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The aim of this study was evaluating the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and to identify CVID-related clinical, laboratory and therapeutic features inducing it.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A multicenter observational retrospective study on 367 adult CVID patients from five Italian Referral Centers for Primary Immunodeficiency.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      CKD was identified in 23 (6.27%) patients that were older (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), had arterial hypertension (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), diabetes (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002), dyslipidemia (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002), presented different ultrasound abnormalities (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and received predominantly intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.016). Regarding CVID infectious and non-infectious manifestations, CKD patients presented a higher frequency of COPD (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.008). In the CKD group, the median absolute count of total lymphocytes (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.015), the percentage of total B (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.028) and transitional B cells (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.008) were lower. By binomial logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, CKD patients tend to develop autoimmune cytopenia, had lower B cells percentage, increased Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and received more frequently trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole antibiotic prophylaxis. By multivariate analysis, only autoimmune cytopenia was independently associated with CKD.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of CKD in CVID is due to aging, age-related comorbidities, disease-related immune dysregulation and inflammation. Our results suggest evaluating renal function in all CVID patients, and mostly in those with a higher \u201cinflammatory\u201d burden.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-025-01890-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]],"date-time":"2025-05-23T03:36:25Z","timestamp":1747971385000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Chronic Kidney Disease in Common Variable Immunodeficiency: a Multicenter Study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Chiara","family":"De Renzis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renato Finco","family":"Gambier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonietta","family":"Gigante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla Maria","family":"Deiana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianluca","family":"Lagnese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Gatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Garzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Costanzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Pagnozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Nicola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luisa","family":"Brussino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Spadaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcello","family":"Rattazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Firinu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Cinetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cinzia","family":"Milito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"1890_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-022-01352-z","volume":"42","author":"A Bousfiha","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bousfiha A, Moundir A, Tangye SG, Picard C, Jeddane L, Al-Herz W, et al. 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