{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T15:28:24Z","timestamp":1772119704360,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]],"date-time":"2021-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634688000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]],"date-time":"2021-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634688000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006095","name":"helse s\u00f8r-\u00f8st rhf","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019089"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006095","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006095","name":"helse s\u00f8r-\u00f8st rhf","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2012\/521"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012\/521"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006095","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005366","name":"University of Oslo","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005366","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Clin Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fatty acid (FA) abnormalities are found in various inflammatory disorders and have been related to disturbed gut microbiota. Patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) have inflammatory complications associated with altered gut microbial composition. We hypothesized that there is an altered FA profile in CVID patients, related to gut microbial dysbiosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Plasma FAs were measured in 39 CVID patients and 30 healthy controls. Gut microbial profile, a food frequency questionnaire, and the effect of the oral antibiotic rifaximin were investigated in CVID patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The\n                      <jats:italic>n-3<\/jats:italic>\n                      polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (1.4 [1.0\u20131.8] vs. 1.9 [1.2\u20132.5], median (IQR),\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (3.2 [2.4\u20133.9] vs. 3.5 [2.9\u20134.3],\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), all values expressed as weight percent of total plasma FAs, were reduced in CVID compared to controls. Also,\n                      <jats:italic>n-6<\/jats:italic>\n                      PUFAs (34.3\u2009\u00b1\u20093.4 vs. 37.1\u2009\u00b1\u20092.8, mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009SD,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and linoleic acid (LA) (24.5\u2009\u00b1\u20093.3 vs. 28.1\u2009\u00b1\u20092.7,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) and the FA anti-inflammatory index (98.9 [82.1\u2013119.4] vs. 117.0 [88.7\u2013153.1], median (IQR),\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) were reduced in CVID. The microbial alpha diversity was positively associated with plasma\n                      <jats:italic>n-6<\/jats:italic>\n                      PUFAs (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.41,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and LA (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.51,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), but not\n                      <jats:italic>n-3<\/jats:italic>\n                      PUFAs (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.78). Moreover, a 2-week course of rifaximin significantly reduced the proportion of\n                      <jats:italic>n-6<\/jats:italic>\n                      PUFAs (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.04, UNIANOVA). Serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels correlated with plasma\n                      <jats:italic>n-3<\/jats:italic>\n                      PUFAs (rho\u2009=\u20090.36,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.03) and DHA (rho\u2009=\u20090.41,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.009).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We found a potentially unfavorable FA profile in CVID, related to low IgG levels. High plasma\n                      <jats:italic>n-6<\/jats:italic>\n                      PUFAs were related to increased gut microbial diversity and altered by rifaximin therapy.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-021-01146-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,25]],"date-time":"2021-10-25T10:34:04Z","timestamp":1635158044000},"page":"146-157","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Altered Plasma Fatty Acids Associate with Gut Microbial Composition in Common Variable Immunodeficiency"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2531-8408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tonje","family":"Skarpengland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Magnhild E.","family":"Macpherson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johannes R.","family":"Hov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiang Y.","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pavol","family":"Bohov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bente","family":"Halvorsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B\u00f8rre","family":"Fevang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rolf K.","family":"Berge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P\u00e5l","family":"Aukrust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silje F.","family":"J\u00f8rgensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1146_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-01-254417","volume":"116","author":"C Cunningham-Rundles","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cunningham-Rundles C. How I treat common variable immune deficiency. Blood. 2010;116(1):7\u201315.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"7814","key":"1146_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2265-1","volume":"583","author":"JED Thaventhiran","year":"2020","unstructured":"Thaventhiran JED, et al. Whole-genome sequencing of a sporadic primary immunodeficiency cohort. Nature. 2020;583(7814):90\u20135.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"1146_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-018-0574-z","volume":"39","author":"SF J\u00f8rgensen","year":"2019","unstructured":"J\u00f8rgensen SF, Fevang B, Aukrust P. Autoimmunity and inflammation in CVID: a possible crosstalk between immune activation, gut microbiota, and epigenetic modifications. J Clin Immunol. 2019;39(1):30\u20136.","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1146_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-09-377945","volume":"119","author":"ES Resnick","year":"2012","unstructured":"Resnick ES, et al. Morbidity and mortality in common variable immune deficiency over 4 decades. Blood. 2012;119(7):1650\u20137.