{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:32:21Z","timestamp":1788827541842,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706572800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Interv Card Electrophysiol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The use of an antibacterial envelope is cost-effective for patients at high risk of developing cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) infection. The identification of these high-risk patients may be facilitated using a clinical risk score. The aim of the current study is to evaluate the PADIT score for identifying high-risk patients in patients undergoing a CIED procedure in a tertiary academic center.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This was a retrospective single-center study of consecutive patients undergoing a CIED procedure between January 2016 and November 2021. Patients who received an antibacterial envelope were excluded from this study. The primary endpoint was hospitalization for a CIED infection in the first year after the procedure.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A total of 2333 CIED procedures were performed in the study period (mean age 61.6\u2009\u00b1\u200916.3\u00a0years, male sex 64.5%, previous CIED infection 1.7%, immunocompromised 5.4%). The median PADIT score was 4 (interquartile range, 2\u20136). CIED infection occurred in 10 patients (0.43%). The PADIT score had good discrimination in predicting major CIED infection (<jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>-statistic 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.54 to 0.86, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.03). Using an optimal PADIT score cut-off value of 7, the risk of CIED infection was higher in the patients with a PADIT score of\u2009\u2265\u20097 in comparison to those with a lower PADIT score (1.23% vs. 0.26%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.02; odds ratio 4.8, 95% CI 1.4 to 16.6, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.01).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The PADIT score is a clinically useful score for identifying patients at high risk of developing CIED infection. The use of an antibacterial envelope in these high-risk patients may be cost-effective.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                \n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10840-024-01759-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T03:02:35Z","timestamp":1706583755000},"page":"1419-1426","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Device infection in patients undergoing pacemaker or defibrillator surgery: risk stratification using the PADIT score"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"John","family":"de Heide","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marisa","family":"van der Graaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marijn J.","family":"Holl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark G.","family":"Hoogendijk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rohit E.","family":"Bhagwandien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sip A.","family":"Wijchers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominic A. M. J.","family":"Theuns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamas","family":"Szili-Torok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felix","family":"Zijlstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mattie J.","family":"Lenzen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4520-2725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sing-Chien","family":"Yap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"23 Suppl 4","key":"1759_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"iv3","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euab042","volume":"23","author":"HC Han","year":"2021","unstructured":"Han HC, Hawkins NM, Pearman CM, Birnie DH, Krahn AD. Epidemiology of cardiac implantable electronic device infections: incidence and risk factors. Europace. 2021;23(23 Suppl 4):iv3\u201310.","journal-title":"Europace"},{"issue":"24","key":"1759_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.09.068","volume":"72","author":"AD Krahn","year":"2018","unstructured":"Krahn AD, Longtin Y, Philippon F, Birnie DH, Manlucu J, Angaran P, et al. Prevention of Arrhythmia Device Infection Trial: the PADIT trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72(24):3098\u2013109.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"1759_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boriani G, Proietti M, Bertini M, Diemberger I, Palmisano P, Baccarini S, et al. Incidence and predictors of infections and all-cause death in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices: the Italian nationwide RI-AIAC registry. J Pers Med. 2022;12(1).","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12010091"},{"issue":"5","key":"1759_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e011740","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.122.011740","volume":"16","author":"CR Ellis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ellis CR, Greenspon AJ, Andriulli JA, Gould PA, Carillo RG, Kolek MJ, et al. Randomized trial of stand-alone use of the antimicrobial envelope in high-risk cardiac device patients. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2023;16(5):e011740.","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"1759_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euu126","volume":"16","author":"SY Ahsan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ahsan SY, Saberwal B, Lambiase PD, Koo CY, Lee S, Gopalamurugan AB, et al. A simple infection-control protocol to reduce serious cardiac device infections. Europace. 2014;16(10):1482\u20139.","journal-title":"Europace"},{"issue":"2","key":"1759_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euy291","volume":"21","author":"CEP Brough","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brough CEP, Rao A, Haycox AR, Cowie MR, Wright DJ. Real-world costs of transvenous lead extraction: the challenge for reimbursement. Europace. 2019;21(2):290\u20137.","journal-title":"Europace"},{"issue":"7","key":"1759_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2020.12.021","volume":"24","author":"G Boriani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Boriani G, Kennergren C, Tarakji KG, Wright DJ, Ahmed FZ, McComb JM, et al. Cost-effectiveness analyses of an absorbable antibacterial envelope for use in patients at increased risk of cardiac implantable electronic device infection in Germany, Italy, and England. Value Health. 2021;24(7):930\u20138.","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1759_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.108.795906","volume":"2","author":"JC de Oliveira","year":"2009","unstructured":"de Oliveira JC, Martinelli M, Nishioka SA, Varejao T, Uipe D, Pedrosa AA, et al. Efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis before the implantation of pacemakers and cardioverter-defibrillators: results of a large, prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2009;2(1):29\u201334.","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"1759_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.01.009","volume":"67","author":"V Essebag","year":"2016","unstructured":"Essebag V, Verma A, Healey JS, Krahn AD, Kalfon E, Coutu B, et al. Clinically significant pocket hematoma increases long-term risk of device infection: BRUISE CONTROL INFECTION study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67(11):1300\u20138.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1759_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0810988","volume":"362","author":"RO Darouiche","year":"2010","unstructured":"Darouiche RO, Wall MJ Jr, Itani KM, Otterson MF, Webb AL, Carrick MM, et al. Chlorhexidine-alcohol versus povidone-iodine for surgical-site antisepsis. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(1):18\u201326.