{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T12:51:51Z","timestamp":1781614311134,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756339200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medtronic, Jerusalem","award":["No Number"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No Number"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Clin Monit Comput"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The aim of this bench study was to assess performance between currently available sidestream capnography sampling lines claiming compatibility with a Microstream\u2122 enabled monitor system. A series of bench tests were performed on a selection of commercially available sampling lines (oral-nasal cannulas, PetCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    masks, and procedural bite blocks) to assess PetCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    accuracy, filter performance and mechanical durability. For each testing procedure, three separate sampling lines were assessed for five repetitions (n\u2009=\u200915 for each product). A 3D printed oral-nasal model connected to a lung simulator was set to two different breathing modes to simulate \u201cnormal\u201d and \u201cshallow\u201d breathing. PetCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    accuracy measurements were completed at both breathing modes to simulate a variety of clinical scenarios, including oxygen delivery. Filter performance and mechanical durability were assessed for cannula sampling lines. When evaluating PetCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    accuracy across all sampling line types and breathing conditions, error estimates were lowest for matched-paired sampling lines, compared to cross-paired sampling lines. For oral-nasal cannulas, the matched-paired and three cross-paired performed within the system specification for \u201cnormal\u201d breathing conditions. Split design oral-nasal cannulas consistently fell outside specifications under conditions of nasal obstruction. Five cross-paired filters clogged prior to expected threshold, with four demonstrating a clog capacity of less than half the expected value. Almost all sampling lines passed mechanical durability testing. Across all testing conditions, cross-paired sampling lines were observed to fall outside system specifications, suggesting that using sampling lines outside the Microstream\u2122 family may disrupt accuracy of readings when using a Microstream\u2122 enabled capnography monitor.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10877-025-01346-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T09:34:28Z","timestamp":1756373668000},"page":"81-92","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of accuracy, filter performance, and durability among capnography sampling lines: a bench study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Terry L.","family":"Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denis","family":"Glozman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harold Julius Augustus","family":"Oglesby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan Paul J.","family":"Mulier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"1346_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2010.08.012","volume":"23","author":"JB Waugh","year":"2011","unstructured":"Waugh JB, Epps CA, Khodneva YA. Capnography enhances surveillance of respiratory events during procedural sedation: a meta-analysis. J Clin Anesth. 2011;23(3):189\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinane.2010.08.012.","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"issue":"6","key":"1346_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1170","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-1709","volume":"117","author":"JR Lightdale","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lightdale JR, Goldmann DA, Feldman HA, Newburg AR, DiNardo JA, Fox VL. Microstream capnography improves patient monitoring during moderate sedation: a randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics. 2006;117(6):e1170\u20138.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"1346_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.867536","volume":"9","author":"G Corbett","year":"2022","unstructured":"Corbett G, Pugh P, Herre J, et al. Service evaluation of the impact of capnography on the safety of procedural sedation. Front Med. 2022;9: 867536. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2022.867536.","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"1346_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-013402","volume":"7","author":"R Saunders","year":"2017","unstructured":"Saunders R, Struys MM, Pollock RF, Mestek M, Lightdale JR. Patient safety during procedural sedation using capnography monitoring: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2017;7(6): e013402.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"1346_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1097\/ACO.0000000000000355","volume":"29","author":"DK Whitaker","year":"2016","unstructured":"Whitaker DK, Benson JP. Capnography standards for outside the operating room. Curr Opin Anesthesiol. 2016;29(4):485\u201392.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Anesthesiol"},{"key":"1346_CR6","unstructured":"Huang C-H, Wei K-H. Applications of capnography in airway management outside the operating room. Signa Vitae. 2021;17(4)."},{"issue":"1","key":"1346_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aew127","volume":"117","author":"AL Balogh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Balogh AL, Petak F, Fodor GH, Tolnai J, Csorba Z, Babik B. Capnogram slope and ventilation dead space parameters: comparison of mainstream and sidestream techniques. Br J Anaesth. 2016;117(1):109\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bja\/aew127.","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"issue":"3","key":"1346_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000002384","volume":"126","author":"MB Jaffe","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jaffe MB. Respiratory gas analysis\u2014technical aspects. Anesth Analg. 2018;126(3):839\u201345.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"1346_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang Y, Zhou M, Li P, Gu L. Progress of end-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring in non-intubated patients. PPM. 2023; 1(1):15-23. PPM23060201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.61189\/343605tjncke","DOI":"10.61189\/343605tjncke"},{"issue":"5","key":"1346_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000006689","volume":"137","author":"EA Wollner","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wollner EA, Nourian MM, Bertille KK, Wake PB, Lipnick MS, Whitaker DK. Capnography\u2014an essential monitor, everywhere: a narrative review. Anesth Analg. 