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"6","key":"1146_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2016.18","volume":"9","author":"SF J\u00f8rgensen","year":"2016","unstructured":"J\u00f8rgensen SF, et al. Altered gut microbiota profile in common variable immunodeficiency associates with levels of lipopolysaccharide and markers of systemic immune activation. Mucosal Immunol. 2016;9(6):1455\u201365.","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1146_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9427","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-45861-1","volume":"9","author":"ME Macpherson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Macpherson ME, et al. Impaired HDL function amplifies systemic inflammation in common variable immunodeficiency. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):9427.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"1146_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18s","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607115595980","volume":"39","author":"PC Calder","year":"2015","unstructured":"Calder PC. Functional roles of fatty acids and their effects on human health. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2015;39(1 Suppl):18s\u201332s.","journal-title":"JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr"},{"key":"1146_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guti\u00e9rrez S, Svahn SL, Johansson ME. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on immune cells. Int J Mol Sci.\u00a02019;20(20).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20205028"},{"issue":"2","key":"1146_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665112000067","volume":"71","author":"PC Calder","year":"2012","unstructured":"Calder PC. Long-chain fatty acids and inflammation. Proc Nutr Soc. 2012;71(2):284\u20139.","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc"},{"issue":"8","key":"1146_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2016.2925","volume":"176","author":"LC Del Gobbo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Del Gobbo LC, et al. \u03c9-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid biomarkers and coronary heart disease: pooling project of 19 cohort studies. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176(8):1155\u201366.","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"1146_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(17)30307-8","volume":"5","author":"JHY Wu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wu JHY, et al. Omega-6 fatty acid biomarkers and incident type 2 diabetes: pooled analysis of individual-level data for 39 740 adults from 20 prospective cohort studies. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017;5(12):965\u201374.","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"7610","key":"1146_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18846","volume":"535","author":"JL Sonnenburg","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sonnenburg JL, B\u00e4ckhed F. Diet-microbiota interactions as moderators of human metabolism. Nature. 2016;535(7610):56\u201364.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1146_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Primary immunodeficiency diseases. Report of an IUIS Scientific Committee. International Union of Immunological Societies. Clin Exp Immunol. 1999;118 Suppl 1(Suppl 1): 1\u201328.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.1999.00109.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"1146_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-11-124545","volume":"112","author":"H Chapel","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chapel H, et al. Common variable immunodeficiency disorders: division into distinct clinical phenotypes. Blood. 2008;112(2):277\u201386.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"1","key":"1146_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-35367-7","volume":"9","author":"SF J\u00f8rgensen","year":"2019","unstructured":"J\u00f8rgensen SF, et al. Rifaximin alters gut microbiota profile, but does not affect systemic inflammation - a randomized controlled trial in common variable immunodeficiency. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):167.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"1146_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11102","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-10734-y","volume":"7","author":"A Ticinesi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ticinesi A, et al. Gut microbiota composition is associated with polypharmacy in elderly hospitalized patients. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):11102.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"1146_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-14177-z","volume":"11","author":"A Vich Vila","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vich Vila A, et al. Impact of commonly used drugs on the composition and metabolic function of the gut microbiota. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):362.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"1146_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-06-091744","volume":"111","author":"C Wehr","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wehr C, et al. The EUROclass trial: defining subgroups in common variable immunodeficiency. Blood. 2008;111(1):77\u201385.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"1146_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-511X-11-82","volume":"11","author":"E Strand","year":"2012","unstructured":"Strand E, et al. Long-term treatment with the pan-PPAR agonist tetradecylthioacetic acid or fish oil is associated with increased cardiac content of n-3 fatty acids in rat. Lipids Health Dis. 2012;11:82.","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"1146_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2012.04374.x","volume":"75","author":"PC Calder","year":"2013","unstructured":"Calder PC. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory processes: nutrition or pharmacology? Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2013;75(3):645\u201362.","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1146_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4375","DOI":"10.3390\/md13074375","volume":"13","author":"MS Ramsvik","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ramsvik MS, et al. A phospholipid-protein complex from krill with antioxidative and immunomodulating properties reduced plasma triacylglycerol and hepatic lipogenesis in rats. Mar Drugs. 2015;13(7):4375\u201397.","journal-title":"Mar Drugs"},{"issue":"4","key":"1146_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-108-4-609","volume":"108","author":"DA Ahlquist","year":"1988","unstructured":"Ahlquist DA, et al. A stool collection device: the first step in occult blood testing. Ann Intern Med. 1988;108(4):609\u201312.