean mass and associated factors in women with PCOS with different phenotypes. PLoS ONE. 2023;18(10):e0292623. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0292623.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"4015_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01569-3","volume":"8","author":"ZN Ling","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ling ZN, Jiang YF, Ru JN, Lu JH, Ding B, Wu J. Amino acid metabolism in health and disease. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2023;8(1):345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41392-023-01569-3.","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"issue":"9","key":"4015_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlr.2024.100625","volume":"65","author":"Y Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang Y, Liu S, Cao W, Lv J, Yu C, Huang T, et al. The metabolic signature of blood lipids: a causal inference study using twins. J Lipid Res. 2024;65(9):100625. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jlr.2024.100625.","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"4015_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03279-x","volume":"31","author":"Y Huang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Huang Y, Sulek K, Stinson SE, Holm LA, Kim M, Trost K, et al. Lipid profiling identifies modifiable signatures of cardiometabolic risk in children and adolescents with obesity. Nat Med. 2025;31(1):294\u2013305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-024-03279-x.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"4015_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2018.09.013","volume":"111","author":"S Zhu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhu S, Zhang B, Jiang X, Li Z, Zhao S, Cui L, et al. Metabolic disturbances in non-obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertil Steril. 2019;111(1):168\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2018.09.013.","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"10","key":"4015_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-0658","volume":"38","author":"T Xu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Xu T, Brandmaier S, Messias AC, Herder C, Draisma HH, Demirkan A, et al. Effects of metformin on metabolite profiles and LDL cholesterol in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(10):1858\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc15-0658.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"4015_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221910275","author":"HW Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim HW. Metabolomic approaches to investigate the effect of metformin: an overview. Int J Mol Sci. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms221910275.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"4015_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2023.0277","volume":"48","author":"T Bu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bu T, Sun Z, Pan Y, Deng X, Yuan G. Glucagon-like peptide-1: new regulator in lipid metabolism. Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(3):354\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4093\/dmj.2023.0277.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab J"},{"key":"4015_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-51652-9_2","volume":"1280","author":"GA Nagana Gowda","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nagana Gowda GA, Raftery D. NMR-based metabolomics. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2021;1280:19\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-51652-9_2.","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"4015_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqag001","author":"CL MacRae","year":"2026","unstructured":"MacRae CL, Campbell RE. Androgen actions in metabolic tissues in polycystic ovary syndrome. Endocrinology. 2026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/endocr\/bqag001.","journal-title":"Endocrinology"}],"container-title":["Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10815-026-04015-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10815-026-04015-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10815-026-04015-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T14:21:19Z","timestamp":1787840479000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10815-026-04015-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"references-count":47,"alternative-id":["4015"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10815-026-04015-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1058-0468","1573-7330"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1058-0468","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7330","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"An IRB protocol is not required for MGB investigators to obtain de-identified samples, de-identified data sets or limited data sets. Participants who are enrolled in the Biobank will have had provided consent per the Mass General Brigham Biobank IRB approved protocol. The Mass General Brigham Biobank (protocol 2009P002312) obtained informed consent from subjects for storage of samples and data for broad-based research by any Mass General Brigham investigators with IRB approval. Biobank subjects also provided consent to be recontacted per Biobank standard procedures (please refer to protocol 2009P002312). The Mass General Brigham Biobank (protocol 2009P002312) was approved by the Mass General Brigham Institutional Review Board. The work conducted in this study was in accordance with the approved protocol 2009P002312.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}