{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T10:13:14Z","timestamp":1779358394814,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773014400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003710","name":"Korea Health Industry Development Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HR20C0026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HR20C0026"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003710","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013129","name":"Ministry of SMEs and Startups","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2024-00511850"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00511850"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2021-NR056489"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2021-NR056489"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Clin Monit Comput"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s10877-026-01427-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T11:36:41Z","timestamp":1773056201000},"page":"663-671","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploratory clinical trial on the acoustic variability index for predicting fluid responsiveness during hepatectomy"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Woo-Young","family":"Seo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hye-Mee","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Baehun","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyun-Seok","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyu-Min","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chang-Hoe","family":"Heo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gil-Chun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ji-Jung","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sung-Hoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"In-Gu","family":"Jun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun-Gol","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gyu-Sam","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"1427_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3181eeaae5","volume":"112","author":"MA Hamilton","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hamilton MA, Cecconi M, Rhodes A. A systematic review and meta-analysis on the use of preemptive hemodynamic intervention to improve postoperative outcomes in moderate and high-risk surgical patients. Anesth Analg. 2011;112:1392\u2013402.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"1427_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000002603","volume":"130","author":"TE Miller","year":"2019","unstructured":"Miller TE, Myles PS. Perioperative fluid therapy for major surgery. Anesthesiology. 2019;130:825\u201332.","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"1427_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"iii3","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aew363","volume":"117","author":"L Meng","year":"2016","unstructured":"Meng L, Heerdt PM. Perioperative goal-directed haemodynamic therapy based on flow parameters: a concept in evolution. Br J Anaesth. 2016;117:iii3\u201317.","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"1427_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.5305","volume":"311","author":"RM Pearse","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pearse RM, Harrison DA, MacDonald N, Gillies MA, Blunt M, Ackland G, Grocott MP, Ahern A, Griggs K, Scott R, Hinds C, Rowan K. Effect of a perioperative, cardiac output-guided hemodynamic therapy algorithm on outcomes following major gastrointestinal surgery: a randomized clinical trial and systematic review. JAMA. 2014;311:2181\u201390.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"1427_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2020.10.031","volume":"61","author":"X Zhao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhao X, Tian L, Brackett A, Dai F, Xu J, Meng L. Classification and differential effectiveness of goal-directed hemodynamic therapies in surgical patients: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Crit Care. 2021;61:152\u201361.","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"1427_CR6","first-page":"290","volume":"17","author":"M Cecconi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cecconi M, Parsons AK, Rhodes A. What is a fluid challenge? Curr Opin Crit Care. 2011;17:290\u20135.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Crit Care"},{"key":"1427_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000002103","volume":"125","author":"A Messina","year":"2017","unstructured":"Messina A, Longhini F, Coppo C, Pagni A, Lungu R, Ronco C, et al. Use of the fluid challenge in critically ill adult patients: a systematic review. Anesth Analg. 2017;125:1532\u201343.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"1427_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.12310","volume":"316","author":"P Bentzer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bentzer P, Griesdale DE, Boyd J, MacLean K, Sirounis D, Ayas NT. Will this hemodynamically unstable patient respond to a bolus of intravenous fluids? JAMA. 2016;316:1298\u2013309.