{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T20:04:41Z","timestamp":1793217881740,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Bus Psychol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic and outbreak response represent a global crisis that has affected various aspects of people\u2019s lives, including work. Speculation is rife about the impact of the crisis on employees. Countries and organizations worldwide have categorized some work as essential and, by extension, other work as nonessential. This study aims to investigate the impact of the pandemic by examining the relationship between work disruptions (at time 1) and general distress (at time 2) through various work stressors, contrasting the experiences of employees in essential versus nonessential work. For employees with essential jobs, there is a significant indirect effect of work disruptions on general distress through hindrance stressors. This relationship is not found for employees with nonessential jobs. The general distress of these employees is more strongly affected by disruptions through social stressors (here, social isolation). Hence, this study demonstrates how general distress is affected in different ways for employees conducting essential work and those conducting nonessential work. We further highlight the importance of considering social stressors in this relationship, especially for nonessential work. Organizational change communication quality mitigates the relationship between isolation and general distress for employees with nonessential jobs, but not for those with essential jobs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10869-021-09744-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T19:02:45Z","timestamp":1617303765000},"page":"443-458","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Disruptions and General Distress for Essential and Nonessential Employees During the COVID-19 Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8531-8784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ward","family":"van Zoonen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1572-0652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claartje L.","family":"ter Hoeven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"9744_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5885.2005.00182.x","volume":"23","author":"AE Akgun","year":"2006","unstructured":"Akgun, A. E., Lynn, G. S., & Byrne, J. C. (2006). Antecedents and consequences of unlearning in new product development teams. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 23(1), 73\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1540-5885.2005.00182.x.","journal-title":"Journal of Product Innovation Management"},{"issue":"4","key":"9744_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1111\/scs.12289","volume":"30","author":"T Arvidsdotter","year":"2016","unstructured":"Arvidsdotter, T., Marklund, B., Kyl\u00e9n, S., Taft, C., & Ekman, I. (2016). Understanding persons with psychological distress in primary health care. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 30(4), 687\u2013694.","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"9744_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvb.2013.06.008","volume":"83","author":"AB Bakker","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bakker, A. B., & Sanz-Vergel, A. I. (2013). Weekly work engagement and flourishing: The role of hindrance and challenge job demands. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 83(3), 397\u2013409. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvb.2013.06.008.","journal-title":"Journal of Vocational Behavior"},{"issue":"4","key":"9744_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1002\/job.713","volume":"32","author":"DJ Beal","year":"2011","unstructured":"Beal, D. J., & Ghandour, L. (2011). Stability, change, and the stability of change in daily workplace affect. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32(4), 526\u2013546. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/job.713.","journal-title":"Journal of Organizational Behavior"},{"key":"9744_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Benhamou, K., & Piedra, A. (2020). CBT-informed interventions for essential workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10879-020-09467-3","DOI":"10.1007\/s10879-020-09467-3"},{"issue":"4","key":"9744_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1023\/b:jobu.0000028449.99127.f7","volume":"18","author":"P Bordia","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bordia, P., Hobman, E., Jones, E., Gallois, C., & Callan, V. J. (2004). Uncertainty during organizational change: Types, consequences, and management strategies. Journal of Business and Psychology, 18(4), 507\u2013532. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/b:jobu.0000028449.99127.f7.","journal-title":"Journal of Business and Psychology"},{"key":"9744_CR7","unstructured":"Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Volume II: Separation, anxiety and anger. The Hogarth Press and The Institute of Psycho-Analysis."},{"issue":"8","key":"9744_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1037\/apl0000113","volume":"101","author":"C Breuer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Breuer, C., H\u00fcffmeier, J., & Hertel, G. (2016). Does trust matter more in virtual teams? A meta-analysis of trust and team effectiveness considering virtuality and documentation as moderators. Journal of Applied Psychology, 101(8), 1151\u20131177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/apl0000113.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"issue":"10227","key":"9744_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30460-8","volume":"395","author":"SK Brooks","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. Lancet (London, England), 395(10227), 912\u2013920. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30460-8.","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"issue":"8","key":"9744_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30240-6","volume":"7","author":"J Campion","year":"2020","unstructured":"Campion, J., Javed, A., Sartorius, N., & Marmot, M. (2020). Addressing the public mental health challenge of COVID-19. The Lancet. Psychiatry, 7(8), 657\u2013659.","journal-title":"The Lancet. Psychiatry"},{"key":"9744_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2020.05.037","volume":"116","author":"JB Carnevale","year":"2020","unstructured":"Carnevale, J. B., & Hatak, I. (2020). Employee adjustment and well-being in the era of COVID-19: Implications for human resource management. Journal of Business Research, 116, 183\u2013187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbusres.2020.05.037.","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"9744_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.85.1.65","volume":"85","author":"MA Cavanaugh","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cavanaugh, M. A., Boswell, W. R., Roehling, M. V., & Boudreau, J. W. (2000). An empirical examination of self-reported work stress among U.S. managers. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(1), 65\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0021-9010.85.1.65.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"9744_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2011.09.008","volume":"33","author":"CF Chen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chen, C. F., & Kao, Y. L. (2012). Investigating the antecedents and consequences of burnout and isolation among flight attendants. Tourism Management, 33(4), 868\u2013874. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tourman.2011.09.008.","journal-title":"Tourism Management"},{"issue":"5","key":"9744_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-197609000-00003","volume":"38","author":"S Cobb","year":"1976","unstructured":"Cobb, S. (1976). Social support as a moderator of life stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 38(5), 300\u2013314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00006842-197609000-00003.","journal-title":"Psychosomatic Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"9744_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/ntwe.12065","volume":"31","author":"AM Collins","year":"2016","unstructured":"Collins, A. M., Hislop, D., & Cartwright, S. (2016). Social support in the workplace between teleworkers, office-based colleagues and supervisors. New Technology, Work and Employment, 31(2), 161\u2013175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ntwe.12065.","journal-title":"New Technology, Work and Employment"},{"issue":"4","key":"9744_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1002\/job.145","volume":"23","author":"CD Cooper","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cooper, C. D., & Kurland, N. B. (2002). Telecommuting, professional isolation, and employee development in public and private organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23(4), 511\u2013532. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/job.145.","journal-title":"Journal of Organizational Behavior"},{"key":"9744_CR17","unstructured":"Cooper, C. L., & Davidson, M. (1987). Sources of stress at work and their relation to stressors in non-working environments. In R. Kalimo, M. A. El-Batawi, & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), Psychological factors at work and their relation to health (pp. 99\u2013123). World Health Organization."},{"issue":"2","key":"9744_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-019-09738-x","volume":"41","author":"NS Corral-Fr\u00edas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Corral-Fr\u00edas, N. S., Soto, S. N. V., Fr\u00edas-Armenta, M., Corona-Espinosa, A., & Watson, D. (2019). Concurrent validity and reliability of two short forms of the mood and anxiety symptom questionnaire in a student sample from Northwest Mexico. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 41(2), 304\u2013316.","journal-title":"Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment"},{"key":"9744_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Daly, M., & Robinson, E. (2020). Psychological distress and adaptation to the COVID-19 crisis in the United States. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.10.035A.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.10.035A"},{"issue":"4","key":"9744_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1037\/a0040064","volume":"21","author":"MF Crane","year":"2016","unstructured":"Crane, M. F., & Searle, B. J. (2016). Building resilience through exposure to stressors: The effects of challenges versus hindrances. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 21(4), 468\u2013479. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0040064.","journal-title":"Journal of Occupational Health Psychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"9744_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1037\/a0019364","volume":"95","author":"ER Crawford","year":"2010","unstructured":"Crawford, E. R., LePine, J. A., & Rich, B. L. (2010). Linking job demands and resources to employee engagement and burnout: A theoretical extension and meta-analytic test. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(5), 834\u2013848. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0019364.