2023;137(5):934\u201342.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"4","key":"1346_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.4037\/aacnacc2018684","volume":"29","author":"JJ Gallagher","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gallagher JJ. Capnography monitoring during procedural sedation and analgesia. AACN Adv Crit Care. 2018;29(4):405\u201314.","journal-title":"AACN Adv Crit Care"},{"issue":"8","key":"1346_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.14208","volume":"31","author":"S Humphreys","year":"2021","unstructured":"Humphreys S, Schibler A, von Ungern-Sternberg BS. Carbon dioxide monitoring in children-a narrative review of physiology, value, and pitfalls in clinical practice. Paediatr Anaesth. 2021;31(8):839\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pan.14208.","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"issue":"3","key":"1346_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-199403000-00027","volume":"78","author":"PH Breen","year":"1994","unstructured":"Breen PH, Mazumdar B, Skinner SC. Capnometer transport delay: measurement and clinical implications. Anesth Analg. 1994;78(3):584\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1213\/00000539-199403000-00027.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"10","key":"1346_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.1995.tb03106.x","volume":"2","author":"MC Plewa","year":"1995","unstructured":"Plewa MC, Sikora S, Engoren M, Tome D, Thomas J, Deuster A. Evaluation of capnography in nonintubated emergency department patients with respiratory distress. Acad Emerg Med. 1995;2(10):901\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1553-2712.1995.tb03106.x.","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"1346_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/61.5.628","volume":"61","author":"JX Brunner","year":"1988","unstructured":"Brunner JX, Westenskow DR. How the rise time of carbon dioxide analysers influences the accuracy of carbon dioxide measurements. Br J Anaesth. 1988;61(5):628\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bja\/61.5.628.","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"issue":"4","key":"1346_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1186\/cc696","volume":"4","author":"CT Anderson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Anderson CT, Breen PH. Carbon dioxide kinetics and capnography during critical care. Crit Care. 2000;4(4):207\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/cc696.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"1346_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009981115299","volume":"15","author":"Y Colman","year":"1999","unstructured":"Colman Y, Krauss B. Microstream capnography technology: a new approach to an old problem. J Clin Monit Comput. 1999;15:403\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Monit Comput"},{"issue":"10","key":"1346_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3148","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.25605","volume":"56","author":"E Williams","year":"2021","unstructured":"Williams E, Dassios T, Greenough A. Carbon dioxide monitoring in the newborn infant. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2021;56(10):3148\u201356.","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1346_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(80)90028-6","volume":"41","author":"RA Epstein","year":"1980","unstructured":"Epstein RA, Reznik AM, Epstein MA. Determinants of distortions in CO2 catheter sampling systems: a mathematical model. Respir Physiol. 1980;41(1):127\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0034-5687(80)90028-6.","journal-title":"Respir Physiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"1346_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-198809000-00016","volume":"67","author":"RP From","year":"1988","unstructured":"From RP, Scamman FL. Ventilatory frequency influences accuracy of end-tidal CO2 measurements. Analysis of seven capnometers. Anesth Analg. 1988;67(9):884\u20136.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"6","key":"1346_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-198806000-00015","volume":"67","author":"J Zupan","year":"1988","unstructured":"Zupan J, Martin M, Benumof JL. End-tidal CO2 excretion waveform and error with gas sampling line leak. Anesth Analg. 1988;67(6):579\u201381.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"03","key":"1346_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E340","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-100719","volume":"4","author":"R Saunders","year":"2016","unstructured":"Saunders R, Erslon M, Vargo J. Modeling the costs and benefits of capnography monitoring during procedural sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopy. Endosc Int Open. 2016;4(03):E340\u201351.","journal-title":"Endosc Int Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"1346_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000004002","volume":"136","author":"JL Apfelbaum","year":"2022","unstructured":"Apfelbaum JL, Hagberg CA, Connis RT, et al. 2022 American Society of Anesthesiologists practice guidelines for management of the difficult airway. Anesthesiology. 2022;136(1):31\u201381.","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"1346_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-020-02536-z","volume":"43","author":"S Romagnoli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Romagnoli S, Fanelli F, Barbani F, et al. Cirse standards of practice on analgesia and sedation for interventional radiology in adults. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2020;43:1251\u201360.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1346_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0000000000000683","volume":"35","author":"J Hinkelbein","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hinkelbein J, Lamperti M, Akeson J, et al. European Society of Anaesthesiology and European Board of Anaesthesiology guidelines for procedural sedation and analgesia in adults. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2018;35(1):6\u201324.","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1346_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2019.06.007","volume":"21","author":"CR Jungquist","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jungquist CR, Quinlan-Colwell A, Vallerand A, et al. American society for pain management nursing guidelines on monitoring for opioid-induced advancing sedation and respiratory depression: revisions. Pain Manag Nurs. 2020;21(1):7\u201325.","journal-title":"Pain Manag Nurs"},{"issue":"9","key":"1346_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.15501","volume":"76","author":"A Klein","year":"2021","unstructured":"Klein A, Meek T, Allcock E, et al. Recommendations for standards of monitoring during anaesthesia and recovery 2021: guideline from the association of anaesthetists. Anaesthesia. 