{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T19:52:25Z","timestamp":1778183545568,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,27]],"date-time":"2021-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637971200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,27]],"date-time":"2021-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Clin Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract\n<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>No rapid diagnostic test exists to screen individuals for primary antibody deficiencies (PAD) at or near the point of care. In settings at risk for polio where live oral polio vaccine is utilized, undiagnosed PAD patients and cases with delayed diagnosis constitute a potential reservoir for neurovirulent polioviruses, undermining polio eradication.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p>This research aimed to develop a rapid screening test suited for use in resource-limited settings to identify individuals with low immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels, enabling early diagnosis and appropriate treatment.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Three prototype tests distinguishing low and normal IgG levels were evaluated with a blinded panel of serum\/plasma specimens from 32 healthy controls and 86 primary immunodeficiency-confirmed patients with agammaglobulinemia, common variable immunodeficiency, and hyper-IgM syndrome, including 57 not receiving IgG therapy. Prototype tests were compared to laboratory reference and clinical case definition.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The leading prototype correctly identified 32 of 32 healthy controls. Among primary antibody deficiency patients not receiving IgG treatment, 17 of 19 agammaglobulinemia, 7 of 24 common variable immunodeficiency, and 5 of 14 hyper-IgM were correctly identified by the prototype, with 67% agreement with the reference assay.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The Rapid IgG Screen (RIgGS) test can differentiate between low IgG levels associated with agammaglobulinemia and normal IgG antibody levels. Differentiating CVID and hyper IgM was challenging due to the wide range in IgG levels and influence of high IgM. This test can facilitate the identification of patients with primary antibody deficiencies and support polio surveillance initiatives.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-021-01179-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,27]],"date-time":"2021-11-27T18:04:48Z","timestamp":1638036288000},"page":"394-403","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Novel Point-of-Care Rapid Diagnostic Test for Screening Individuals for Antibody Deficiencies"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0258-472X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shirli","family":"Israeli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Allison","family":"Golden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Atalig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Najla","family":"Mekki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Afef","family":"Rais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Storey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed-Ridha","family":"Barbouche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1085-2883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roger","family":"Peck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"1179_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00678","volume":"8","author":"H Al-Mousa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Al-Mousa H, Al-Saud B. Primary immunodeficiency diseases in highly consanguineous populations from Middle East and North Africa: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Care. Front Immunol. 2017;8:678.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"1179_CR2","unstructured":"Global Prevalence of Consanguinity page. [Internet]. Consanguinity\/endogamy resource website. [cited 2020 Sep 1]. Available from: http:\/\/consang.net\/index.php\/Global_prevalence"},{"key":"1179_CR3","unstructured":"Yazdani R, Abolhassani H, Kiaee F, Habibi S, Azizi G, Tavakol M, et al. Comparison of common monogenic defects in a large predominantly antibody deficiency cohort. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice. 2019;7:864\u2013878.e9."},{"key":"1179_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00685","volume":"8","author":"A Aghamohammadi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Aghamohammadi A, Abolhassani H, Kutukculer N, Wassilak SG, Pallansch MA, Kluglein S, et al. Patients with primary immunodeficiencies are a reservoir of poliovirus and a risk to polio eradication. Front Immunol. 2017;8:685.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"1179_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2511.190540","volume":"25","author":"M Shaghaghi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shaghaghi M, Shahmahmoodi S, Nili A, Abolhassani H, Madani SP, Nejati A, et al. Vaccine-derived poliovirus infection among patients with primary immunodeficiency and effect of patient screening on disease outcomes. Iran Emerg Infect Dis. 2019;25:2005\u201312.","journal-title":"Iran Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"1179_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.01.018","volume":"33","author":"J Guo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Guo J, Bolivar-Wagers S, Srinivas N, Holubar M, Maldonado Y. Immunodeficiency-related vaccine-derived poliovirus (iVDPV) cases: a systematic review and implications for polio eradication. 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The European Society for immunodeficiencies (ESID) registry working definitions for the clinical diagnosis of inborn errors of immunity. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice. 2019;7:1763\u201370.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2019.02.004"},{"key":"1179_CR13","unstructured":"R: The R project for statistical computing [Internet]. [cited 2020 Dec 16]. Available from: https:\/\/www.r-project.org\/"},{"key":"1179_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2018-017","volume":"10","author":"P-C B\u00fcrkner","year":"2018","unstructured":"B\u00fcrkner P-C. Advanced Bayesian multilevel modeling with the R package brms. The R Journal. 2018;10:395.","journal-title":"The R Journal"},{"key":"1179_CR15","unstructured":"IMMG - Clinical: Immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, and IgM), Serum [Internet]. [cited 2020 Dec 16]. 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J Clin Immunol. 2016;36:490\u2013501.","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10875-021-01179-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10875-021-01179-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10875-021-01179-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]],"date-time":"2022-02-07T16:42:24Z","timestamp":1644252144000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10875-021-01179-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,27]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["1179"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10875-021-01179-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0271-9142","1573-2592"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0271-9142","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2592","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 September 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 November 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 November 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Collection, characterization, and storage of the specimens used in this study were conducted within an ethically approved clinical research study reviewed and approved by Comit\u00e9 d'Ethique M\u00e9dicale, Institut Pasteur de Tunis (IRB protocol number IPT\/11\/LR11IPT02, IPT\/PCI\/LR11IPT02 and IPT\/23\/I\/LR11IPT02). The use of the stored specimens in this study was further confirmed to be acceptable as secondary research and within consent given by the patients and families.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable to this study. Samples were de-identified at the time of use in the study described in this manuscript. Use of material was within consent of patient at the time of sample collection.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable to this study. Samples were de-identified at the time of use in the study described in this manuscript.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}