{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T13:56:20Z","timestamp":1775483780620,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616025600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PI 795\/2-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI 795\/2-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Charit\u00e9"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Clin Monit Comput"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Admixture of nitric oxide (NO) to the gas inspired with mechanical ventilation can be achieved through continuous, timed, or pulsed injection of NO into the inspiratory limb. The dose and timing of NO injection govern the inspired and intrapulmonary effect site concentrations achieved with different administration modes. Here we test the effectiveness and target reliability of a new mode injecting pulsed NO boluses exclusively during early inspiration.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>An in vitro lung model was operated under various ventilator settings. Admixture of NO through injection into the inspiratory limb was timed either (i) selectively during early inspiration (\u201cpulsed delivery\u201d), or as customary, (ii) during inspiratory time or (iii) the entire respiratory cycle. Set NO target concentrations of 5\u201340 parts per million (ppm) were tested for agreement with the yield NO concentrations measured at various sites in the inspiratory limb, to assess the effectiveness of these NO administration modes.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Pulsed delivery produced inspiratory NO concentrations comparable with those of customary modes of NO administration. At low (450\u00a0ml) and ultra-low (230\u00a0ml) tidal volumes, pulsed delivery yielded better agreement of the set target (up to 40\u00a0ppm) and inspiratory NO concentrations as compared to customary modes. Pulsed delivery with NO injection close to the artificial lung yielded higher intrapulmonary NO concentrations than with NO injection close to the ventilator. The maximum inspiratory NO concentration observed in the trachea (68\u2009\u00b1\u200930\u00a0ppm) occurred with pulsed delivery at a set target of 40\u00a0ppm.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Pulsed early inspiratory phase NO injection is as effective as continuous or non-selective admixture of NO to inspired gas and may confer improved target reliability, especially at low, lung protective tidal volumes.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10877-021-00689-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T06:02:27Z","timestamp":1616047347000},"page":"637-648","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["In vitro validation and characterization of pulsed inhaled nitric oxide administration during early inspiration"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5875-8250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philipp A.","family":"Pickerodt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Moritz B. 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Moritz Hofferberth has received salary in parts from this grant. Philipp Pickerodt has received one speaker fee from Linde\u00ae Gas Therapeutics. Rainer K\u00f6brich is an employee of EKU Elektronik GmbH, the manufacturer of the NO Device used for this study. The authors declare that they have no further conflict of interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"All authors state adherence to the ethical standards of the journal.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"No human subjects were included in this study, waiving the need for informed consent.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"No research involving animals or human subjects is included in this study.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Research involving human participants and\/or animals"}}]}}