{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T16:34:43Z","timestamp":1786120483690,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780358400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":66,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Clin Immunol"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-026-02039-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T19:55:01Z","timestamp":1780430101000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical Cognition and Practice in Anti-Interferon-\u03b3 Autoantibody-Associated Immunodeficiency Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Siqiao","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuemei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaona","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siyao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Ning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ni","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Limei","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zengtao","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoshan","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quanfang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingmin","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meihua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meiling","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongyu","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiujin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fu","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinxin","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengqiong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shilian","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiayan","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunhai","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongming","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lanke","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinghua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiyi","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2039_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.113683","volume":"155","author":"H Ding","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ding H, Wang G, Yu Z, Sun H, Wang L. Role of interferon-gamma (IFN-\u03b3) and IFN-\u03b3 receptor 1\/2 (IFN\u03b3R1\/2) in regulation of immunity, infection, and cancer development: IFN-\u03b3-dependent or independent pathway. Biomed Pharmacother. 2022;155:113683.","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"issue":"6693","key":"2039_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adl2016","volume":"384","author":"JL Casanova","year":"2024","unstructured":"Casanova JL, MacMicking JD, Nathan CF. Interferon-\u03b3 and infectious diseases: lessons and prospects. Science. 2024;384(6693):eadl2016.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"2039_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10","DOI":"10.1086\/380453","volume":"38","author":"R D\u00f6ffinger","year":"2004","unstructured":"D\u00f6ffinger R, Helbert MR, Barcenas-Morales G, Yang K, Dupuis S, Ceron-Gutierrez L, et al. Autoantibodies to interferon-gamma in a patient with selective susceptibility to mycobacterial infection and organ-specific autoimmunity. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38(1):e10-14.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"2039_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-04-1065","volume":"103","author":"C H\u00f6flich","year":"2004","unstructured":"H\u00f6flich C, Sabat R, Rosseau S, Temmesfeld B, Slevogt H, D\u00f6cke WD, et al. Naturally occurring anti-IFN-gamma autoantibody and severe infections with Mycobacterium cheloneae and Burkholderia cocovenenans. Blood. 2004;103(2):673\u20135.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"7","key":"2039_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-023-01537-0","volume":"43","author":"B Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang B, Fan J, Huang C, Fan H, Chen J, Huang X, et al. Characteristics and outcomes of anti-interferon gamma antibody-associated adult onset immunodeficiency. J Clin Immunol. 2023;43(7):1660\u201370.","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2039_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1615091","volume":"16","author":"N Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen N, Hong L, Liang H, Yu Q, Liang S, He Z. Anti-interferon-\u03b3 autoantibodies syndrome and opportunistic infections: systematic literature review. Front Immunol. 2025;16:1615091.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2039_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2396887","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2024.2396887","volume":"13","author":"S Liang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liang S, Liang H, Huang X, Liang X, Chen N, Xiao R, et al. Clinical immunological characteristics of anti-interferon-\u03b3 autoantibodies syndrome: a 3 year prospective cohort study. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2024;13(1):2396887.","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"2039_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-09003-x","volume":"24","author":"Y Ning","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ning Y, Yu Q, Liang H, Wu S, Liang S, Liang X, et al. Multiple intracellular pathogen infections with ocular pathologies associated with adult-onset immunodeficiency due to anti-interferon-\u03b3 autoantibodies: a case report. BMC Infect Dis. 2024;24(1):78.