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"1427_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2425","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-016-3700-1","volume":"40","author":"E Melloul","year":"2016","unstructured":"Melloul E, H\u00fcbner M, Scott M, Snowden C, Prentis J, Dejong CH, et al. Guidelines for perioperative care for liver surgery: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) Society Recommendations. World J Surg. 2016;40:2425\u201340.","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"key":"1427_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2024.07.038","volume":"133","author":"M Ostermann","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ostermann M, Auzinger G, Grocott M, Morton-Bailey V, Raphael J, Shaw AD, et al. Perioperative fluid management: evidence-based consensus recommendations from the international multidisciplinary PeriOperative Quality Initiative. Br J Anaesth. 2024;133:1263\u201375.","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"1427_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000007277","volume":"140","author":"Z Jin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jin Z, Razak A, Huang H, Muthukumar A, Murphy J, Shteynman L, Bergese SD, Gan TJ. Intraoperative Goal-Directed Fluid Therapy and Outcomes After Oncologic Surgeries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Anesth Analg. 2025;140:821\u201332.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"1427_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-023-04629-w","volume":"27","author":"JI Alvarado Sanchez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alvarado Sanchez JI, Caicedo Ruiz JD, Diaztagle Fernandez JJ, Cruz Martinez LE, Carreno Hernandez FL, Santacruz Herrera CA, et al. Variables influencing the prediction of fluid responsiveness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2023;27:361.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"1427_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-023-04706-0","volume":"27","author":"A Messina","year":"2023","unstructured":"Messina A, Caporale M, Calabro L, Lionetti G, Bono D, Matronola GM, et al. Reliability of pulse pressure and stroke volume variation in assessing fluid responsiveness in the operating room: a metanalysis and a metaregression. Crit Care. 2023;27:431.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"1427_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.12.298","volume":"172","author":"YN Wen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wen YN, Lee AP, Fang F, Jin CN, Yu CM. Beyond auscultation: acoustic cardiography in clinical practice. Int J Cardiol. 2014;172:548\u201360.","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"1427_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1080\/03091900500282772","volume":"31","author":"J Singh","year":"2007","unstructured":"Singh J, Anand RS. Computer aided analysis of phonocardiogram. J Med Eng Technol. 2007;31:319\u201323.","journal-title":"J Med Eng Technol"},{"key":"1427_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevBiomedEng.v45.i1-6.170","volume":"45","author":"LG Durand","year":"2017","unstructured":"Durand LG, Pibarot P. Review: most recent advancements in digital signal processing of the phonocardiogram. Crit Rev Biomed Eng. 2017;45:453\u2013509.","journal-title":"Crit Rev Biomed Eng"},{"key":"1427_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manecke GR Jr., Poppers PJ. Esophageal stethoscope placement depth: its effect on heart and lung sound monitoring during general anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 1998;86:1276\u20139.","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-199806000-00027"},{"key":"1427_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8050593","author":"YS Park","year":"2019","unstructured":"Park YS, Moon YJ, Kim SH, Kim JM, Song JG, Hwang GS. Beat-to-beat tracking of pulse pressure and its respiratory variation using heart sound signal in patients undergoing liver transplantation. J Clin Med. 2019;8:593. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm8050593.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"1427_CR19","unstructured":"Signal House Co. L. (2024) SignalTAB (Version 1.0.0). In."},{"key":"1427_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e318225b80a","volume":"115","author":"M Cannesson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cannesson M, Le Manach Y, Hofer CK, Goarin JP, Lehot JJ, Vallet B, et al. Assessing the diagnostic accuracy of pulse pressure variations for the prediction of fluid responsiveness: a \u201cgray zone\u201d approach. Anesthesiology. 2011;115:231\u201341.","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"1427_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40814-023-01416-w","volume":"9","author":"N Totton","year":"2023","unstructured":"Totton N, Lin J, Julious S, Chowdhury M, Brand A. A review of sample sizes for UK pilot and feasibility studies on the ISRCTN registry from 2013 to 2020. Pilot Feasibility Stud. 2023;9:188.","journal-title":"Pilot Feasibility Stud"},{"key":"1427_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-002-1615-9","volume":"29","author":"K Bendjelid","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bendjelid K, Romand JA. Fluid responsiveness in mechanically ventilated patients: a review of indices used in intensive care. Intensive Care Med. 2003;29:352\u201360.