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Measurements of middle cerebral artery blood velocity (MCAv, transcranial Doppler), arterial blood pressure (Finometer) and end-tidal CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    (EtCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , capnography) were performed in 106 healthy subjects. Hypercapnia was induced with breathing 5% CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    and hypocapnia was induced with hyperventilation. Dynamic autoregulation was expressed by the Autoregulation Index (ARI). Confidence limits for the fitting error were obtained with a surrogate bootstrap approach for both MCAv and ARI. An algorithm for the gradual removal of outlier values was implemented to identify optimal number of samples that minimises the fitting error. Induction of hyper- and hypocapnia was demonstrated by the range of EtCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    values achieved (28.4\u2009\u00b1\u20096.0 to 47.7\u2009\u00b1\u20095.8 mmHg,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). LCMs meeting confidence limit requirements were obtained for MCAv (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200998\/106) and ARI (104\/106). Females showed an upwards shift of their LCM for MCAv (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.001) compared to males and their ARI model was shifted laterally towards lower values of EtCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.0053). Automated identification of the LCM for MCAv and ARI, with rigorous confidence limits of the fitting error is feasible and can identify differences due to biological sex.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10877-026-01466-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T11:23:59Z","timestamp":1783423439000},"page":"987-1000","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Automated estimation of the logistic curve model of cerebral CO2 vasomotor reactivity"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6983-8707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R. 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The studies were conducted in line with the Declaration of Helsinki (2013) and all participants provided written informed consent.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}