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"2039_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1111160","volume":"367","author":"SK Browne","year":"2012","unstructured":"Browne SK, Burbelo PD, Chetchotisakd P, Suputtamongkol Y, Kiertiburanakul S, Shaw PA, et al. Adult-onset immunodeficiency in Thailand and Taiwan. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(8):725\u201334.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"25","key":"2039_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000003927","volume":"95","author":"CY Chi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chi CY, Lin CH, Ho MW, Ding JY, Huang WC, Shih HP, et al. Clinical manifestations, course, and outcome of patients with neutralizing anti-interferon-\u03b3 autoantibodies and disseminated nontuberculous mycobacterial infections. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(25):e3927.","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"2039_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao L, Ma J, Sun Y, Yu X, Lu Y, Qian H, et al. Deepening understanding of the clinical features and diagnostic approaches to anti-Interferon-Gamma autoantibody associated adult-onset immunodeficiency in the last 20 years: a case report and literature review. J Clin Immunol. 2025;45(1):93.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-025-01885-z"},{"key":"2039_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-1243-y","volume":"15","author":"Y Qiu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Qiu Y, Liao H, Zhang J, Zhong X, Tan C, Lu D. Differences in clinical characteristics and prognosis of Penicilliosis among HIV-negative patients with or without underlying disease in Southern China: a retrospective study. BMC Infect Dis. 2015;15:525.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2039_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-025-10690-3","volume":"25","author":"H Liang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liang H, Liang S, Wu S, Chen N, Huang X, Zeng Q, et al. Clinical manifestations in patients with anti-IFN-\u03b3 autoantibodies syndrome and Talaromyces marneffei infection: a prospective cohort study. BMC Infect Dis. 2025;25(1):268.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2039_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu X, Zhong Y, Li Z, Wei C, Lu Y, Li K. Clinical and chest CT manifestations of Talaromycosis marneffei: a retrospective study comparing anti-IFN-\u03b3 autoantibodies-positive and HIV-positive cases. BMC Infect Dis. 2024;24(1):1357.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-10255-w"},{"issue":"1","key":"2039_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-41952-1","volume":"9","author":"DI Krisnawati","year":"2019","unstructured":"Krisnawati DI, Liu YC, Lee YJ, Wang YT, Chen CL, Tseng PC, et al. Functional neutralization of anti-IFN-\u03b3 autoantibody in patients with nontuberculous mycobacteria infection. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):5682.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"2039_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.09.018","volume":"137","author":"CL Ku","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ku CL, Lin CH, Chang SW, Chu CC, Chan JF, Kong XF, et al. Anti-IFN-\u03b3 autoantibodies are strongly associated with HLA-DR*15:02\/16:02 and HLA-DQ*05:01\/05:02 across Southeast Asia. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016;137(3):945-948.e948.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2039_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0128481","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0128481","volume":"10","author":"M Pithukpakorn","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pithukpakorn M, Roothumnong E, Angkasekwinai N, Suktitipat B, Assawamakin A, Luangwedchakarn V, et al. HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQB1 are associated with adult-onset immunodeficiency with acquired anti-interferon-gamma autoantibodies. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(5):e0128481.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2039_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20190502","author":"J Guo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guo J, Ning XQ, Ding JY, Zheng YQ, Shi NN, Wu FY, et al. Anti-IFN-\u03b3 autoantibodies underlie disseminated Talaromyces marneffei infections. J Exp Med. 2020 Dec 7;217(12):e20190502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.20190502.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2039_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI178263","author":"JN Peel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Peel JN, Yang R, Le Voyer T, Gervais A, Rosain J, Bastard P, et al. Neutralizing IFN-\u03b3 autoantibodies are rare and pathogenic in HLA-DRB1*15:02 or 16:02 individuals. J Clin Invest. 2024 Apr 15;134(8):e178263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI178263.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"4","key":"2039_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-022-01423-1","volume":"43","author":"WI Lee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lee WI, Fang YF, Huang JL, You HL, Hsieh MY, Huang WT, et al. Distinct Lymphocyte Immunophenotyping and Quantitative Anti-Interferon Gamma Autoantibodies in Taiwanese HIV-Negative Patients with Non-Tuberculous Mycobacterial Infections. J Clin Immunol. 2023;43(4):717\u201327.","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2039_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03646-23","volume":"12","author":"Y Qiu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Qiu Y, Li ZT, Zeng W, Yang JL, Tang MX, Wang Y, et al. Th1 cell immune response in Talaromyces marneffei infection with anti-interferon-\u03b3 autoantibody syndrome. Microbiol Spectr. 