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"1146_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-10-206","volume":"10","author":"GD Wu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wu GD, et al. Sampling and pyrosequencing methods for characterizing bacterial communities in the human gut using 16S sequence tags. BMC Microbiol. 2010;10:206.","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"issue":"17","key":"1146_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5112","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01043-13","volume":"79","author":"JJ Kozich","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kozich JJ, et al. Development of a dual-index sequencing strategy and curation pipeline for analyzing amplicon sequence data on the MiSeq Illumina sequencing platform. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2013;79(17):5112\u201320.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1146_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009921","volume":"150","author":"LF Andersen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Andersen LF, et al. Evaluation of a food frequency questionnaire with weighed records, fatty acids, and alpha-tocopherol in adipose tissue and serum. Am J Epidemiol. 1999;150(1):75\u201387.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1146_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20041381","volume":"93","author":"LF Andersen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Andersen LF, et al. Evaluation of three dietary assessment methods and serum biomarkers as measures of fruit and vegetable intake, using the method of triads. Br J Nutr. 2005;93(4):519\u201327.","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"issue":"6","key":"1146_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.3109\/09637486.2015.1077790","volume":"66","author":"S Marventano","year":"2015","unstructured":"Marventano S, et al. A review of recent evidence in human studies of n-3 and n-6 PUFA intake on cardiovascular disease, cancer, and depressive disorders: does the ratio really matter? Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2015;66(6):611\u201322.","journal-title":"Int J Food Sci Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"1146_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1051\/rnd:2005047","volume":"45","author":"GC Burdge","year":"2005","unstructured":"Burdge GC, Calder PC. Conversion of alpha-linolenic acid to longer-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in human adults. Reprod Nutr Dev. 2005;45(5):581\u201397.","journal-title":"Reprod Nutr Dev"},{"issue":"3\u20135","key":"1146_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2008.09.019","volume":"79","author":"KL Fritsche","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fritsche KL. Too much linoleic acid promotes inflammation-doesn\u2019t it? Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2008;79(3\u20135):173\u20135.","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids"},{"issue":"8","key":"1146_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2016.2417","volume":"176","author":"DD Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang DD, et al. Association of specific dietary fats with total and cause-specific mortality. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176(8):1134\u201345.","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"1146_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2017-212274","volume":"77","author":"P de Pablo","year":"2018","unstructured":"de Pablo P, et al. High erythrocyte levels of the n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid linoleic acid are associated with lower risk of subsequent rheumatoid arthritis in a southern European nested case-control study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2018;77(7):981\u20137.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"18","key":"1146_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.010236","volume":"130","author":"MS Farvid","year":"2014","unstructured":"Farvid MS, et al. Dietary linoleic acid and risk of coronary heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Circulation. 2014;130(18):1568\u201378.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"1146_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2018.03.004","volume":"132","author":"JK Innes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Innes JK, Calder PC. Omega-6 fatty acids and inflammation. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2018;132:41\u20138.","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids"},{"issue":"8","key":"1146_CR34","first-page":"Cd011737","volume":"8","author":"L Hooper","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hooper L, et al. Reduction in saturated fat intake for cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;8(8):Cd011737.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"1146_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1159\/000486244","volume":"72","author":"AJ Wanders","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wanders AJ, et al. Circulating polyunsaturated fatty acids as biomarkers for dietary intake across subgroups: the CODAM and Hoorn studies. Ann Nutr Metab. 2018;72(2):117\u201325.","journal-title":"Ann Nutr Metab"},{"issue":"10","key":"1146_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602836","volume":"62","author":"P Astorg","year":"2008","unstructured":"Astorg P, et al. Plasma n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids as biomarkers of their dietary intakes: a cross-sectional study within a cohort of middle-aged French men and women. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2008;62(10):1155\u201361.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"1146_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mol.0000199814.46720.83","volume":"17","author":"A Baylin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Baylin A, Campos H. The use of fatty acid biomarkers to reflect dietary intake. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2006;17(1):22\u20137.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Lipidol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1146_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000506","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.113.000506","volume":"2","author":"MC de Oliveira Otto","year":"2013","unstructured":"de Oliveira Otto MC, et al. Circulating and dietary omega and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and incidence of CVD in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. J Am Heart Assoc. 