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"1427_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aeh280","volume":"93","author":"S Rex","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rex S, Brose S, Metzelder S, H\u00fcneke R, Sch\u00e4lte G, Autschbach R, Rossaint R, Buhre W. Prediction of fluid responsiveness in patients during cardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth. 2004;93:782\u20138.","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"1427_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-010-2098-8","volume":"37","author":"D De Backer","year":"2011","unstructured":"De Backer D, Marx G, Tan A, Junker C, Van Nuffelen M, H\u00fcter L, et al. Arterial pressure-based cardiac output monitoring: a multicenter validation of the third-generation software in septic patients. Intensive Care Med. 2011;37:233\u201340.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"1427_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-195409000-00018","volume":"15","author":"C Smith","year":"1954","unstructured":"Smith C. An endo-oesophageal stethoscope. Anesthesiology. 1954;15:566.","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"1427_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.16.1.45","volume":"16","author":"T Sakamoto","year":"1965","unstructured":"Sakamoto T, Kusukawa R, Maccanon DM, Luisada AA. Hemodynamic determinants of the amplitude of the first heart sound. Circ Res. 1965;16:45\u201357.","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"1427_CR27","first-page":"79","volume":"2","author":"HY Jin","year":"1987","unstructured":"Jin HY. Systolic time intervals (STI). Korean J Crit Care Med. 1987;2:79\u201389.","journal-title":"Korean J Crit Care Med"},{"key":"1427_CR28","first-page":"276","volume":"30","author":"Y Duck Shin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Duck Shin Y, Hoon Yim K, Hi Park S, Wook Jeon Y, Ho Bae J, Soo Lee T, Hwan Kim M, Jin Choi Y. The correlation between the first heart sound and cardiac output as measured by using digital esophageal stethoscope under anaesthesia. Pak J Med Sci. 2014;30:276\u201381.","journal-title":"Pak J Med Sci"},{"key":"1427_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1089\/lap.2011.0360","volume":"22","author":"A Bickel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bickel A, Eitan A, Melnik D, Weiss A, Gavrieli N, Kniaz D, Intrator N. The use of pneumoperitoneum during laparoscopic surgery as a model to study pathophysiologic phenomena: the correlation of cardiac functionality with computerized acoustic indices\u2013preliminary data. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 2012;22:349\u201354.","journal-title":"J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A"},{"key":"1427_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2017.03.032","volume":"49","author":"SH Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim SH, Moon YJ, Kim JW, Song JG, Hwang GS. Prediction of fluid responsiveness by a non-invasive respiratory systolic time interval variation using heart sound signals in recipients undergoing liver transplantation. Transpl Proc. 2017;49:1082\u20136.","journal-title":"Transpl Proc"},{"key":"1427_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s13534-019-00113-z","volume":"9","author":"T Omari","year":"2019","unstructured":"Omari T, Bereksi-Reguig F. A new approach for blood pressure estimation based on phonocardiogram. Biomed Eng Lett. 2019;9:395\u2013406.","journal-title":"Biomed Eng Lett"},{"key":"1427_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8050715","author":"YJ Moon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Moon YJ, Kim SH, Park YS, Kim JM, Hwang GS. Quantitative analysis of an intraoperative digitalized esophageal heart sound signal to speculate on perturbed cardiovascular function. J Clin Med. 2019;8:715. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm8050715.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"1427_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-59362-3","volume":"14","author":"YS Park","year":"2024","unstructured":"Park YS, Kim HS, Lee SA, Hwang GS, Jung W, Moon B, et al. Correlations between heart sound components and hemodynamic variables. Sci Rep. 2024;14:8602.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1427_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13534-025-00482-8","author":"W-Y Seo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Seo W-Y, Lee S-W, Park Y-S, Kim H-S, Shin J-M, Kim D-K, et al. Unobtrusive continuous hemodynamic monitoring method using processed heart sound signals in patients undergoing surgery: a proof of concept study. Biomed Eng Lett. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13534-025-00482-8.","journal-title":"Biomed Eng Lett"},{"key":"1427_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00021.2004","volume":"97","author":"F Michard","year":"2004","unstructured":"Michard F, Schmidt U. Prediction of fluid responsiveness: searching for the Holy Grail. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2004;97:790\u20131.