2024;12(5):e0364623.","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"issue":"8","key":"2039_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-08-452482","volume":"121","author":"CY Chi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chi CY, Chu CC, Liu JP, Lin CH, Ho MW, Lo WJ, et al. Anti-IFN-\u03b3 autoantibodies in adults with disseminated nontuberculous mycobacterial infections are associated with HLA-DRB1*16:02 and HLA-DQB1*05:02 and the reactivation of latent varicella-zoster virus infection. Blood. 2013;121(8):1357\u201366.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"1","key":"2039_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz786","volume":"71","author":"GH Hong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hong GH, Ortega-Villa AM, Hunsberger S, Chetchotisakd P, Anunnatsiri S, Mootsikapun P, et al. Natural History and Evolution of Anti-Interferon-\u03b3 Autoantibody-Associated Immunodeficiency Syndrome in Thailand and the United States. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(1):53\u201362.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"2039_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-011-9621-8","volume":"32","author":"L Ding","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ding L, Mo A, Jutivorakool K, Pancholi M, Holland SM, Browne SK. Determination of human anticytokine autoantibody profiles using a particle-based approach. J Clin Immunol. 2012;32(2):238\u201345.","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2039_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2017.06.029","volume":"24","author":"UI Wu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wu UI, Chuang YC, Sheng WH, Sun HY, Jhong YT, Wang JY, et al. Use of QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-tube assay in screening for neutralizing anti-interferon-\u03b3 autoantibodies in patients with disseminated nontuberculous mycobacterial infection. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2018;24(2):159\u201365.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"3","key":"2039_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix372","volume":"65","author":"I Su\u00e1rez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Su\u00e1rez I, Lehmann C, Gruell H, Graeb J, Kochanek M, F\u00e4tkenheuer G, et al. Repurposing QuantiFERON for detection of neutralizing interferon-\u03b3 autoantibodies in patients with nontuberculous mycobacterial infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;65(3):518\u201321.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2039_CR27","first-page":"211","volume":"44","author":"U Yasamut","year":"2026","unstructured":"Yasamut U, Thongkum W, Wongsawat E, Tayapiwatana C. Development of an immunochromatographic strip test for rapid detection of a potent neutralizing anti-interferon gamma antibody in adult-onset immunodeficiency. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2026;44(1):211\u20136.","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"2039_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2024.113696","volume":"530","author":"N Donadel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Donadel N, Tesser A, Valencic E, De Martino E, Boz V, Pin A, et al. An easy assay to detect autoantibodies neutralizing cytokines in subjects with critical infections. J Immunol Methods. 2024;530:113696.","journal-title":"J Immunol Methods"},{"key":"2039_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu S, Liang S, Liang H, Ning Y, Li X, He Z. Multiple pathogen infections accompanied with ocular pathologies in a patient with high-titer anti-IFN-\u03b3 autoantibodies: a case report. BMC Infect Dis. 2024;24(1):1319.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-10217-2"},{"issue":"1","key":"2039_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0005122","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00051-22","volume":"36","author":"F Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang F, Han R, Chen S. An overlooked and underrated endemic mycosis-talaromycosis and the pathogenic fungus Talaromyces marneffei. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2023;36(1):e0005122.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2039_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daley CL, Iaccarino JM, Lange C, Cambau E, Wallace RJ Jr., Andrejak C, et al. Treatment of nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease: An official ATS\/ERS\/ESCMID\/IDSA clinical practice guideline. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(4):e1\u201336.","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa241"},{"issue":"17","key":"2039_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3933","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-12-395707","volume":"119","author":"SK Browne","year":"2012","unstructured":"Browne SK, Zaman R, Sampaio EP, Jutivorakool K, Rosen LB, Ding L, et al. Anti-CD20 (Rituximab) therapy for anti-IFN-\u03b3 autoantibody-associated nontuberculous mycobacterial infection. Blood. 2012;119(17):3933\u20139.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"7","key":"2039_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-017-0425-3","volume":"37","author":"Y Koizumi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Koizumi Y, Sakagami T, Nishiyama N, Hirai J, Hayashi Y, Asai N, et al. Rituximab restores IFN-\u03b3-STAT1 function and ameliorates disseminated Mycobacterium avium infection in a patient with anti-interferon-\u03b3 autoantibody. J Clin Immunol. 