2013;2(6):e000506.","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"5","key":"1146_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2008.03.003","volume":"47","author":"L Hodson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hodson L, Skeaff CM, Fielding BA. Fatty acid composition of adipose tissue and blood in humans and its use as a biomarker of dietary intake. Prog Lipid Res. 2008;47(5):348\u201380.","journal-title":"Prog Lipid Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"1146_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2018.12.010","volume":"29","author":"K Pertiwi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pertiwi K, et al. Circulating n-3 fatty acids and linoleic acid as indicators of dietary fatty acid intake in post-myocardial infarction patients. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2019;29(4):343\u201350.","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"1146_CR41","unstructured":"Totland TH,\u00a0Meln\u00e6s B, Lunberg-Hallen N, Helland-Kigen KM, Lund-Blix NA, Myhre JB, Johansen AMW, L\u00f8ken EB, Andersen LF. Norkost 3 En landsomfattende kostholdsunders\u00f8kelse blant menn og kvinner i Norge i alderen 18\u201370 \u00e5r, 2010\u201311. 2012(IS-2000)."},{"issue":"5","key":"1146_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2019.01.019","volume":"143","author":"SF J\u00f8rgensen","year":"2019","unstructured":"J\u00f8rgensen SF, et al. Selective IgA deficiency in humans is associated with reduced gut microbial diversity. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2019;143(5):1969-1971.e11.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"1146_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D'Angelo S, Motti ML, Meccariello R.\u00a0\u03c9-3 and \u03c9-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, obesity and cancer. Nutrients. 2020;12(9).","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092751"},{"key":"1146_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soko\u0142a-Wysocza\u0144ska E, et al.\u00a0Polyunsaturated fatty acids and their potential therapeutic role in cardiovascular system disorders-a review. Nutrients. 2018;10(10).","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10101561"},{"issue":"8","key":"1146_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-020-0761-6","volume":"122","author":"S Hanson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hanson S, et al. Omega-3, omega-6 and total dietary polyunsaturated fat on cancer incidence: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. Br J Cancer. 2020;122(8):1260\u201370.","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"1146_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqz349","volume":"112","author":"J Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li J, et al. Dietary intake and biomarkers of linoleic acid and mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 2020;112(1):150\u201367.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"1146_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Visioli F, Poli A.\u00a0Fatty acids and cardiovascular risk. evidence, lack of evidence, and diligence. Nutrients. 2020;12(12).","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12123782"},{"issue":"7","key":"1146_CR48","first-page":"Cd011094","volume":"7","author":"L Hooper","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hooper L, et al. Omega-6 fats for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;7(7):Cd011094.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"1146_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-019-09512-0","volume":"20","author":"M Schoeler","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schoeler M, Caesar R. Dietary lipids, gut microbiota and lipid metabolism. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2019;20(4):461\u201372.","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"1146_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.12.024","volume":"38","author":"M Wolters","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wolters M, et al. Dietary fat, the gut microbiota, and metabolic health - a systematic review conducted within the MyNewGut project. Clin Nutr. 2019;38(6):2504\u201320.","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"1146_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costantini L, Merendino N.\u00a0Polyunsaturated fatty acids and microbiota relationship: implications in cancer onset and treatment. J Clin Med. 2020;9(11).","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9113490"},{"key":"1146_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costantini L, et al.\u00a0Impact of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on the Gut Microbiota. Int J Mol Sci.\u00a02017;18(12).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18122645"},{"issue":"1","key":"1146_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-017-1194-2","volume":"18","author":"E Org","year":"2017","unstructured":"Org E, et al. Relationships between gut microbiota, plasma metabolites, and metabolic syndrome traits in the METSIM cohort. Genome Biol. 2017;18(1):70.","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"1146_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3813250","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/3813250","volume":"2020","author":"K Pierzynowska","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pierzynowska K, et al. Absorption of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) is related to IgG blood levels of neonatal pigs during the first 48 hours postpartum. J Immunol Res. 2020;2020:3813250.","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10875-021-01146-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10875-021-01146-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10875-021-01146-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]],"date-time":"2023-02-07T17:57:27Z","timestamp":1675792647000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10875-021-01146-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["1146"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10875-021-01146-9","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-663835\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0271-9142","1573-2592"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0271-9142","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2592","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 July 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 September 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 October 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the Regional Committee for Medical and Research Ethics, South East Norway (protocol number 2013\/1037).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval"}},{"value":"Written informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from all participants. All patients signed informed consent regarding publishing their data.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Participate and to Publish"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}]}}