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"1427_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-022-01022-8","volume":"12","author":"X Monnet","year":"2022","unstructured":"Monnet X, Shi R, Teboul JL. Prediction of fluid responsiveness. What\u2019s new? Ann Intensive Care. 2022;12:46.","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"key":"1427_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2642","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181a590da","volume":"37","author":"PE Marik","year":"2009","unstructured":"Marik PE, Cavallazzi R, Vasu T, Hirani A. Dynamic changes in arterial waveform derived variables and fluid responsiveness in mechanically ventilated patients: a systematic review of the literature. Crit Care Med. 2009;37:2642\u20137.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"1427_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/cc8845","volume":"14","author":"L Camporota","year":"2010","unstructured":"Camporota L, Beale R. Pitfalls in haemodynamic monitoring based on the arterial pressure waveform. Crit Care. 2010;14:124.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"1427_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2018.09.015","volume":"33","author":"A Eisenried","year":"2019","unstructured":"Eisenried A, Klarwein R, Ihmsen H, Wehrfritz A, Tandler R, Heim C, et al. Accuracy and trending ability of the fourth-generation FloTrac\/EV1000 system in patients with severe aortic valve stenosis before and after surgical valve replacement. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2019;33:1230\u20136.","journal-title":"J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth"},{"key":"1427_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s00380-022-02177-x","volume":"38","author":"NH Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu NH, Hsieh TH, Chang CY, Shih PC, Kao MC, Lin HY. Validation of cardiac output estimation using the fourth-generation FloTrac\/EV1000 system in patients undergoing robotic-assisted off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery. Heart Vessels. 2023;38:341\u20137.","journal-title":"Heart Vessels"},{"key":"1427_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000002527","volume":"126","author":"M Jozwiak","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jozwiak M, Monnet X, Teboul JL. Pressure waveform analysis. Anesth Analg. 2018;126:1930\u20133.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"1427_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-021-00817-5","volume":"11","author":"JI Alvarado S\u00e1nchez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alvarado S\u00e1nchez JI, Caicedo Ruiz JD, Diaztagle Fern\u00e1ndez JJ, Amaya Zu\u00f1iga WF, Ospina-Tasc\u00f3n GA, Cruz Mart\u00ednez LE. Predictors of fluid responsiveness in critically ill patients mechanically ventilated at low tidal volumes: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intensive Care. 2021;11:28.","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"key":"1427_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aex138","volume":"119","author":"F Michard","year":"2017","unstructured":"Michard F, Giglio MT, Brienza N. Perioperative goal-directed therapy with uncalibrated pulse contour methods: impact on fluid management and postoperative outcome. Br J Anaesth. 2017;119:22\u201330.","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"1427_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-014-0650-6","volume":"18","author":"X Yang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yang X, Du B. Does pulse pressure variation predict fluid responsiveness in critically ill patients? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2014;18:650.","journal-title":"Crit Care"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10877-026-01427-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10877-026-01427-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10877-026-01427-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T09:58:09Z","timestamp":1779357489000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10877-026-01427-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["1427"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10877-026-01427-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1573-2614"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1573-2614","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 April 2026","order":5,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Update","order":6,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The original online version of this article was revised due to update in the author affiliation","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Sung-Hoon Kim and Chang-Hoe Heo are researchers of Signal House Co., Ltd. (Seoul, Korea) and Sung-Hoon Kim is the founder and stakeholder of the company. Sung-Hoon Kim also serves as an Editorial Board for the Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing. To ensure impartiality, he had no involvement in the editorial handling or peer-review process of this manuscript. The other authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"This study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Asan Medical Center (AMC) (Approval No. 2023\u2009\u2212\u20091504) and registered with the Clinical Research Information Service (CRIS), Republic of Korea (Registration No. KCT0009380).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to enrollment.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"This manuscript does not contain any individual person\u2019s data (including images or videos); therefore, consent for publication was not required.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publish"}}]}}