{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T10:57:32Z","timestamp":1781348252988,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781308800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010942","name":"University of North Carolina at Charlotte","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010942","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Behav Med"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Childhood maltreatment has lasting adverse effects across multiple domains, contributing to cumulative disadvantage and accelerated aging. These outcomes may reflect not only individual vulnerability, but also ethnoracial-related differences in lived experience, highlighting how sociocultural contexts shape long-term risk. The effect of childhood maltreatment on cognitive functioning later in life varies, raising questions about the mechanisms that drive this association. Data were drawn from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study. Participants were categorized into two racial groups for analysis; non-Hispanic white and ethnoracial minority. Physiological and psychosocial variables were pulled from wave II and cognitive variables were extracted from waves II and III. At wave II, the analytic sample included 692 adults (56% female, 19.5% ethnoracial minority, age: 53.43\u2009\u00b1\u200910.72\u00a0years). Serial mediation models evaluated whether depression and perceived stress linked childhood maltreatment to later cognitive decline, predicting wave III cognitive functioning while controlling for wave II cognitive decline, in the overall sample and by ethnoracial subsamples. In the full sample, the relationship between childhood maltreatment and cognitive decline was fully mediated via the indirect pathway from depression to perceived stress. Ethnoracial minority status significantly moderated the association between depression and perceived stress, yet, the subgroups estimates of the indirect pathway were not significantly different from each other. In the non-Hispanic white group, the total effect of childhood maltreatment on cognitive functioning was not significant (b\u2009=\u2009\u2212\u20090.0014,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.283), but a significant indirect pathway existed through depression to stress (b\u2009=\u2009\u2212\u20090.0012, 95%CI [\u2212\u20090.0023, \u2212\u20090.0003]). However, in the ethnoracial minority group, the total and direct effects of childhood maltreatment on cognitive performance were significant (b\u2009=\u2009\u2212\u20090.0079,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.001, and b\u2009=\u2009\u2212\u20090.0066,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.013, respectively) with no significant indirect pathways. These findings highlight distinct psychosocial pathways that link childhood maltreatment to cognitive aging and underscore the importance of contextually relevant prevention and intervention strategies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-026-00682-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T10:25:30Z","timestamp":1781346330000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Childhood maltreatment and mid-life cognitive functioning: divergent psychosocial pathways linked to ethnoracial group"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1639-8000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael J.","family":"Persin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7146-0264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelsey M.","family":"Julian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8487-9774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeanette M.","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"682_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2769","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.18475","volume":"71","author":"R Andel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Andel, R., Veal, B. M., Howard, V. J., MacDonald, L. A., Judd, S. E., & Crowe, M. (2023). Retirement and cognitive aging in a racially diverse sample of older Americans. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 71(9), 2769\u20132778. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jgs.18475","journal-title":"Journal of the American Geriatrics Society"},{"issue":"2","key":"682_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1177\/00221465211055993","volume":"63","author":"LR Anderson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Anderson, L. R., Monden, C. W. S., & Bukodi, E. (2022). Stressful life events, differential vulnerability, and depressive symptoms: Critique and new evidence. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 63(2), 283\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00221465211055993","journal-title":"Journal of Health and Social Behavior"},{"key":"682_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2016.00082","volume":"4","author":"S Assari","year":"2016","unstructured":"Assari, S., & Lankarani, M. M. (2016). Depressive symptoms are associated with more hopelessness among White than Black older adults. Frontiers in Public Health, 4, 82. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2016.00082","journal-title":"Frontiers in Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"682_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2024.0818","volume":"81","author":"JR Baldwin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Baldwin, J. R., Coleman, O., Francis, E. R., & Danese, A. (2024). Prospective and retrospective measures of child maltreatment and their association with psychopathology: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry, 81(8), 769\u2013781. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2024.0818","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"682_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199703000-00012","volume":"36","author":"DP Bernstein","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bernstein, D. P., Ahluvalia, T., Pogge, D., & Handelsman, L. (1997). Validity of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire in an adolescent psychiatric population. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(3), 340\u2013348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00004583-199703000-00012","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"682_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/s0145-2134(02)00541-0","volume":"27","author":"DP Bernstein","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bernstein, D. P., Stein, J. A., Newcomb, M. D., Walker, E., Pogge, D., Ahluvalia, T., Stokes, J., Handelsman, L., Medrano, M., Desmond, D., & Zule, W. (2003). Development and validation of a brief screening version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27(2), 169\u2013190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0145-2134(02)00541-0","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"1","key":"682_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12998","volume":"1373","author":"DS Black","year":"2016","unstructured":"Black, D. S., & Slavich, G. M. (2016). Mindfulness meditation and the immune system: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1373(1), 13\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nyas.12998","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"682_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.35648","volume":"131","author":"JE Bontemps\u2010Jones","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bontemps\u2010Jones, J. E., McCullough, L. E., Kirkland, E. G., Teras, L. R., Briggs, P., Whitt\u2010Glover, M. C., Arline\u2010Bradley, S., Winn, J., Lett, J., & Patel, A. V. (2025). Beyond Tuskegee: A contemporary qualitative assessment of barriers to research participation among Black women. Cancer, 131(1), Article e35648. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cncr.35648","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"7","key":"682_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797612471954","volume":"24","author":"GH Brody","year":"2013","unstructured":"Brody, G. H., Yu, T., Chen, E., Miller, G. E., Kogan, S. M., & Beach, S. R. (2013). Is resilience only skin deep?: Rural African Americans\u2019 socioeconomic status-related risk and competence in preadolescence and psychological adjustment and allostatic load at age 19. Psychological Science, 24(7), 1285\u20131293. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0956797612471954","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"682_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gby072","volume":"75","author":"LL Brown","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brown, L. L., Mitchell, U. A., & Ailshire, J. A. (2020). Disentangling the stress process: Race\/ethnic differences in the exposure and appraisal of chronic stressors among older adults. The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 75(3), 650\u2013660. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/geronb\/gby072","journal-title":"The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"682_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.2307\/2136404","volume":"24","author":"S Cohen","year":"1983","unstructured":"Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24(4), 385\u2013396.","journal-title":"Journal of Health and Social Behavior"},{"key":"682_CR13","first-page":"31","volume-title":"The social psychology of health","author":"S Cohen","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cohen, S., & Williamson, G. M. (1988). Perceived stress in a probability sample of the United States. In S. Spacapan & S. Oskamp (Eds.), The social psychology of health (pp. 31\u201367). Sage."},{"issue":"6","key":"682_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e3181cc0366","volume":"18","author":"KO Conner","year":"2010","unstructured":"Conner, K. O., Copeland, V. C., Grote, N. K., Koeske, G., Rosen, D., Reynolds, C. F., III., & Brown, C. (2010). Mental health treatment seeking among older adults with depression: The impact of stigma and race. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18(6), 531\u2013543.","journal-title":"The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"682_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.006","volume":"26","author":"JD Creswell","year":"2012","unstructured":"Creswell, J. D., Irwin, M. R., Burklund, L. J., Lieberman, M. D., Arevalo, J. M., Ma, J., Breen, E. C., & Cole, S. W. (2012). Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction training reduces loneliness and pro-inflammatory gene expression in older adults: A small randomized controlled trial. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 26(7), 1095\u20131101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.07.006","journal-title":"Brain, Behavior, and Immunity"},{"key":"682_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104849","volume":"121","author":"D D\u2019Amico","year":"2020","unstructured":"D\u2019Amico, D., Amestoy, M. E., & Fiocco, A. J. (2020). The association between allostatic load and cognitive function: A systematic and meta-analytic review. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 121, Article 104849. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104849","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"682_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2011.08.019","volume":"106","author":"A Danese","year":"2012","unstructured":"Danese, A., & McEwen, B. S. (2012). Adverse childhood experiences, allostasis, allostatic load, and age-related disease. Physiology & Behavior, 106(1), 29\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.physbeh.2011.08.019","journal-title":"Physiology & Behavior"},{"issue":"2","key":"682_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chc.2014.01.002","volume":"23","author":"MD De Bellis","year":"2014","unstructured":"De Bellis, M. D., & Zisk, A. (2014). The biological effects of childhood trauma. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 23(2), 185\u2013222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chc.2014.01.002","journal-title":"Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America"},{"issue":"8","key":"682_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1177\/0898264310374355","volume":"22","author":"G Dienberg Love","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dienberg Love, G., Seeman, T. E., Weinstein, M., & Ryff, C. D. (2010). Bioindicators in the MIDUS national study: Protocol, measures, sample, and comparative context. Journal of Aging and Health, 22(8), 1059\u20131080. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0898264310374355","journal-title":"Journal of Aging and Health"},{"key":"682_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.904426","volume":"13","author":"M Dobielska","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dobielska, M., Bartosik, N. K., Zyzik, K. A., Kowalczyk, E., & Karbownik, M. S. (2022). Mechanisms of cognitive impairment in depression. May probiotics help? Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, Article 904426. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.904426","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6103","key":"682_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1222939","volume":"338","author":"RS Duman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Duman, R. S., & Aghajanian, G. K. (2012). Synaptic dysfunction in depression: Potential therapeutic targets. Science, 338(6103), 68\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1222939","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"8","key":"682_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2014.10.004","volume":"34","author":"T Ehring","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ehring, T., Welboren, R., Morina, N., Wicherts, J. M., Freitag, J., & Emmelkamp, P. M. (2014). Meta-analysis of psychological treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder in adult survivors of childhood abuse. Clinical Psychology Review, 34(8), 645\u2013657. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2014.10.004","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"issue":"5","key":"682_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3086","volume":"15","author":"NI Eisenberger","year":"2012","unstructured":"Eisenberger, N. I., & Cole, S. W. (2012). Social neuroscience and health: Neurophysiological mechanisms linking social ties with physical health. Nature Neuroscience, 15(5), 669\u2013674. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nn.3086","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"issue":"5","key":"682_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1080\/10538712.2010.512520","volume":"19","author":"LA Fontes","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fontes, L. A., & Plummer, C. (2010). Cultural issues in disclosures of child sexual abuse. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 19(5), 491\u2013518. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10538712.2010.512520","journal-title":"Journal of Child Sexual Abuse"},{"key":"682_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00011","volume":"9","author":"S Fountain-Zaragoza","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fountain-Zaragoza, S., & Prakash, R. S. (2017). Mindfulness training for healthy aging: Impact on attention, well-being, and inflammation. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 9, Article 11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00011","journal-title":"Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience"},{"key":"682_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2012.03.012","volume":"52","author":"T Frodl","year":"2013","unstructured":"Frodl, T., & O\u2019Keane, V. (2013). How does the brain deal with cumulative stress? A review with focus on developmental stress, HPA axis function and hippocampal structure in humans. Neurobiology of Disease, 52, 24\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nbd.2012.03.012","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Disease"},{"issue":"3","key":"682_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.2307\/1519784","volume":"44","author":"LK George","year":"2003","unstructured":"George, L. K., & Lynch, S. M. (2003). Race differences in depressive symptoms: A dynamic perspective on stress exposure and vulnerability. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 44(3), 353\u2013369.","journal-title":"Journal of Health and Social Behavior"},{"issue":"5","key":"682_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2004.060749","volume":"96","author":"AT Geronimus","year":"2006","unstructured":"Geronimus, A. T., Hicken, M., Keene, D., & Bound, J. (2006). \u201cWeathering\u201d and age patterns of allostatic load scores among Blacks and Whites in the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 96(5), 826\u2013833. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2004.060749","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"682_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acv005","volume":"30","author":"AS Gurnani","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gurnani, A. S., John, S. E., & Gavett, B. E. (2015). Regression-based norms for a bi-factor model for scoring the Brief Test of Adult Cognition by Telephone (BTACT). Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 30(3), 280\u2013291. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/acv005","journal-title":"Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"9","key":"682_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2897","volume":"11","author":"DA Hackman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hackman, D. A., Farah, M. J., & Meaney, M. J. (2010). Socioeconomic status and the brain: Mechanistic insights from human and animal research. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 11(9), 651\u2013659. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrn2897","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"682_CR36","volume-title":"Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach","author":"AF Hayes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hayes, A. F. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford publications."},{"issue":"7","key":"682_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.20494","volume":"52","author":"C Heim","year":"2010","unstructured":"Heim, C., Shugart, M., Craighead, W. E., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2010). Neurobiological and psychiatric consequences of child abuse and neglect. Developmental Psychobiology, 52(7), 671\u2013690. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dev.20494","journal-title":"Developmental Psychobiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"682_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2010.08.006","volume":"191","author":"BK Holzel","year":"2011","unstructured":"Holzel, B. K., Carmody, J., Vangel, M., Congleton, C., Yerramsetti, S. M., Gard, T., & Lazar, S. W. (2011). Mindfulness practice leads to increases in regional brain gray matter density. Psychiatry Research, 191(1), 36\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2010.08.006","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"issue":"8","key":"682_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617718000425","volume":"24","author":"ML Hughes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hughes, M. L., Agrigoroaei, S., Jeon, M., Bruzzese, M., & Lachman, M. E. (2018). Change in cognitive performance from midlife into old age: Findings from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) Study. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 24(8), 805\u2013820. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1355617718000425","journal-title":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society"},{"issue":"1","key":"682_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharep.2018.10.004","volume":"71","author":"P Jaworska-Andryszewska","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jaworska-Andryszewska, P., & Rybakowski, J. K. (2019). Childhood trauma in mood disorders: Neurobiological mechanisms and implications for treatment. Pharmacological Reports, 71(1), 112\u2013120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pharep.2018.10.004","journal-title":"Pharmacological Reports"},{"issue":"2","key":"682_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1177\/0164027516686662","volume":"40","author":"JH Jung","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jung, J. H. (2018). Childhood adversity, religion, and change in adult mental health. Research on Aging, 40(2), 155\u2013179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0164027516686662","journal-title":"Research on Aging"},{"issue":"1","key":"682_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2009.10.002","volume":"35","author":"RP Juster","year":"2010","unstructured":"Juster, R. P., McEwen, B. S., & Lupien, S. J. (2010). Allostatic load biomarkers of chronic stress and impact on health and cognition. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 35(1), 2\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2009.10.002","journal-title":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"issue":"2","key":"682_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2013.07.028","volume":"35","author":"AS Karlamangla","year":"2014","unstructured":"Karlamangla, A. S., Miller-Martinez, D., Lachman, M. E., Tun, P. A., Koretz, B. K., & Seeman, T. E. (2014). Biological correlates of adult cognition: Midlife in the United States (MIDUS). Neurobiology of Aging, 35(2), 387\u2013394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2013.07.028","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Aging"},{"key":"682_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2018.05.020","volume":"103","author":"CA K\u00f6hler","year":"2018","unstructured":"K\u00f6hler, C. A., Evangelou, E., Stubbs, B., Solmi, M., Veronese, N., Belbasis, L., Bortolato, B., Melo, M. C. A., Coelho, C. A., Fernandes, B. S., Olfson, M., Ioannidis, J. P. A., & Carvalho, A. F. (2018). Mapping risk factors for depression across the lifespan: An umbrella review of evidence from meta-analyses and Mendelian randomization studies. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 103, 189\u2013207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2018.05.020","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatric Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"682_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.1860","volume":"6","author":"A Kulshreshtha","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kulshreshtha, A., Alonso, A., McClure, L. A., Hajjar, I., Manly, J. J., & Judd, S. (2023). Association of stress with cognitive function among older Black and White US adults. JAMA Network Open, 6(3), Article e231860. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.1860","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"682_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191113508807","volume":"21","author":"ME Lachman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lachman, M. E., Agrigoroaei, S., Tun, P. A., & Weaver, S. L. (2014). Monitoring cognitive functioning: Psychometric properties of the brief test of adult cognition by telephone. Assessment, 21(4), 404\u2013417. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1073191113508807","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"682_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2022.105917","volume":"145","author":"M Lenart-Bugla","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lenart-Bugla, M., Szczesniak, D., Bugla, B., Kowalski, K., Niwa, S., Rymaszewska, J., & Misiak, B. (2022). The association between allostatic load and brain: A systematic review. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 145, Article 105917. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2022.105917","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"2","key":"682_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/psyg.12083","volume":"15","author":"ME Lenehan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lenehan, M. E., Summers, M. J., Saunders, N. L., Summers, J. J., & Vickers, J. C. (2015). Relationship between education and age\u2010related cognitive decline: A review of recent research. Psychogeriatrics\u202f: THe Official Journal of the Japanese Psychogeriatric Society, 15(2), 154\u2013162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/psyg.12083","journal-title":"Psychogeriatrics : THe Official Journal of the Japanese Psychogeriatric Society"},{"key":"682_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112728","volume":"11","author":"TT Lewis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lewis, T. T., Cogburn, C. D., & Williams, D. R. (2015). Self-reported experiences of discrimination and health: Scientific advances, ongoing controversies, and emerging issues. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 11, 407\u2013440. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112728","journal-title":"Annual Review of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"682_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2022.101805","volume":"83","author":"EC Lorenzo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lorenzo, E. C., Kuchel, G. A., Kuo, C. L., Moffitt, T. E., & Diniz, B. S. (2023). Major depression and the biological hallmarks of aging. Ageing Research Reviews, 83, Article 101805. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arr.2022.101805","journal-title":"Ageing Research Reviews"},{"key":"682_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2018.02.001","volume":"49","author":"SJ Lupien","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lupien, S. J., Juster, R. P., Raymond, C., & Marin, M. F. (2018). The effects of chronic stress on the human brain: From neurotoxicity, to vulnerability, to opportunity. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, 49, 91\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yfrne.2018.02.001","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"6","key":"682_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2639","volume":"10","author":"SJ Lupien","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lupien, S. J., McEwen, B. S., Gunnar, M. R., & Heim, C. (2009). Effects of stress throughout the lifespan on the brain, behaviour and cognition. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 10(6), 434\u2013445. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrn2639","journal-title":"Nature Reviews. Neuroscience"},{"key":"682_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2015.03.015","volume":"48","author":"AL Marsland","year":"2015","unstructured":"Marsland, A. L., Gianaros, P. J., Kuan, D. C., Sheu, L. K., Krajina, K., & Manuck, S. B. (2015). Brain morphology links systemic inflammation to cognitive function in midlife adults. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 48, 195\u2013204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbi.2015.03.015","journal-title":"Brain, Behavior, and Immunity"},{"key":"682_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2011.00048","volume":"2","author":"E McCrory","year":"2011","unstructured":"McCrory, E., De Brito, S. A., & Viding, E. (2011). The impact of childhood maltreatment: A review of neurobiological and genetic factors. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 2, 48. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2011.00048","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychiatry"},{"key":"682_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2014.10.012","volume":"47","author":"KA McLaughlin","year":"2014","unstructured":"McLaughlin, K. A., Sheridan, M. A., & Lambert, H. K. (2014). Childhood adversity and neural development: Deprivation and threat as distinct dimensions of early experience. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 47, 578\u2013591. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2014.10.012","journal-title":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"issue":"s1","key":"682_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-240358","volume":"100","author":"R Merrick","year":"2024","unstructured":"Merrick, R., & Brayne, C. (2024). Sex differences in dementia, cognition, and health in the cognitive function and ageing studies (CFAS). Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease, 100(s1), S3\u2013S12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JAD-240358","journal-title":"Journal of Alzheimer's Disease"},{"issue":"5","key":"682_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.129.5.674","volume":"129","author":"IH Meyer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674\u2013697. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.129.5.674","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"682_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.12.030","volume":"192","author":"KL Musliner","year":"2016","unstructured":"Musliner, K. L., Munk-Olsen, T., Eaton, W. W., & Zandi, P. P. (2016). Heterogeneity in long-term trajectories of depressive symptoms: Patterns, predictors and outcomes. Journal of Affective Disorders, 192, 199\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2015.12.030","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"682_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-010-2009-2","volume":"214","author":"P Pechtel","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pechtel, P., & Pizzagalli, D. A. (2011). Effects of early life stress on cognitive and affective function: An integrated review of human literature. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 214(1), 55\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00213-010-2009-2","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"682_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S199746","volume":"15","author":"G Perini","year":"2019","unstructured":"Perini, G., Cotta Ramusino, M., Sinforiani, E., Bernini, S., Petrachi, R., & Costa, A. (2019). Cognitive impairment in depression: Recent advances and novel treatments. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 15, 1249\u20131258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/NDT.S199746","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment"},{"issue":"5","key":"682_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3166","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-024-02121-x","volume":"12","author":"MJ Persin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Persin, M. J., Payen, A., Bateman, J. R., Alessi, M. G., Price, B. C., & Bennett, J. M. (2025). Depressive symptoms affect cognitive functioning from middle to late adulthood: Ethnoracial minorities experience greater repercussions. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 12(5), 3166\u20133176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40615-024-02121-x","journal-title":"Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities"},{"issue":"12","key":"682_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.40202","volume":"4","author":"BA Pescosolido","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pescosolido, B. A., Halpern-Manners, A., Luo, L., & Perry, B. (2021). Trends in public stigma of mental illness in the US, 1996-2018. JAMA Network Open, 4(12), Article e2140202-e2140202.","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"key":"682_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.05.143","volume":"274","author":"A Ponsoni","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ponsoni, A., Damiani Branco, L., Cotrena, C., Milman Shansis, F., & Fonseca, R. P. (2020). The effects of cognitive reserve and depressive symptoms on cognitive performance in major depression and bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 274, 813\u2013818. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2020.05.143","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"682_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1177\/014662167700100306","volume":"1","author":"LS Radloff","year":"1977","unstructured":"Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385\u2013401.","journal-title":"Applied Psychological Measurement"},{"key":"682_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jarlif.2025.100012","volume":"14","author":"M Ramakrishnan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ramakrishnan, M., Gandrakota, N., Kamdar, Y., & Kulshreshtha, A. (2025). Association of psychological stress and subjective cognitive decline. JAR Life, 14, Article 100012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jarlif.2025.100012","journal-title":"JAR Life"},{"key":"682_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045159","volume":"16","author":"GM Slavich","year":"2020","unstructured":"Slavich, G. M. (2020). Social safety theory: A biologically based evolutionary perspective on life stress, health, and behavior. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 16, 265\u2013295. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045159","journal-title":"Annual Review of Clinical Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"682_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.21.3.545","volume":"21","author":"MJ Sliwinski","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sliwinski, M. J., Smyth, J. M., Hofer, S. M., & Stawski, R. S. (2006). Intraindividual coupling of daily stress and cognition. Psychology and Aging, 21(3), 545\u2013557. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0882-7974.21.3.545","journal-title":"Psychology and Aging"},{"issue":"3","key":"682_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617702813248","volume":"8","author":"Y Stern","year":"2002","unstructured":"Stern, Y. (2002). What is cognitive reserve? Theory and research application of the reserve concept. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society: JINS, 8(3), 448\u2013460.","journal-title":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society: JINS"},{"issue":"9","key":"682_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.07.219","volume":"16","author":"Y Stern","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stern, Y., Arenaza-Urquijo, E. M., Bartres-Faz, D., Belleville, S., Cantilon, M., Chetelat, G., Ewers, M., Franzmeier, N., Kempermann, G., Kremen, W. S., Okonkwo, O., Scarmeas, N., Soldan, A., Udeh-Momoh, C., Valenzuela, M., Vemuri, P., Vuoksimaa, E., The Reserve, R., Protective Factors, P. I. A. E. D., Conceptual Frameworks, W. (2020). Whitepaper: Defining and investigating cognitive reserve, brain reserve, and brain maintenance. Alzheimer\u2019s & Dementia, 16(9), 1305\u20131311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.07.219","journal-title":"Alzheimer's & Dementia"},{"key":"682_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113398","volume":"293","author":"N Struck","year":"2020","unstructured":"Struck, N., Krug, A., Yuksel, D., Stein, F., Schmitt, S., Meller, T., Brosch, K., Dannlowski, U., Nenadic, I., Kircher, T., & Brakemeier, E. L. (2020). Childhood maltreatment and adult mental disorders - The prevalence of different types of maltreatment and associations with age of onset and severity of symptoms. Psychiatry Research, 293, Article 113398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113398","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"key":"682_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2025.11.004","volume":"158","author":"AD Stumps","year":"2026","unstructured":"Stumps, A. D., Bounoua, N., & Sadeh, N. (2026). Childhood maltreatment alters associations between age and neurocognitive health metrics in community-dwelling adults. Neurobiology of Aging, 158, 28\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2025.11.004","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Aging"},{"issue":"10","key":"682_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2016.111","volume":"17","author":"MH Teicher","year":"2016","unstructured":"Teicher, M. H., Samson, J. A., Anderson, C. M., & Ohashi, K. (2016). The effects of childhood maltreatment on brain structure, function and connectivity. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 17(10), 652\u2013666. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrn.2016.111","journal-title":"Nature Reviews. Neuroscience"},{"key":"682_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1496677","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2025.1496677","volume":"17","author":"F Tong","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tong, F., Yang, H., Yu, H., Sui, L. W., Yao, J. Y., Shi, C. L., Yao, Q. Y., Shi, M. F., Qian, C. L., Li, G., Zhao, C., & Wang, H. J. (2025). Protective and risk factors in daily life associated with cognitive decline of older adults. Front Aging Neurosci, 17, 1496677. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2025.1496677","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"682_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.07.030","volume":"70","author":"N Tottenham","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tottenham, N., & Galvan, A. (2016). Stress and the adolescent brain: Amygdala-prefrontal cortex circuitry and ventral striatum as developmental targets. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 70, 217\u2013227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.07.030","journal-title":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"682_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.02.001","volume":"185","author":"F Triolo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Triolo, F., Grande, G., Ekstrom, I., Laukka, E. J., Fors, S., Marseglia, A., & Dekhtyar, S. (2025). Cognitive reserve types and depressive symptoms development in late-life: A population-based cohort study. Cortex, 185, 74\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cortex.2025.02.001","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"issue":"6","key":"682_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afl095","volume":"35","author":"PA Tun","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tun, P. A., & Lachman, M. E. (2006). Telephone assessment of cognitive function in adulthood: The brief test of adult cognition by telephone. Age and Ageing, 35(6), 629\u2013632. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ageing\/afl095","journal-title":"Age and Ageing"},{"issue":"4","key":"682_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.2307\/2137325","volume":"36","author":"RJ Turner","year":"1995","unstructured":"Turner, R. J., & Lloyd, D. A. (1995). Lifetime traumas and mental health: The significance of cumulative adversity. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36(4), 360\u2013376.","journal-title":"Journal of Health and Social Behavior"},{"issue":"4","key":"682_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2677","DOI":"10.1007\/s10943-020-01155-9","volume":"60","author":"L Upenieks","year":"2021","unstructured":"Upenieks, L. (2021). Resilience in the aftermath of childhood abuse? Changes in religiosity and adulthood psychological distress. Journal of Religion and Health, 60(4), 2677\u20132701. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10943-020-01155-9","journal-title":"Journal of Religion and Health"},{"key":"682_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2018.00258","volume":"12","author":"LE Watkins","year":"2018","unstructured":"Watkins, L. E., Sprang, K. R., & Rothbaum, B. O. (2018). Treating PTSD: A review of evidence-based psychotherapy interventions. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 12, 258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnbeh.2018.00258","journal-title":"Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience"},{"issue":"9","key":"682_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329172100163X","volume":"51","author":"M Weber","year":"2021","unstructured":"Weber, M., Schumacher, S., Hannig, W., Barth, J., Lotzin, A., Schafer, I., Ehring, T., & Kleim, B. (2021). Long-term outcomes of psychological treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 51(9), 1420\u20131430. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S003329172100163X","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"682_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-040218-043750","volume":"40","author":"DR Williams","year":"2019","unstructured":"Williams, D. R., Lawrence, J. A., & Davis, B. A. (2019). Racism and health: Evidence and needed research. Annual Review of Public Health, 40, 105\u2013125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-040218-043750","journal-title":"Annual Review of Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"682_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1007\/s12552-023-09401-x","volume":"16","author":"TR Williams","year":"2024","unstructured":"Williams, T. R., Erving, C. L., Gao, F., Mitchell, T., Muwele, C., Martin, R., Blasingame, M., & Jennings, D. (2024). Do resilience and social support moderate the association between race-related stress on Black women\u2019s reports of trauma symptoms? Race and Social Problems, 16(2), 198\u2013210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12552-023-09401-x","journal-title":"Race and Social Problems"},{"issue":"5","key":"682_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3049","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380221122816","volume":"24","author":"Z Xiao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xiao, Z., Murat Baldwin, M., Wong, S. C., Obsuth, I., Meinck, F., & Murray, A. L. (2023). The impact of childhood psychological maltreatment on mental health outcomes in adulthood: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 24(5), 3049\u20133064. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15248380221122816","journal-title":"Trauma, Violence & Abuse"},{"key":"682_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.01.132","volume":"351","author":"H Yin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yin, H., Zhu, Y., Tan, L., Zhong, X., & Yang, Q. (2024). The impact of adverse childhood experiences on depression in middle and late life: A national longitudinal study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 351, 331\u2013340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2024.01.132","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"682_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2019.100391","volume":"7","author":"LB Zahodne","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zahodne, L. B., Kraal, A. Z., Zaheed, A., Farris, P., & Sol, K. (2019). Longitudinal effects of race, ethnicity, and psychosocial disadvantage on systemic inflammation. SSM - Population Health, 7, Article 100391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ssmph.2019.100391","journal-title":"SSM - Population Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"682_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.14113","volume":"64","author":"LB Zahodne","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zahodne, L. B., Manly, J. J., Azar, M., Brickman, A. M., & Glymour, M. M. (2016). Racial disparities in cognitive performance in mid- and late adulthood: Analyses of two cohort studies. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 64(5), 959\u2013964. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jgs.14113","journal-title":"Journal of the American Geriatrics Society"},{"issue":"8","key":"682_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glae143","volume":"79","author":"E Zang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zang, E., Zhang, Y., Wang, Y., Wu, B., Fried, T. R., Becher, R. D., & Gill, T. M. (2024). Association between cognitive trajectories and subsequent health status, depressive symptoms, and mortality among older adults in the United States: Findings from a nationally representative study. The Journals of Gerontology. Series a, Biological Sciences aNd Medical Sciences, 79(8), Article glae143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gerona\/glae143","journal-title":"The Journals of Gerontology. Series a, Biological Sciences aNd Medical Sciences"},{"issue":"Pt 4","key":"682_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105328","volume":"130","author":"L Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Simmel, C., & Nepomnyaschy, L. (2022). Income inequality and child maltreatment rates in US counties, 2009\u20132018. Child Abuse & Neglect, 130(Pt 4), Article 105328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105328","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"682_CR102","unstructured":"United States, Department of Health and Human Services. (2025). Child Maltreatment 2023. Retrieved from: https:\/\/acf.gov\/cb\/data-research\/child-maltreatment"},{"key":"682_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rock, P. L., Roiser, J. P., Riedel, W. J., & Blackwell, A. D. (2014). Cognitive impairment in depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Med, 44(10), 2029\u20132040 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291713002535","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291713002535"},{"key":"682_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Beydoun, M. A., Beydoun, H. A., Georgescu, M. F., Maino Vieytes, C. A., Fanelli-Kuczmarski, M. T., Noren Hooten, N., Evans, M. K., & Zonderman, A. B. (2024). Plasma homocysteine and longitudinal change in cognitive function among urban adults. Journal of affective disorders, 364, 65\u201379 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2024.08.010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.08.010"},{"key":"682_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Brown, M. J., Esiaka, D. K., & Viswanathan, J. (2025). Adverse Childhood Experiences, Depression and Subjective Cognitive Decline by Gender: A Moderated Mediation Analysis. Journal of applied gerontology : the official journal of the Southern Gerontological Society, 7334648251386108. Advance online publication https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/07334648251386108","DOI":"10.1177\/07334648251386108"},{"key":"682_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Williams, D. R., Gonz\u00e1lez, H. M., Neighbors, H., Nesse, R., Abelson, J. M., Sweetman, J., & Jackson, J. S. (2007). Prevalence and distribution of major depressive disorder in African Americans, Caribbean blacks, and non-Hispanic whites: results from the National Survey of American Life. Archives of general psychiatry, 64(3), 305\u2013315 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archpsyc.64.3.305","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.64.3.305"},{"key":"682_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Colich, N. L., Rosen, M. L., Williams, E. S., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2020). Biological aging in childhood and adolescence following experiences of threat and deprivation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological bulletin, 146(9), 721\u2013764 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/bul0000270","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000270"},{"key":"682_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ryff, C.D., Almeida, D., Ayanian, J.Z., Carr, D.S., Cleary, P.D., Coe, C., Davidson, R.J., Kruger, R.F., Lachman, M.E., Marks, N.F., Mroczek, D.K., Seeman, T.E., Seltzer, M. M., Singer, B.H., Sloan, R.P., Tun, P.A., Weinstein, M., Williams, D.R., 2022a. Midlife in the United States (MIDUS 2): Milwaukee African American Sample, 2005-2006. Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor] https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/ICPSR22840.v6","DOI":"10.3886\/ICPSR22840.v6"},{"key":"682_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ryff, C.D., Almeida, D.M., Ayanian, J.Z., Carr, D.S., Cleary, P.D., Coe, C., Davidson, R.J., Krueger, R.F., Lachman, M.E., Marks, N.F., Mroczek, D.K., Seeman, T.E., Seltzer, M. M., Singer, B.H., Sloan, R.P., Tun, P.A., Weinstein, M., Williams, D.R., 2021. Midlife in the United States (MIDUS 2), 2004-2006 Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research. [distributor] https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/ICPSR04652.v8","DOI":"10.3886\/ICPSR04652.v8"},{"key":"682_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ryff, C.D., Lachman, M.E., 2023a. Midlife in the United States (MIDUS 2): Cognitive Project, 2004-2006. Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor] https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/ICPSR25281.v7","DOI":"10.3886\/ICPSR25281.v7"},{"key":"682_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ryff, C.D., Lachman, M.E., 2023b. Midlife in the United States (MIDUS 3): Cognitive Project, 2013-2017. Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor] https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/ICPSR37095.v3","DOI":"10.3886\/ICPSR37095.v3"},{"key":"682_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ryff, C.D., Seeman, T., Weinstein, M., 2022b. Midlife in the United States (MIDUS 2): Biomarker Project, 2004-2009. Interuniversity Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor] https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/ICPSR29282.v10","DOI":"10.3886\/ICPSR29282.v10"}],"container-title":["Journal of Behavioral Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10865-026-00682-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10865-026-00682-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10865-026-00682-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T10:25:35Z","timestamp":1781346335000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10865-026-00682-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]]},"references-count":93,"alternative-id":["682"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10865-026-00682-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0160-7715","1573-3521"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0160-7715","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-3521","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The manuscript is a secondary data analysis with no interaction with participants or active data collection. The University of North Carolina at Charlotte\u2019s Institute Review Board confirmed that no ethics approval was required.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}}]}}