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"20","key":"1759_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1901111","volume":"380","author":"KG Tarakji","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tarakji KG, Mittal S, Kennergren C, Corey R, Poole JE, Schloss E, et al. Antibacterial envelope to prevent cardiac implantable device infection. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(20):1895\u2013905.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"1759_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e008503","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.120.008503","volume":"13","author":"BL Wilkoff","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wilkoff BL, Boriani G, Mittal S, Poole JE, Kennergren C, Corey GR, et al. Cost-effectiveness of an antibacterial envelope for cardiac implantable electronic device infection prevention in the US healthcare system from the WRAP-IT trial. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2020;13(10):e008503.","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1759_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euz246","volume":"22","author":"C Blomstrom-Lundqvist","year":"2020","unstructured":"Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Traykov V, Erba PA, Burri H, Nielsen JC, Bongiorni MG, et al. European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) international consensus document on how to prevent, diagnose, and treat cardiac implantable electronic device infections-endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), the Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS), the Latin American Heart Rhythm Society (LAHRS), International Society for Cardiovascular Infectious Diseases (ISCVID) and the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Europace. 2020;22(4):515\u201349.","journal-title":"Europace"},{"issue":"23","key":"1759_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.09.060","volume":"74","author":"DH Birnie","year":"2019","unstructured":"Birnie DH, Wang J, Alings M, Philippon F, Parkash R, Manlucu J, et al. Risk factors for infections involving cardiac implanted electronic devices. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;74(23):2845\u201354.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"1759_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Correction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;76(6):762.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.06.001"},{"issue":"21","key":"1759_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2012","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa010","volume":"41","author":"C Blomstrom-Lundqvist","year":"2020","unstructured":"Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Traykov V, Erba PA, Burri H, Nielsen JC, Bongiorni MG, et al. European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) international consensus document on how to prevent, diagnose, and treat cardiac implantable electronic device infections-endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), the Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS), the Latin American Heart Rhythm Society (LAHRS), International Society for Cardiovascular Infectious Diseases (ISCVID), and the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Eur Heart J. 2020;41(21):2012\u201332.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"5","key":"1759_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euv053","volume":"17","author":"KA Polyzos","year":"2015","unstructured":"Polyzos KA, Konstantelias AA, Falagas ME. Risk factors for cardiac implantable electronic device infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Europace. 2015;17(5):767\u201377.","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"1759_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Imberti JF, Mei DA, Fontanesi R, Gerra L, Bonini N, Vitolo M, et al. Low occurrence of infections and death in a real-world cohort of patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices. J Clin Med. 2023;12(7).","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12072599"},{"issue":"4","key":"1759_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2013.12.013","volume":"11","author":"S Mittal","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mittal S, Shaw RE, Michel K, Palekar R, Arshad A, Musat D, et al. Cardiac implantable electronic device infections: incidence, risk factors, and the effect of the AigisRx antibacterial envelope. Heart Rhythm. 2014;11(4):595\u2013601.","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"issue":"7","key":"1759_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.12684","volume":"26","author":"N Shariff","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shariff N, Eby E, Adelstein E, Jain S, Shalaby A, Saba S, et al. Health and economic outcomes associated with use of an antimicrobial envelope as a standard of care for cardiac implantable electronic device implantation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2015;26(7):783\u20139.","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"1759_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euab028","volume":"23","author":"FZ Ahmed","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ahmed FZ, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Bloom H, Cooper C, Ellis C, Goette A, et al. Use of healthcare claims to validate the Prevention of Arrhythmia Device Infection Trial cardiac implantable electronic device infection risk score. Europace. 2021;23(9):1446\u201355.","journal-title":"Europace"},{"issue":"10","key":"1759_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-20-0305","volume":"84","author":"S Slawek-Szmyt","year":"2020","unstructured":"Slawek-Szmyt S, Araszkiewicz A, Grygier M, Szmyt K, Chmielewska-Michalak L, Seniuk W, et al. Predictors of long-term infections after cardiac implantable electronic device surgery- utility of novel PADIT and PACE DRAP scores. Circ J. 2020;84(10):1754\u201363.","journal-title":"Circ J"}],"container-title":["Journal of Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10840-024-01759-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10840-024-01759-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10840-024-01759-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]],"date-time":"2024-09-06T08:08:42Z","timestamp":1725610122000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10840-024-01759-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["1759"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10840-024-01759-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1572-8595"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1572-8595","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 October 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 January 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 January 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The Medical Ethics Committee reviewed the study (MEC-2020\u20130299), and this retrospective single-center study was not subjected to the Dutch Medical Research Involving Human Subjects Act. The study was carried out according to the ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects established by Declaration of Helsinki, protecting the privacy of all the participants and the confidentiality of their personal information.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"SCY has received consultancy and speaker fees from Boston Scientific and has received institutional research grants and speaker fees from Medtronic, Boston Scientific, and Biotronik. TST has received institutional research grants from Abbott, Biosense Webster, Acutus Medical, Stereotaxis, and Catheter Precision. TST had received consultancy and speaker fees from Ablacon, Acutus Medical, and Stereotaxis until 2022. The other authors report no conflicts of interest related to the subject of this manuscript.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}