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However, there are limited data on the relationship between PAD, specifically CVID, and risk of microscopic colitis (MC).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We performed a nationwide case\u2013control study of Swedish adults with MC diagnosed between 1997 and 2017 (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200913,651). Data on biopsy-verified MC were retrieved from all of Sweden\u2019s pathology departments through the Epidemiology Strengthened by histoPathology Reports in Sweden (ESPRESSO) study. We defined predominant antibody deficiency using International Union of Immunologic Societies (IUIS) phenotypic classification. Individuals with MC were matched to population controls by age, sex, calendar year, and county. We used logistic regression to estimate adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of PAD in MC was 0.4% as compared to 0.05% in controls. After adjustment for potential confounders, this corresponded to an aOR of 7.29 (95%CI 4.64\u201311.63). The magnitude of the association was higher for CVID (aOR 21.01, 95% 5.48\u2013137.44) compared to other antibody deficiencies (aOR 6.16, 95% CI 3.79\u201310.14). In exploratory analyses, the association between PAD and MC was particularly strong among males (aOR 31.73, 95% CI 10.82\u2013135.04).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this population-based study, predominant antibody deficiency was associated with increased risk of MC, particularly among males. Clinicians who encounter these patients should consider a detailed infectious history and screening for antibody deficiency.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-023-01499-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]],"date-time":"2023-05-11T03:31:04Z","timestamp":1683775864000},"page":"1426-1435","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Predominant Antibody Deficiency and Risk of Microscopic Colitis: a Nationwide Case\u2013Control Study in Sweden"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6344-7246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel V.","family":"DiGiacomo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bjorn","family":"Roelstraete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lennart","family":"Hammarstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jocelyn R.","family":"Farmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hamed","family":"Khalili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonas F.","family":"Ludvigsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1499_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640620951905","volume":"9","author":"S Miehlke","year":"2021","unstructured":"Miehlke S, Guagnozzi D, Zabana Y, et al. 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