2017;37(7):644\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2039_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-025-01266-1","volume":"21","author":"G Trivioli","year":"2025","unstructured":"Trivioli G, Casal Moura M, Kronbichler A, Smith RM, Terrier B, McAdoo S, et al. Advances in the treatment of ANCA-associated vasculitis. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2025;21(7):396\u2013413.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"issue":"21","key":"2039_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2178","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.6615","volume":"325","author":"S Furuta","year":"2021","unstructured":"Furuta S, Nakagomi D, Kobayashi Y, Hiraguri M, Sugiyama T, Amano K, et al. Effect of reduced-dose vs high-dose glucocorticoids added to rituximab on remission induction in ANCA-associated vasculitis: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2021;325(21):2178\u201387.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"2039_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2022-223365","volume":"82","author":"A Kerschbaumer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kerschbaumer A, Sepriano A, Bergstra SA, Smolen JS, van der Heijde D, Caporali R, et al. Efficacy of synthetic and biological DMARDs: a systematic literature review informing the 2022 update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2023;82(1):95\u2013106.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"2039_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e355","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(24)00338-2","volume":"7","author":"LM Carter","year":"2025","unstructured":"Carter LM, Ehrenstein MR, Vital EM. Evolution and trajectory of B-cell targeted therapies in rheumatic diseases. Lancet Rheumatol. 2025;7(5):e355\u201367.","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2039_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e546","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(22)00131-X","volume":"4","author":"S Ebata","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ebata S, Yoshizaki A, Oba K, Kashiwabara K, Ueda K, Uemura Y, et al. Safety and efficacy of rituximab in systemic sclerosis (DESIRES): open-label extension of a double-blind, investigators-initiated, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Rheumatol. 2022;4(8):e546\u201355.","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2039_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2021-220920","volume":"81","author":"RA Furie","year":"2022","unstructured":"Furie RA, Aroca G, Cascino MD, Garg JP, Rovin BH, Alvarez A, et al. B-cell depletion with obinutuzumab for the treatment of proliferative lupus nephritis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2022;81(1):100\u20137.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"2039_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6473629","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6473629","volume":"2018","author":"P Chetchotisakd","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chetchotisakd P, Anunnatsiri S, Nanagara R, Nithichanon A, Lertmemongkolchai G. Intravenous Cyclophosphamide therapy for Anti-IFN-Gamma autoantibody-associated Mycobacterium abscessus infection. J Immunol Res. 2018;2018:6473629.","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"2039_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofac612","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofac612","volume":"9","author":"W Zeng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zeng W, Tang M, Yang M, Fang G, Tang S, Zhang J. Intravenous cyclophosphamide therapy for anti-IFN-\u03b3 autoantibody-associated Talaromyces marneffei infection. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2022;9(12):ofac612.","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"2039_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-025-01182-8","volume":"39","author":"BAC Cree","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cree BAC, Berger JR, Greenberg B. The evolution of Anti-CD20 treatment for Multiple Sclerosis: optimization of antibody characteristics and function. CNS Drugs. 2025;39(6):545\u201364.","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"issue":"8","key":"2039_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2025.103837","volume":"24","author":"B Frade-Sosa","year":"2025","unstructured":"Frade-Sosa B, Sarmiento-Monroy JC, Bruce IN, Arnaud L, G\u00f3mez-Puerta JA. Dual B-cell targeting in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: the role of combined and sequential therapy with Rituximab and Belimumab. Autoimmun Rev. 2025;24(8):103837.","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10875-026-02039-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10875-026-02039-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10875-026-02039-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T23:28:17Z","timestamp":1786058897000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10875-026-02039-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2039"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10875-026-02039-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1573-2592"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1573-2592","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"All authors have approved the final version of the manuscript and agree to its publication.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for Publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"78"}}