{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T07:28:44Z","timestamp":1793172524793,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]],"date-time":"2021-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633478400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]],"date-time":"2021-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633478400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Dev Phys Disabil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10882-021-09819-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]],"date-time":"2021-10-06T07:01:25Z","timestamp":1633503685000},"page":"655-672","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Teaching Imitation to Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Using Discrete Trial Training and Contingent Imitation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3501-1618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alice","family":"Bravo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilene","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"9819_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1967.10-405","volume":"10","author":"DM Baer","year":"1967","unstructured":"Baer, D. M., Peterson, R. F., & Sherman, J. A. (1967). The development of imitation by reinforcing behavioral similarity to a model. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 10(5), 405\u2013416. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1901\/jeab.1967.10-405","journal-title":"Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior"},{"key":"9819_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Briesch, A. M., Chafouleas, S. M., Neugebauer, S. R., & Riley-Tillman, T. C. (2013).\u00a0Usage Rating Profile--Intervention; Revised (URP-IR)\u00a0APA PsycTests.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/t66845-000","DOI":"10.1037\/t66845-000"},{"issue":"1","key":"9819_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1177\/1744629509103514","volume":"13","author":"FJ Brown","year":"2009","unstructured":"Brown, F. J., Peace, N., & Parsons, R. (2009). Teaching children generalized imitation skills. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities, 13(1), 9\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1744629509103514","journal-title":"Journal of Intellectual Disabilities"},{"issue":"6","key":"9819_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1002\/icd.1812","volume":"22","author":"T Field","year":"2013","unstructured":"Field, T., Ezell, S., Nadel, J., Grace, A., Allender, S., & Siddalingappa, V. (2013). Reciprocal imitation following adult imitation by children with autism: Reciprocal imitation. Infant and Child Development, 22(6), 642\u2013648. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/icd.1812","journal-title":"Infant and Child Development"},{"key":"9819_CR5","first-page":"15","volume":"101","author":"WW Fisher","year":"1996","unstructured":"Fisher, W. W., Piazza, C. C., Bowman, L. G., & Amari, A. (1996). Integrating caregiver report with a systematic choice assessment. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 101, 15\u201325.","journal-title":"American Journal on Mental Retardation"},{"issue":"1","key":"9819_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1901\/jaba.1978.11-189","volume":"11","author":"RD Horner","year":"1978","unstructured":"Horner, R. D., & Baer, D. M. (1978). Multiple-probe technique: A variation on the multiple baseline. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 11(1), 189\u2013196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1901\/jaba.1978.11-189","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis"},{"issue":"1","key":"9819_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.2511\/rpsd.25.1.18","volume":"25","author":"B Hwang","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hwang, B., & Hughes, C. (2000). Increasing early social-communicative skills of preverbal preschool children with autism through social interactive training. Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps, 25(1), 18\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2511\/rpsd.25.1.18","journal-title":"Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps"},{"key":"9819_CR8","unstructured":"Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, 20 U.S.C. \u00a7 1400 (2004)."},{"issue":"2","key":"9819_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1097\/01.IYC.0000314482.24087.14","volume":"21","author":"B Ingersoll","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ingersoll, B. (2008). The social role of imitation in autism: Implications for the treatment of imitation deficits. Infants & Young Children, 21(2), 107\u2013119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.IYC.0000314482.24087.14","journal-title":"Infants & Young Children"},{"issue":"9","key":"9819_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-010-0966-2","volume":"40","author":"B Ingersoll","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ingersoll, B. (2010). Brief report: Pilot randomized controlled trial of Reciprocal Imitation Training for teaching elicited and spontaneous imitation to children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40(9), 1154\u20131160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-010-0966-2","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"8","key":"9819_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-011-1423-6","volume":"42","author":"B Ingersoll","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ingersoll, B. (2012). Brief report: Effect of a focused imitation intervention on social functioning in children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(8), 1768\u20131773. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-011-1423-6","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"2","key":"9819_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2006.02.004","volume":"28","author":"B Ingersoll","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ingersoll, B., & Gergans, S. (2007). The effect of a parent-implemented imitation intervention on spontaneous imitation skills in young children with autism. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 28(2), 163\u2013175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ridd.2006.02.004","journal-title":"Research in Developmental Disabilities"},{"key":"9819_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ingersoll, B., & Lalonde, K. (2010). The impact of object and gesture imitation training on language use in children with autism spectrum disorder.\u00a0Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 53(4), 1040\u20131051. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1044\/1092-4388(2009\/09-0043","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2009\/09-0043"},{"issue":"8","key":"9819_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-006-0221-z","volume":"37","author":"B Ingersoll","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ingersoll, B., Lewis, E., & Kroman, E. (2007). Teaching the Imitation and Spontaneous Use of Descriptive Gestures in Young Children with Autism Using a Naturalistic Behavioral Intervention. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(8), 1446\u20131456. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-006-0221-z","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"4","key":"9819_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-006-0089-y","volume":"36","author":"B Ingersoll","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ingersoll, B., & Schreibman, L. (2006). Teaching reciprocal imitation skills to young children with autism using a naturalistic behavioral approach: Effects on language, pretend play, and joint attention. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36(4), 487\u2013505. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-006-0089-y","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"8","key":"9819_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361315622856","volume":"20","author":"Y Ishizuka","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ishizuka, Y., & Yamamoto, J. (2016). Contingent imitation increases verbal interaction in children with autism spectrum disorders. Autism, 20(8), 1011\u20131020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1362361315622856","journal-title":"Autism"},{"issue":"4","key":"9819_CR17","first-page":"324","volume":"11","author":"J Kauffman","year":"1976","unstructured":"Kauffman, J., Snell, M., & Hallahan, D. (1976). Imitating children during imitation training: Two experimental paradigms. Education and Training of the Mentally Retarded, 11(4), 324\u2013332.","journal-title":"Education and Training of the Mentally Retarded"},{"key":"9819_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Killmeyer, S., Kaczmarek, L., Kostewicz, D., & Yelich, A. (2019). Contingent imitation and young children at-risk for autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Early Intervention, 41(2), 141\u2013158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1053815118819230","DOI":"10.1177\/1053815118819230"},{"issue":"4","key":"9819_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1080\/02796015.1999.12085986","volume":"28","author":"RL Koegel","year":"1999","unstructured":"Koegel, R. L., Koegel, L. K., & Carter, C. M. (1999). Pivotal teaching interactions for children with autism. School Psychology Review, 28(4), 576\u2013594. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02796015.1999.12085986","journal-title":"School Psychology Review"},{"key":"9819_CR20","volume-title":"A work in progress behavior management strategies and a curriculum for intensive behavioral treatment of autism","author":"R Leaf","year":"1999","unstructured":"Leaf, R., & McEachin, J. (1999). A work in progress behavior management strategies and a curriculum for intensive behavioral treatment of autism. DRL Books."},{"key":"9819_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ledford, J. R., & Wolery, M. (2011). Teaching imitation to young children with disabilities: A review of the literature. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 30(4), 245\u2013255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0271121410363831","DOI":"10.1177\/0271121410363831"},{"issue":"3","key":"9819_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(67)90032-0","volume":"5","author":"OI Lovaas","year":"1967","unstructured":"Lovaas, O. I., Freitas, L., Nelson, K., & Whalen, C. (1967). The establishment of imitation and its use for the development of complex behavior in schizophrenic children. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 5(3), 171\u2013181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0005-7967(67)90032-0","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"9819_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0965(65)90023-8","volume":"2","author":"J Metz","year":"1965","unstructured":"Metz, J. (1965). Conditioning generalized imitation in autistic children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 2, 389\u2013399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0022-0965(65)90023-8.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"9819_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1002\/jaba.187","volume":"48","author":"Scott A. Miller","year":"2015","unstructured":"Miller, S. A., Rodriguez, N. M., & Rourke, A. J. (2015). Do mirrors facilitate acquisition of motor imitation in children diagnosed with autism? Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 48(1), 194\u2013198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jaba.187","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis"},{"issue":"3","key":"9819_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1901\/jaba.1985.18-249","volume":"18","author":"GM Pace","year":"1985","unstructured":"Pace, G. M., Ivancic, M. T., Edwards, G. L., Iwata, B. A., & Page, T. J. (1985). Assessment of stimulus preference and reinforcer value with profoundly retarded individuals. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 18(3), 249\u2013255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1901\/jaba.1985.18-249","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis"},{"issue":"4","key":"9819_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1901\/jaba.1998.31-605","volume":"31","author":"HS Roane","year":"1998","unstructured":"Roane, H. S., Vollmer, T. R., Ringdahl, J. E., & Marcus, B. A. (1998). Evaluation of a brief stimulus preference assessment. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 31(4), 605\u2013620. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1901\/jaba.1998.31-605","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis"},{"issue":"5","key":"9819_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00162","volume":"44","author":"S Rogers","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rogers, S., Hepburn, S., Stackhouse, T., & Wehner, E. (2003). Imitation performance in toddlers with autism and those with other developmental disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44(5), 763\u2013781. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1469-7610.00162","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"9819_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2411","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-015-2407-8","volume":"45","author":"Laura Schreibman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schreibman, L., Dawson, G., Stahmer, A., Landa, C., Rogers, R., McGee, S., Kasari, C., Ingersoll, B., Kaiser, A. P., Bruinsma, Y., McNerney, E., Wetherby, A., & Halladay, A. (2015). Naturalistic developmental behavioral interventions: Empirically validated treatments for autism spectrum disorder.\u202fJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders,\u202f45(8), 2411\u20132428. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-015-2407-8","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"key":"9819_CR29","volume-title":"The DATA Model for teaching preschoolers with autism","author":"IS Schwartz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schwartz, I. S., Ashmun, J., McBride, B., Scott, C., & Sandall, S. R. (2017). The DATA Model for teaching preschoolers with autism. Paul H. Brookes Publishing."},{"key":"9819_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022685731726","volume":"25","author":"WL Stone","year":"1997","unstructured":"Stone, W. L., Ousley, O. Y., & Littleford, C. L. (1997). Motor imitation in young children with autism: What\u2019s the object? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 25, 475\u2013485. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1022685731726","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"},{"key":"9819_CR31","unstructured":"The National Institute of Mental Health. (2018, March). Autism Spectrum Disorder. Retrieved February, 2019, from https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/autism-spectrum-disorders-asd\/index.shtml"},{"issue":"8","key":"9819_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-006-0137-7","volume":"36","author":"K Toth","year":"2006","unstructured":"Toth, K., Munson, J., Meltzoff, A. N., & Dawson, G. (2006). Early predictors of communication development in young children with autism spectrum disorder: Joint attention, imitation, and toy play. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36(8), 993\u20131005. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-006-0137-7.","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"key":"9819_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Uzgiris, I. (1981). Two functions of imitation in infancy. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 4, 1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/016502548100400101","DOI":"10.1177\/016502548100400101"},{"key":"9819_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lmot.2017.02.005","volume":"62","author":"AL Valentino","year":"2018","unstructured":"Valentino, A. L., LeBlanc, L. A., & Conde, K. A. (2018). Validation of a skills assessment to match interventions to teach motor imitation to children with autism. Learning and Motivation, 62, 67\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lmot.2017.02.005","journal-title":"Learning and Motivation"},{"issue":"4","key":"9819_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-014-2254-z","volume":"45","author":"G Vivanti","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vivanti, G. (2015). The importance of distinguishing propensity versus ability to imitate in ASD research and early detection. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(4), 1119\u20131120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10803-014-2254-z","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"8","key":"9819_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-014-9874-9","volume":"42","author":"G Vivanti","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vivanti, G., Trembath, D., & Dissanayake, C. (2014). Mechanisms of imitation impairment in autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 42(8), 1395\u20131405. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10802-014-9874-9","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"9819_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1901\/jaba.1994.27-685","volume":"27","author":"JM Young","year":"1994","unstructured":"Young, J. M., Krantz, P. J., McClannahan, L. E., & Poulson, C. (1994). Generalized imitation and response-class formation in children with autism. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 27(4), 685\u2013697. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1901\/jaba.1994.27-685","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis"}],"container-title":["Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10882-021-09819-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10882-021-09819-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10882-021-09819-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T19:08:44Z","timestamp":1744139324000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10882-021-09819-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["9819"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10882-021-09819-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1056-263X","1573-3580"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1056-263X","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-3580","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 September 2021","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 October 2021","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was reviewed and deemed exempt by the Institutional Review Board as the protocol was deemed to involve no more than minimal risk to participants and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from legal guardians.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of Interest"}}]}}