2021;76(9):1212\u201323.","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"issue":"2","key":"1346_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1177\/1077558717719928","volume":"76","author":"Y Abdulsalam","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abdulsalam Y, Schneller E. Hospital supply expenses: an important ingredient in health services research. Med Care Res Rev. 2019;76(2):240\u201352.","journal-title":"Med Care Res Rev"},{"key":"1346_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3791\/61670","author":"RD Restrepo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Restrepo RD, Karpenkop I, Liu KE. Evaluation of capnography sampling line compatibility and accuracy when used with a portable capnography monitor. J Vis Exp. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3791\/61670.","journal-title":"J Vis Exp"},{"issue":"3","key":"1346_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.90376.2008","volume":"106","author":"Y Liu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Liu Y, Johnson MR, Matida EA, Kherani S, Marsan J. Creation of a standardized geometry of the human nasal cavity. J Appl Physiol. 2009;106(3):784\u201395.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"1346_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-019-02023-y","volume":"15","author":"AA Borojeni","year":"2020","unstructured":"Borojeni AA, Garcia GJ, Moghaddam MG, et al. Normative ranges of nasal airflow variables in healthy adults. Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg. 2020;15:87\u201398.","journal-title":"Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg"},{"key":"1346_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12976-020-00133-8","volume":"18","author":"A Issakhov","year":"2021","unstructured":"Issakhov A, Zhandaulet Y, Abylkassymova A, Issakhov A. A numerical simulation of air flow in the human respiratory system for various environmental conditions. Theor Biol Med Model. 2021;18:1\u201312.","journal-title":"Theor Biol Med Model"},{"issue":"1","key":"1346_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-016-0228-4","volume":"15","author":"G Schmalisch","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schmalisch G. Current methodological and technical limitations of time and volumetric capnography in newborns. Biomed Eng Online. 2016;15(1): 104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12938-016-0228-4.","journal-title":"Biomed Eng Online"},{"key":"1346_CR34","unstructured":"Operator's Manual - Capnostream\u212235 Portable Respiratory Monitor. PM35MN, with Microstream\u2122 EtCO2 and Nellcor\u2122 SpO2 Technologies. 2016. https:\/\/asiapac.medtronic.com\/content\/dam\/covidien\/library\/us\/en\/product\/capnography-monitoring\/portable-respiratory-monitor-operators-manual-en-pt00039637a.pdf. Accessed 21 Aug 2024."},{"key":"1346_CR35","unstructured":"Standardization IOf. Medical electrical equipment. Part 2-55: Particular requirements for the basic safety and essential performance of respiratory gas monitors 2018."},{"issue":"2","key":"1346_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s10877-015-9696-5","volume":"30","author":"KC Chang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chang KC, Orr J, Hsu WC, et al. Accuracy of CO2 monitoring via nasal cannulas and oral bite blocks during sedation for esophagogastroduodenoscopy. J Clin Monit Comput. 2016;30(2):169\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10877-015-9696-5.","journal-title":"J Clin Monit Comput"},{"issue":"1","key":"1346_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.05111","volume":"62","author":"JS Phillips","year":"2017","unstructured":"Phillips JS, Pangilinan LP, Mangalindan ER, Booze JL, Kallet RH. A comparison of different techniques for interfacing capnography with adult and pediatric supplemental oxygen masks. Respir Care. 2017;62(1):78\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4187\/respcare.05111.","journal-title":"Respir Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"1346_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1213\/ane.0000000000004788","volume":"131","author":"AK Khanna","year":"2020","unstructured":"Khanna AK, Bergese SD, Jungquist CR, et al. Prediction of opioid-induced respiratory depression on inpatient wards using continuous capnography and oximetry: an international prospective, observational trial. Anesth Analg. 2020;131(4):1012\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1213\/ane.0000000000004788.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"7","key":"1346_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3745","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-021-01779-7","volume":"38","author":"AK Khanna","year":"2021","unstructured":"Khanna AK, Jungquist CR, Buhre W, Soto R, Di Piazza F, Saager L. Modeling the cost savings of continuous pulse oximetry and capnography monitoring of United States general care floor patients receiving opioids based on the PRODIGY trial. Adv Ther. 2021;38(7):3745\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12325-021-01779-7.","journal-title":"Adv Ther"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10877-025-01346-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10877-025-01346-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10877-025-01346-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T11:55:46Z","timestamp":1781610946000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10877-025-01346-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["1346"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10877-025-01346-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1573-2614"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1573-2614","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 August 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Role of Funding Source: The study was sponsored and funded by Medtronic, which contributed to the study design, data collection and analysis, and manuscript writing. All authors had access to study data. TLJ, HJAO, and JPJM were not paid to write this article by the sponsor or any other agency. JPJM received a lecturing fee from Medtronic not in relation to this publication. DG is employed by Medtronic.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}