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Stable cubic oxidation behaviour was observed in Ni\n \n \n $$_{42}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \n 42<\/mml:mn>\n \n <\/mml:mmultiscripts>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n Fe\n \n \n $$_{38}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \n 38<\/mml:mn>\n \n <\/mml:mmultiscripts>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n Cu\n \n \n $$_{20}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \n 20<\/mml:mn>\n \n <\/mml:mmultiscripts>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n \u00a0wt.% and Ni\n \n \n $$_{60}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \n 60<\/mml:mn>\n \n <\/mml:mmultiscripts>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n Fe\n \n \n $$_{30}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \n 30<\/mml:mn>\n \n <\/mml:mmultiscripts>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n Cu\n \n \n $$_{10}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \n 10<\/mml:mn>\n \n <\/mml:mmultiscripts>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n \u00a0wt.% after 30\u00a0h and 264\u00a0h, respectively, with the former showing particular promise for electrowinning applications due to a tendency to form a well-adhered scale consisting of approximately 70% NiFe\n \n \n $$_2$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \n 2<\/mml:mn>\n \n <\/mml:mmultiscripts>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n O\n \n \n $$_4$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \n 4<\/mml:mn>\n \n <\/mml:mmultiscripts>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n by thickness, as measured from EDX line scans. NiO dominated the scale of Ni\n \n \n $$_{60}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \n 60<\/mml:mn>\n \n <\/mml:mmultiscripts>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n Fe\n \n \n $$_{30}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \n 30<\/mml:mn>\n \n <\/mml:mmultiscripts>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n Cu\n \n \n $$_{10}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \n 10<\/mml:mn>\n \n <\/mml:mmultiscripts>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n \u00a0wt.% up to 272\u00a0h, showing worse scale adhesion and prominent intergranular oxidation of iron. Partially blistered regions of the scale locally increased NiO\/CuO formation in Ni\n \n \n $$_{42}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \n 42<\/mml:mn>\n \n <\/mml:mmultiscripts>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n Fe\n \n \n $$_{38}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \n 38<\/mml:mn>\n \n <\/mml:mmultiscripts>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n Cu\n \n \n $$_{20}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \n 20<\/mml:mn>\n \n <\/mml:mmultiscripts>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n \u00a0wt.%, evolved to become (Cu\/Ni, Fe)O spinel oxides over time.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-025-11313-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T13:21:19Z","timestamp":1757424079000},"page":"18455-18472","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["On the long-term oxidation behaviour of homogeneous Ni\u2013Fe\u2013Cu alloys for CO2-free aluminium electrowinning applications at 800\u00a0\u00b0C"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9908-9415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Jamieson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Apel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrey","family":"Yasinskiy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roman","family":"D\u00fcssel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peer","family":"Decker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gudmundur","family":"Gunnarsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamaljeet","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jon","family":"Magnusson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bastian","family":"Adam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralf","family":"Busch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernd","family":"Friedrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabella","family":"Gallino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"11313_CR1","unstructured":"Primary Aluminium Production (2024). https:\/\/international-aluminium.org\/statistics\/primary-aluminium-production. 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