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"key":"9744_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00580","volume":"9","author":"L Deng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Deng, L., Yang, M., & Marcoulides, K. M. (2018). Structural equation modeling with many variables: A systematic review of issues and developments. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 580\u2013591.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"9744_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dewe, P. J., O'Driscoll, M. P., & Cooper, C. (2010). Coping with work stress: A review and critique. John Wiley and Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470711712"},{"issue":"1","key":"9744_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-8998.9.1.61","volume":"9","author":"C Dormann","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dormann, C., & Zapf, D. (2004). Customer-related social stressors and burnout. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 9(1), 61\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1076-8998.9.1.61.","journal-title":"Journal of Occupational Health Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"9744_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-014-0944-7","volume":"88","author":"S Einarsen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Einarsen, S., & Nielsen, M. B. (2015). Workplace bullying as an antecedent of mental health problems: A five-year prospective and representative study. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 88(2), 131\u2013142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00420-014-0944-7.","journal-title":"International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"9744_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.12968\/bjon.2002.11.8.10167","volume":"11","author":"L Evans","year":"2002","unstructured":"Evans, L. (2002). An exploration of district nurses' perception of occupational stress. British Journal of Nursing, 11(8), 576\u2013585. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12968\/bjon.2002.11.8.10167.","journal-title":"British Journal of Nursing"},{"issue":"6","key":"9744_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqr058","volume":"61","author":"S Garbarino","year":"2011","unstructured":"Garbarino, S., Magnavita, N., Elovainio, M., Heponiemi, T., Ciprani, F., Cuomo, G., & Bergamaschi, A. (2011). Police job strain during routine activities and a major event. Occupational Medicine, 61(6), 395\u2013399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/occmed\/kqr058.","journal-title":"Occupational Medicine"},{"issue":"10","key":"9744_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0b013e3181f43872","volume":"52","author":"RR Gershon","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gershon, R. R., Magda, L. A., Qureshi, K. A., Riley, H. E., Scanlon, E., Carney, M. T., et al. (2010). Factors associated with the ability and willingness of essential workers to report to duty during a pandemic. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 52(10), 995\u20131003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JOM.0b013e3181f43872.","journal-title":"Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"9744_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.5465\/amd.2020.0062","volume":"6","author":"C Gibson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gibson, C. (2020). From \u201csocial distancing\u201d to \u201ccare in connecting\u201d: An emerging organizational research agenda for turbulent times. Academy of Management Discoveries, 6(2), 165\u2013169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5465\/amd.2020.0062.","journal-title":"Academy of Management Discoveries"},{"issue":"10237","key":"9744_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31200-9","volume":"395","author":"N Guasti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guasti, N. (2020). The plight of essential workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet (London, England), 395(10237), 1587. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31200-9.","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"issue":"1","key":"9744_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.5465\/annals.2016.0017","volume":"12","author":"M H\u00e4llgren","year":"2018","unstructured":"H\u00e4llgren, M., Rouleau, L., & de Rond, M. (2018). A matter of life or death: How extreme context research matters for management and organization studies. Academy of Management Annals, 12(1), 111\u2013153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5465\/annals.2016.0017.","journal-title":"Academy of Management Annals"},{"issue":"15","key":"9744_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.35241\/emeraldopenres.13550.1","volume":"2","author":"S Hamouche","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hamouche, S. (2020). COVID-19 and employees\u2019 mental health: Stressors, moderators and agenda for organizational actions. Emerald Open Research, 2(15), 1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.35241\/emeraldopenres.13550.1.","journal-title":"Emerald Open Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"9744_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leaqua.2009.09.006","volume":"20","author":"ST Hannah","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hannah, S. T., Uhl-Bien, M., Avolio, B. J., & Cavarretta, F. L. (2009). A framework for examining leadership in extreme contexts. The Leadership Quarterly, 20(6), 897\u2013919. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.leaqua.2009.09.006.","journal-title":"The Leadership Quarterly"},{"issue":"2","key":"9744_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s10869-009-9096-2","volume":"24","author":"KJ Harris","year":"2009","unstructured":"Harris, K. J., Harvey, P., & Kacmar, K. M. (2009). Do social stressors impact everyone equally? An examination of the moderating impact of core self-evaluations. Journal of Business and Psychology, 24(2), 153\u2013164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10869-009-9096-2.","journal-title":"Journal of Business and Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"9744_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8317.2004.tb00142.x","volume":"57","author":"KT Hau","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hau, K. T., & Marsh, H. W. (2004). The use of item parcels in structural equation modelling: Non-normal data and small sample sizes. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 57(2), 327\u2013351.","journal-title":"British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"9744_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30168-1","volume":"7","author":"EA Holmes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Holmes, E. A., O'Connor, R. C., Perry, V. H., Tracey, I., Wessely, S., Arseneault, L., et al. (2020). Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: A call for action for mental health science. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(6), 547\u2013560.","journal-title":"The Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"9744_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","volume":"6","author":"L Hu","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1\u201355.","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling"},{"issue":"2","key":"9744_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.2006.20208687","volume":"31","author":"G Johns","year":"2006","unstructured":"Johns, G. (2006). The essential impact of context on organizational behavior. Academy of Management Review, 31(2), 386\u2013408.","journal-title":"Academy of Management Review"},{"key":"9744_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kern, M., Heissler, C., & Zapf, D. (2020). Social job stressors can foster employee well-being: Introducing the concept of social challenge stressors. Journal of Business and Psychology, 1\u201322.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10869-020-09702-7.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10869-020-09702-7"},{"key":"9744_CR40","unstructured":"Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.p. 2). Guilford."},{"key":"9744_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvb.2020.103442","volume":"119","author":"A Kramer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kramer, A., & Kramer, K. Z. (2020). The potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on occupational status, work from home, and occupational mobility. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 119, 103442. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvb.2020.103442.","journal-title":"Journal of Vocational Behavior"},{"key":"9744_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kulow, K., Bentley, K., & Rajagopal, P. (2020). Together we stand: The solidarity effect of personized sellers on essential workers. Journal of the Association for Consumer Research, 6(1), 178\u2013186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/711731","DOI":"10.1086\/711731"},{"key":"9744_CR43","unstructured":"Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. Springer Publishing Company."},{"issue":"5","key":"9744_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.5465\/amj.2005.18803921","volume":"48","author":"JA LePine","year":"2005","unstructured":"LePine, J. A., Podsakoff, N. P., & LePine, M. A. (2005). A meta-analytic test of the challenge stressor\u2013hindrance stressor framework: An explanation for inconsistent relationships among stressors and performance. Academy of Management Journal, 48(5), 764\u2013775. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5465\/amj.2005.18803921.","journal-title":"Academy of Management Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"9744_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.5465\/amj.2013.0778","volume":"59","author":"MA LePine","year":"2016","unstructured":"LePine, M. A., Zhang, Y., Crawford, E. R., & Rich, B. L. (2016). Turning their pain to gain: Charismatic leader influence on follower stress appraisal and job performance. Academy of Management Journal, 59(3), 1036\u20131059. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5465\/amj.2013.0778.","journal-title":"Academy of Management Journal"},{"key":"9744_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9566.2005.00458.x","volume":"27","author":"A Marchand","year":"2005","unstructured":"Marchand, A., Demers, A., & Durand, P. (2005). Do occupation and work conditions really matter? A longitudinal analysis of psychological distress experiences among Canadian workers. Sociology of Health & Illness, 27, 602\u2013627.","journal-title":"Sociology of Health & Illness"},{"issue":"3","key":"9744_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1002\/mar.20158","volume":"24","author":"GW Marshall","year":"2007","unstructured":"Marshall, G. W., Michaels, C. E., & Mulki, J. P. (2007). Workplace isolation: Exploring the construct and its measurement. Psychology and Marketing, 24(3), 195\u2013223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mar.20158.","journal-title":"Psychology and Marketing"},{"issue":"4","key":"9744_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.2012.02336.x","volume":"66","author":"K Matsuishi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Matsuishi, K., Kawazoe, A., Imai, H., Ito, A., Mouri, K., Kitamura, N., Miyake, K., Mino, K., Isobe, M., Takamiya, S., Hitokoto, H., & Mita, T. (2012). Psychological impact of the pandemic (H1N1) 2009 on general hospital workers in Kobe. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 66(4), 353\u2013360.","journal-title":"Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences"},{"key":"9744_CR49","unstructured":"Menjivar, C., Foster, J. G., & Brand, J. E. (2020, March 21).\u00a0Don\u2019t call it \u2018social distancing\u2019. CNN. Retrieved from.\u00a0https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2020\/03\/21\/opinions\/physical-distancing-menjivar-foster-brand\/index.html."},{"key":"9744_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2017.03.024","volume":"77","author":"F Montani","year":"2017","unstructured":"Montani, F., Courcy, F., & Vandenberghe, C. (2017). Innovating under stress: The role of commitment and leader\u2013member exchange. Journal of Business Research, 77, 1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbusres.2017.03.024.","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"9744_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.2012.0099","volume":"40","author":"FP Morgeson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Morgeson, F. P., Mitchell, T. R., & Liu, D. (2015). Event system theory: An event-oriented approach to the organizational sciences. Academy of Management Review, 40(4), 515\u2013537. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5465\/amr.2012.0099.","journal-title":"Academy of Management Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"9744_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1002\/hrm.21993","volume":"59","author":"S Naseer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Naseer, S., Donia, M. B. L., Syed, F., & Bashir, F. (2020). Too much of a good thing: The interactive effects of cultural values and core job characteristics on hindrance stressors and employee performance outcomes. Human Resource Management, 59(3), 271\u2013289.","journal-title":"Human Resource Management"},{"issue":"4","key":"9744_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0000413","volume":"11","author":"TH Nassif","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nassif, T. H., Start, A. R., Toblin, R. L., & Adler, A. B. (2019). Self-reported mindfulness and soldier health following a combat deployment. Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy, 11(4), 466\u2013474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/tra0000413.","journal-title":"Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy"},{"issue":"2","key":"9744_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.1985.4277941","volume":"10","author":"DL Nelson","year":"1985","unstructured":"Nelson, D. L., & Quick, J. C. (1985). Professional women: Are distress and disease inevitable? Academy of Management Review, 10(2), 206\u2013218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5465\/amr.1985.4277941.","journal-title":"Academy of Management Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"9744_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.3233\/JVR-2011-0571","volume":"35","author":"JA Novak","year":"2011","unstructured":"Novak, J. A., Rogan, P. M., & Mank, D. M. (2011). Guest editorial: Supported employment and social relationships in the workplace. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 35(3), 193\u2013195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JVR-2011-0571.","journal-title":"Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"3","key":"9744_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1504\/ijbsr.2010.032953","volume":"4","author":"N Nurmi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nurmi, N. (2010). Work stressors related to geographic distance and electronic dependence in virtual teams. International Journal of Business and Systems Research, 4(3), 311\u2013329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1504\/ijbsr.2010.032953.","journal-title":"International Journal of Business and Systems Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"9744_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.25300\/misq\/2014\/38.4.13","volume":"38","author":"MB O\u2019Leary","year":"2014","unstructured":"O\u2019Leary, M. B., Wilson, J. M., & Metiu, A. (2014). Beyond being there: The symbolic role of communication and identification in perceptions of proximity to geographically dispersed colleagues. MIS Quarterly, 38(4), 1219\u20131243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25300\/misq\/2014\/38.4.13.","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"issue":"2","key":"9744_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.87.2.355","volume":"87","author":"C Ostroff","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ostroff, C., Kinicki, A. J., & Clark, M. A. (2002). Substantive and operational issues of response bias across levels of analysis: An example of climate-satisfaction relationships. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(2), 355\u2013368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0021-9010.87.2.355.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"9744_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-8998.6.3.211","volume":"6","author":"SK Parker","year":"2001","unstructured":"Parker, S. K., Axtell, C. M., & Turner, N. (2001). Designing a safer workplace: Importance of job autonomy, communication quality, and supportive supervisors. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 6(3), 211\u2013228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1076-8998.6.3.211.","journal-title":"Journal of Occupational Health Psychology"},{"key":"9744_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.obhdp.2009.02.002","volume":"109","author":"MJ Pearsall","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pearsall, M. J., Ellis, A. P. J., & Stein, J. H. (2009). Coping with challenge and hindrance stressors in teams: Behavioral, cognitive, and affective outcomes. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 109, 18\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.obhdp.2009.02.002.","journal-title":"Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes"},{"issue":"2","key":"9744_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.92.2.438","volume":"92","author":"NP Podsakoff","year":"2007","unstructured":"Podsakoff, N. P., LePine, J. A., & LePine, M. A. (2007). Differential challenge stressor-hindrance stressor relationships with job attitudes, turnover intentions, turnover, and withdrawal behavior: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(2), 438\u2013454. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0021-9010.92.2.438.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"9744_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1002\/job.756","volume":"33","author":"C Porath","year":"2012","unstructured":"Porath, C., Spreitzer, G., Gibson, C., & Garnett, F. G. (2012). Thriving at work: Toward its measurement, construct validation, and theoretical refinement. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33(2), 250\u2013275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/job.756.","journal-title":"Journal of Organizational Behavior"},{"issue":"1","key":"9744_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1002\/job.2115","volume":"38","author":"R Prem","year":"2017","unstructured":"Prem, R., Ohly, S., Kubicek, B., & Korunka, C. (2017). Thriving on challenge stressors? Exploring time pressure and learning demands as antecedents of thriving at work. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 38(1), 108\u2013123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/job.2115.","journal-title":"Journal of Organizational Behavior"},{"issue":"1","key":"9744_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.5465\/annals.2017.0020","volume":"13","author":"S Raghuram","year":"2019","unstructured":"Raghuram, S., Hill, N. S., Gibbs, J. L., & Maruping, L. M. (2019). Virtual work: Bridging research clusters. Academy of Management Annals, 13(1), 308\u2013341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5465\/annals.2017.0020.","journal-title":"Academy of Management Annals"},{"issue":"1","key":"9744_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1987.60.1.27","volume":"60","author":"AR Rich","year":"1987","unstructured":"Rich, A. R., & Scovel, M. (1987). Causes of depression in college students: A cross-lagged panel correlational analysis. Psychological Reports, 60(1), 27\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2466\/pr0.1987.60.1.27.","journal-title":"Psychological Reports"},{"issue":"6","key":"9744_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016752","volume":"94","author":"JB Rodell","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rodell, J. B., & Judge, T. A. (2009). Can \u201cgood\u201d stressors spark \u201cbad\u201d behaviors? The mediating role of emotions in links of challenge and hindrance stressors with citizenship and counterproductive behaviors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(6), 1438\u20131451. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0016752.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"key":"9744_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rudolph, C. W., Allan, B., Clark, M., Hertel, G., Hirschi, A., Kunze, F., et al. (2020). Pandemics: Implications for research and practice in industrial and organizational psychology. Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Perspectives on Science and Practice, 1\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31234\/osf.io\/k8us2.","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/k8us2"},{"issue":"1","key":"9744_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-12-203","volume":"12","author":"YW Schulte-van Maaren","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schulte-van Maaren, Y. W., Carlier, I. V., Zitman, F. G., van Hemert, A. M., de Waal, M. W., van Noorden, M. S., & Giltay, E. J. (2012). Reference values for generic instruments used in routine outcome monitoring: the leiden routine outcome monitoring study. BMC Psychiatry, 12(1), 203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-244X-12-203.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"9744_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s41542-020-00064-3","volume":"4","author":"RR Sinclair","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sinclair, R. R., Allen, T., Barber, L., Bergman, M., Britt, T., Butler, A., Ford, M., Hammer, L., Kath, L., Probst, T., & Yuan, Z. (2020). Occupational health science in the time of COVID-19: Now more than ever. Occupational Health Science, 4(1-2), 1\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41542-020-00064-3.","journal-title":"Occupational Health Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"9744_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732308318372","volume":"18","author":"JYM Siu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Siu, J. Y. M. (2008). The SARS-associated stigma of SARS victims in the post-SARS era of Hong Kong. Qualitative Health Research, 18(6), 729\u2013738. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1049732308318372.","journal-title":"Qualitative Health Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"9744_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1037\/a0025189","volume":"79","author":"BW Smith","year":"2011","unstructured":"Smith, B. W., Ortiz, J. A., Steffen, L. E., Tooley, E. M., Wiggins, K. T., Yeater, E. A., Montoya, J. D., & Bernard, M. L. (2011). Mindfulness is associated with fewer PTSD symptoms, depressive symptoms, physical symptoms, and alcohol problems in urban firefighters. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79(5), 613\u2013617. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0025189.","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"9744_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvb.2020.103435","volume":"119","author":"D Spurk","year":"2020","unstructured":"Spurk, D., & Straub, C. (2020). Flexible employment relationships and careers in times of the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 119, 103435. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvb.2020.103435.","journal-title":"Journal of Vocational Behavior"},{"issue":"2","key":"9744_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.5430\/ijh.v3n2p30","volume":"3","author":"AI Tavares","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tavares, A. I. (2017). Telework and health effects review. International Journal of Healthcare, 3(2), 30\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5430\/ijh.v3n2p30.","journal-title":"International Journal of Healthcare"},{"issue":"6","key":"9744_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1080\/13594320903223839","volume":"19","author":"A Van den Broeck","year":"2010","unstructured":"Van den Broeck, A., De Cuyper, N., De Witte, H., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2010). Not all job demands are equal: Differentiating job hindrances and job challenges in the Job Demands\u2013Resources model. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 19(6), 735\u2013759.","journal-title":"European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology"},{"key":"9744_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"m1379","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1379","volume":"369","author":"A Venkatesh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Venkatesh, A., & Edirappuli, S. (2020). Social distancing in covid-19: What are the mental health implications? BMJ, 369, m1379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.m1379.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"9744_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"von Gaudecker, H. M., Holler, R., Janys, L., Siflinger, B. M., & Zimpelmann, C. (2020). Labour supply in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic: Empirical evidence on hours, home office, and expectations. IZA discussion papers, no. 13158. Institute of Labor Economics (IZA) http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10419\/216470.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3579251"},{"issue":"1","key":"9744_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013090","volume":"94","author":"JC Wallace","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wallace, J. C., Edwards, B. D., Arnold, T., Frazier, M. L., & Finch, D. M. (2009). Work stressors, role-based performance, and the moderating influence of organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(1), 254\u2013262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0013090.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"9744_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.2307\/3069341","volume":"44","author":"DA Waldman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Waldman, D. A., Ramirez, G. G., House, R. J., & Puranam, P. (2001). Does leadership matter? CEO leadership attributes and profitability under conditions of perceived environmental uncertainty. Academy of Management Journal, 44(1), 134\u2013143.","journal-title":"Academy of Management Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"9744_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2009.03.005","volume":"179","author":"KJ Wardenaar","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wardenaar, K. J., van Veen, T., Giltay, E. J., de Beurs, E., Penninx, B. W. J. H., & Zitman, F. G. (2010). Development and validation of a 30-item short adaptation of the Mood and Anxiety Symptoms Questionnaire (MASQ). Psychiatry Research, 179(1), 101\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2009.03.005.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"9744_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvb.2011.02.001","volume":"79","author":"JR Webster","year":"2011","unstructured":"Webster, J. R., Beehr, T. A., & Love, K. (2011). Extending the challenge-hindrance model of occupational stress: The role of appraisal. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 79(2), 505\u2013516.","journal-title":"Journal of Vocational Behavior"},{"issue":"1","key":"9744_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.50.1.361","volume":"50","author":"KE Weick","year":"1999","unstructured":"Weick, K. E., & Quinn, R. E. (1999). Organizational change and development. Annual Review of Psychology, 50(1), 361\u2013386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.psych.50.1.361.","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"}],"container-title":["Journal of Business and Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10869-021-09744-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10869-021-09744-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10869-021-09744-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T05:19:15Z","timestamp":1671772755000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10869-021-09744-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["9744"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10869-021-09744-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0889-3268","1573-353X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0889-3268","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-353X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 March 2021","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 April 2021","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}